Architectural Components Research Articles

Development of a research environment for the operational and computational architecture of central bank digital currency software

Objectives. The development and implementation of information and computing architecture and information support for a state central bank digital currency (CBDC) is based on the selection of a software and hardware platform, including technologies and methods for supporting interaction between the elements of the computing complex. The implementation of CBDC technologies significantly depends both on the operational and computing architecture, as well as on the technological characteristics of the means for implementing digital currency information support, which determines the need to develop an appropriate research environment. Thus, the present study sets out to develop an infrastructure for the experimental research environment of the operational and computing architecture used to provide information support for the CBDC.Methods. Digital technologies required for forming an CBDC implementation stack are under development in many countries of the world. The basis for the formation of a software and hardware complex for providing CBDC information support is comprised of theoretical and experimental studies into contemporary digital transaction management tools.Results. The main architectural and technological components that make up the CBDC operational and computing environment comprise operational and computing architectures, blockchain technologies, consensus algorithms, and various forms of digital currencies. Five CBDC operational and computing architecture options are presented. Information models of interaction between the participants in transactions of the central bank digital currency were studied with the aim of establishing the effects of an architectural solution to the characteristics of the computing complex used to provide information support. Features of various digital currencies in the form of accounts and tokens were analyzed.Conclusions. A research environment infrastructure for the CBDC operational and computing information support architecture has been developed. The prerequisites for a comprehensive analysis of the technological characteristics of the CBDC operational and computing environment are set out along with a comparison of operational and computing architecture variants. As a result of the analysis, a summary list of the characteristics of the studied architectures is drawn up. This provides for selecting the optimal operational and computing architecture depending on the requirements imposed on the CBDC.

ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMER-DEEP NEURAL NETWORK USING DEEP LEARNING

Transformers were first used for natural language processing (NLP) tasks, but they quickly spread to other deep learning fields, including computer vision. They assess the interdependence of pairs. Attention is a part that enables to dynamically highlight relevant features of the input data (words in the case of text strings, parts of images in the case of visual Transformers). The cost grows continually with the number of tokens. The most common Trans- former Architecture for image classification uses only the Transformer Encoder to transform the various input tokens. However, the decoder component of the traditional Transformer Architecture is also used in a variety of other applications. In this section, we first introduce the Attention Mechanism (Section 1), followed by the Basic Transformer Block, which includes the Vision Transformer (Section 2).

A Hybrid R-FTCNN based on principal component analysis for retinal disease detection from OCT images

Retinal disorders are of paramount importance in human life and if they do not receive treatment for retinal disorders, humans may undergo visual complications. The physician may diagnose more easily with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in ophthalmology, where early diagnosis is essential. To date, artificial intelligence has recently been implemented more and more frequently in the field of health thanks to technological advancements. In this study, a hybrid Retinal Fine Tuned Convolutional Neural Network (R-FTCNN) has been proposed for the detection of retinal diseases such as diabetic macular edema, drusen, and choroidal neovascularization from OCT images. In this study, the newly constructed R-FTCNN architecture and principal component analysis (PCA) are utilized concurrently as part of this methodology. PCA was used to convert the fully connected layers of the R-FTCNN to principal components, and the Softmax function was applied to the principal components to construct a new classification model. By creating various feature arrays from fully connected layers of R-FTCNN, ablation test was applied and FC layer (or combinations) with the best performance was determined. Afterwards, the FC layer with highest performance was used as the basis for the proposed methodology. Leveraging OCT datasets from Duke and California San Diego University (UCSD), which are often cited in the literature, the performance of the suggested technique was assessed. This technique had 100% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% precision, and 100% F1 score metric for classifying retinal disorders in the Duke dataset. Furthermore, this technique demonstrated 99.70% accuracy, 99.70% sensitivity, 99.90% specificity, 99.70% precision, and 99.70% F1 score metrics when classifying retinal disorders in the UCSD dataset. ROC curves were generated for the performance summary of the proposed method on two OCT datasets, and the area under the curve (AUC) metrics revealed that the suggested approach performed well in terms of classifications. In this study, pre-trained CNN architectures namely GoogLeNet, AlexNet, and ResNet (18, 50 and 101) were employed to compare the performance of the proposed technique. The proposed method outperformed state-of-the-art technology when conclusions from two OCT datasets were compared with those from past investigations. In conclusion, the proposed framework might aid in the creation of computer-aided diagnostic instruments for the early detection of retinal disorders in ophthalmology.

A cognitive architecture theory of anticipatory thinking

AbstractWe theorize that anticipatory thinking (AT) uses the same computational infrastructure as general cognition as described in the Common Model of Cognition. We extend the Common Model with results from research on event cognition. Using these building blocks, we present a five‐step process model of AT as realized in cognitive architecture components. We then revisit simplifying assumptions underlying our model and expand our theory in response. Finally, we make predictions that are entailed by our account of AT, focusing on how computational limits in both natural and artificial cognitive systems can impact support for AT.

Simulation-Based Engineering of Heterogeneous Collaborative Systems—A Novel Conceptual Framework

We discuss the collaboration support of loosely coupled Smart Systems through configurable hyper-frameworks. Based on the system-of-systems (SoS) paradigm, in this article, we propose the model of a novel extendible conceptual framework with domain-specific moderation support for model-based simulations and the engineering of complex heterogeneous systems. The domain knowledge meta-model and corresponding management enterprise architecture enable the creation of template-based specializations. The proposed SoS conceptual framework meta-model represents an initial framework prototype that supports modeling, simulation, analysis, and utilization of dynamic architecting of heterogeneous SoS configurations. A Smart-Habitat concept encapsulating Smart-Area, Smart-City, Smart-Lot, Smart-Building, and Smart-Unit abstractions illustrate the frameworks’ applicability. The proposed SoS conceptual framework represents the initial conceptual support for modeling, simulation, analysis, and dynamic architecting of heterogeneous SoS configurations. We plan to refine the component architecture meta-model, specify a language workbench with Domain-Specific Orchestration Language support, and verify the configuration-based simulation manifest creation. These actions lead to the framework’s next stage, an operational framework (OF) instance, as a transitional artifact to the aimed software framework (SwF) counterpart.

Robot-assisted mobile scanning for automated 3D reconstruction and point cloud semantic segmentation of building interiors

Scan-to-BIM technology can help construction stakeholders to obtain accurate BIM models for building information management and construction progress monitoring. The current practice of scan-to-BIM relies on laser scanning to capture a building's as-built condition, followed by processing scanned point clouds to generate BIM, which is laborious and time-consuming. This study presents a new robot-assisted mobile laser scanning approach using a legged robot and a solid-state LiDAR sensor, for automated 3D reconstruction and point cloud semantic segmentation. The proposed new approach involves integrating the Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm with robot motion control and pathfinding for 3D mapping to obtain the complete point cloud data. To ensure the completeness and density of scanned point clouds, new scanning fitness metrics and a grid-based direction-by-direction algorithm are designed for robot pathfinding. Then, an enhanced dynamic window approach is established to integrate the motion control of the legged robot with SLAM for reconstructing dense point clouds. Lastly, semantic segmentation is performed using ResPointNet++ to segment architectural and structural components. Experimental results show that the mobile scanning approach achieves a decent performance in point cloud completeness and density, with an overall mIoU of 81.75% for semantic segmentation. The ablation test demonstrates that the proposed approach is superior to the method that does not integrate the robot motion with SLAM. The proposed approach contributes to the efficient collection of high-quality point clouds for building interiors, with an aim to boost building information management.

Silage maize as a potent candidate for sustainable animal husbandry development-perspectives and strategies for genetic enhancement.

Maize is recognized as the queen of cereals, with an ability to adapt to diverse agroecologies (from 58oN to 55oS latitude) and the highest genetic yield potential among cereals. Under contemporary conditions of global climate change, C4 maize crops offer resilience and sustainability to ensure food, nutritional security, and farmer livelihood. In the northwestern plains of India, maize is an important alternative to paddy for crop diversification in the wake of depleting water resources, reduced farm diversity, nutrient mining, and environmental pollution due to paddy straw burning. Owing to its quick growth, high biomass, good palatability, and absence of anti-nutritional components, maize is also one of the most nutritious non-legume green fodders. It is a high-energy, low-protein forage commonly used for dairy animals like cows and buffalos, often in combination with a complementary high-protein forage such as alfalfa. Maize is also preferred for silage over other fodders due to its softness, high starch content, and sufficient soluble sugars required for proper ensiling. With a rapid population increase in developing countries like China and India, there is an upsurge in meat consumption and, hence, the requirement for animal feed, which entails high usage of maize. The global maize silage market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 7.84% from 2021 to 2030. Factors such as increasing demand for sustainable and environment-friendly food sources coupled with rising health awareness are fueling this growth. With the dairy sector growing at about 4%-5% and the increasing shortage faced for fodder, demand for silage maize is expected to increase worldwide. The progress in improved mechanization for the provision of silage maize, reduced labor demand, lack of moisture-related marketing issues as associated with grain maize, early vacancy of farms for next crops, and easy and economical form of feed to sustain household dairy sector make maize silage a profitable venture. However, sustaining the profitability of this enterprise requires the development of hybrids specific for silage production. Little attention has yet been paid to breeding for a plant ideotype for silage with specific consideration of traits such as dry matter yield, nutrient yield, energy in organic matter, genetic architecture of cell wall components determining their digestibility, stalk standability, maturity span, and losses during ensiling. This review explores the available information on the underlying genetic mechanisms and gene/gene families impacting silage yield and quality. The trade-offs between yield and nutritive value in relation to crop duration are also discussed. Based on available genetic information on inheritance and molecular aspects, breeding strategies are proposed to develop maize ideotypes for silage for the development of sustainable animal husbandry.

The impact of overtourism on architecture and urban space in historic cities: an understudied phenomenon

Since the massive scale of urban tourism (at the end of the 20th century), which caused an exponential increase of visitors to cities, the density of tourist activity in historic boroughs has come to cause strong tourist pressure on the grid and buildings of these spaces. Motivated by local policies, which promote tourist attraction and expansion, this monoculture results in a simplification of the way in which urban centres operate. Beyond the academic acceptance of the concept of overtourism, the aim of this study is to lay the foundations to delve into a dimension of such impact that is barely explored: the influences of overtourism on the architecture and urban space of historic centres, affecting functionality, space, buildings, and urban landscape. In other words, the elements of heritage. The study of the state of the art on tourism and touristification in historic cities has made it possible to document the impacts of overtourism that affect the architectural and urban component of heritage cities mentioned in the scientific literature. This analysis reveals a significant lack of studies that address overtourism from the point of view of architecture and urban space and show the relevance of the subject.

Application of non-degradable waste as building material for low-cost housing

Building material is one of the essential aspects in accommodating the supply and demand of low-cost housing in Indonesia. Recently, several researchers have devoted much time and effort to developing waste recycling for building materials since it is more ecologically benign, particularly for non-degradable waste. This article focuses on recycling disposable diaper waste as composite material for a structural and architectural component of the building based on Indonesian building standards. In addition to offering a broad perspective on the implementation of experimental findings, the design scenario comprised the construction of low-cost housing with a floorplan area of 36 m2. The experimental results indicate that disposable diapers waste to use as composite materials of the building has a maximum capacity of 10% for structural components and 40% for nonstructural and architectural components. The prototype housing also reveals that 1.73 m3 of disposable diaper waste can be decreased and utilised for a housing area of 36 m2.

3D Printing Enables Customizable Batteries

Abstract3D printing, as a new technology, brings great freedom in the design and manufacturing of batteries. It offers unique advantages by the production of more advanced batteries with specific properties, such as good internal structural controllability, high shape conformability, and enhanced power capability and energy density. In this review, we provide an overview of 3D printing technologies in the field of customizable batteries. First, we introduce fundamental concepts of customizable batteries and the distinct advantages of 3D printing. Then, five representative 3D printing techniques are discussed along with their operating mechanisms, requirements for printing materials, manufacturing accuracy, and technical features. In addition, from the perspective of the three basic levels (pore structure, component architecture and interface, as well as battery appearance and mechanical deformability) of customizable batteries, a detailed overview is provided to gain an in‐depth understanding. The state‐of‐the‐art developments and current major challenges are summarized and discussed. Finally, potential research area is proposed to utilize 3D printed customizable batteries for practical applications.

Interpreting Deep Graph Convolutional Networks with Spectrum Perspective

Graph convolutional network (GCN) architecture is the basis of many neural networks and has been widely used in processing graph-structured data. When dealing with large and sparse data, deeper GCN models are often required. However, the models suffer from performance degradation as the number of layers increases. The mainstream attribution of the current research is over-smoothing, and there are also gradient vanishing, training difficulties, etc., so a consensus cannot be reached. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the degradation problem by adopting spectral graph theory to globally consider the propagation and transformation components of the GCN architecture, and conclude that the over-smoothing problem caused by the propagation matrices is not the key factor for performance degradation. Afterwards, in addition to using conventional experimental methods, we proposed an experimental analysis strategy under the guidance of random matrix theory to analyze the singular value distribution of the model weight matrix. We concluded that the key factor leading to the degradation of model performance is the transformation component. In the context of a lack of consensus on the problem of model performance degradation, the paper proposes a systematic analysis strategy, as well as theoretical and empirical evidence.

Development of a software and hardware solution to identify trends in demand for goods

Objective. The aim of the research work is to develop a software solution for identifying trends in demand for consumer goods by analyzing big data.Method. To achieve this goal, the work analyzed the current state of development of the Internet retail market in Russia, as well as the technologies and tools for analyzing big data necessary for designing a software and hardware solution. To evaluate the effectiveness of the obtained data processing model, a sample obtained from open sources is used.Result. As a result of the study, a technical solution has been developed that allows analyzing the demand for goods in a given time range based on data from open sources.Conclusion. A software component has been developed to analyze the demand for consumer goods based on order data. The resulting technical solution supports batch processing of data, and the architecture of the infrastructure component allows distributed computing. Testing the tool on a real sample showed the effectiveness of this approach to analyzing consumer demand trends.

POSSIBILITIES OF USING THE PRINCIPLES OF UNIVERSAL DESIGN IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER AND VOCATIONAL PRE-HIGHER EDUCATION

The article defines the relevance of introducing universal design into the educational process of institutions of higher and vocational pre-higher education. The analysis of Ukrainian educational and normative sources, as well as domestic and foreign scientific research devoted to its study, is suggested. The article analyzes the history and essence of the concept of "universal design", systematizes the possibilities of its implementation, namely: in social space, design, things, products, creation of environment and places accessible to the widest range of people, design of information, communication and policy that allows them to be used by individuals with different needs in most diverse situations and does not provide for the creation of separate or special opportunities for such use, the organization of information technologies or services that are equally accessible or understandable to all and meet the requirements of shared use. The study summarizes the definition of the concept of "universal design in education" and systematizes the components of the educational process in institutions of higher and vocational pre-higher education, the accessibility of which can be increased by its means. Among such components are: didactic foundations of learning (approaches and principles); educational documentation (educational programs, curricul and sillabi); architecture of educational components (structure and features of educational process planning); teaching aids, in particular electronic ones; teaching and assessment methods; forms of educational interaction; design of the educational environment. 7 principles of universal design are presented: equality and accessibility of use; flexibility of use; simplicity and intuitiveness of use; accessibility of information; error tolerance; little physical effort; availability of the necessary size, place, space. Directions for their implementation in higher and vocational pre-higher education are proposed in order to increase their accessibility for students with special educational needs.

Enhancing SIM Card Technology: Developing an Advanced Operating System

The emergence of smart cards is a significant achievement in the field of information technology. They are growing in importance as they offer secure data storage and authentication, improve security, simplify processes, reduce costs, and have a variety of applications. In particu- lar, nowadays SIM cards play a vital role in the Telecom industry as an important type of smart card that allows a user to make calls, send messages, store details such as phone number and network authentication information, and provide various mobile data services. Currently, some leading companies take advantage of having their own smart card operating systems and have significant impact on the market on various issues (hardware on which the smart card operating system will run; security restrictions; control, permission and control of any application, etc.). It is important to work on creating a more flexible, adaptable and secure operating system infrastructure in order to overcome these limitations both in the customer perspective and in the ecosystem. The purpose of this research is to introduce the creation of a special Java Card operating system designed for SIM cards used in the Telecom indus- try. The study presents the software requirements and development steps of the proposed operating system and innovative architectural components necessary for its op- eration as a SIM card beyond being a Java Card operating system. The proposed new Java Card based SIM operating system is expected to pave the way for the development of eSIM operating system infrastructure as well as 5G tech- nology and offer valuable opportunities.

The chickpea WIP2 gene underlying a major QTL contributes to lateral root development.

Lateral roots are a major component of root system architecture, and lateral root count (LRC) positively contributes to yield under drought in chickpea. To understand the genetic regulation of LRC, a biparental mapping population derived from two chickpea accessions having contrasting LRCs was genotyped by sequencing, and phenotyped to map four major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to 13-32% of the LRC trait variation. A single- nucleotide polymorphism tightly linked to the locus contributing to highest trait variation was located on the coding region of a gene (CaWIP2), orthologous to NO TRANSMITTING TRACT/WIP domain protein 2 (NTT/WIP2) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana. A polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) in the CaWIP2 promoter showed differentiation between low versus high LRC parents and mapping individuals, suggesting its utility for marker-assisted selection. CaWIP2 promoter showed strong expression in chickpea apical root meristem and lateral root primordia. Expression of CaWIP2 under its native promoter in the Arabidopsis wip2wip4wip5 mutant rescued its rootless phenotype to produce more lateral roots than the wild-type plants, and led to formation of amyloplasts in the columella. CaWIP2 expression also induced the expression of genes that regulate lateral root emergence. Our study identified a gene-based marker for LRC which will be useful for developing drought-tolerant, high-yielding chickpea varieties.

Dissecting pleiotropic functions of the wheat Green Revolution gene Rht-B1b in plant morphogenesis and yield formation.

The utilization of reduced plant height genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b encoding homeologous DELLA proteins led to the wheat Green Revolution (GR). However, the specific functions of the GR genes in yield determination and the underlying regulatory mechanisms remained unknown. Here we validated that Rht-B1b as a representative of the GR genes affected plant architecture and yield component traits. The up-regulation of Rht-B1b reduced plant height, leaf size and grain weight, but increased tiller number, tiller angle, spike number per unit area (SN), and grain number per spike (GNS). Dynamic investigations showed that Rht-B1b increased SN by improving tillering initiation not outgrowth and enhanced GNS by promoting floret fertility. Rht-B1b reduced plant height by reducing cell size in the internodes, and reduced grain size or weight by decreasing cell number in the pericarp. Transcriptome analyses uncovered that Rht-B1b regulated many homologs of previously reported key genes for given traits and several putative integrators for different traits. These findings specify the pleiotropic functions of Rht-B1b in improving yield and broaden new insights into the regulatory mechanism underlying plant morphogenesis and yield formation.

Investigating the implementation and performance of architecture in zero energy buildings in order to producing passive energy

Challenges in recent decades for humans and the rapidly changing planet. The increase in pollution and difficult access to energy despite the problems of war and political and economic disputes between countries and the rapid decrease in the amount of energy in the world, which with this growth rate, is a tangible danger for the whole world. It prompted scientists to look for new methods of energy production and consumption. In this article, we are looking for a topic of such projects, which are called zero energy buildings. As it is understood from the name of this project, the result of all energy consumption and production in these buildings must be zero or the energy production of the building should be more than its consumption, which is the concept of energy related to all the energy in the building such as thermal, electrical and ... which should be considered in the initial calculations and construction. For this purpose, this research, which is a descriptive analytical research, was conducted using library resources and electronic books and articles. We will review the execution and performance of architecture in zero energy building and concepts related to passive energy and building orientation for energy production, architectural components and materials of zero energy building, review the economic approach and leading challenges, construction and operation in connection with zero energy building. The results obtained from this research, zero energy buildings are faced with upcoming challenges such as technical knowledge, efficient and trained staff, and existing laws and regulations. Accordingly, the need to reduce energy consumption and optimize it is felt more and more. Zero energy buildings are the best solution to moderate energy consumption in housing. But reaching this goal has basic and fundamental needs that must be met.

Study the influences of ethnic Han and ethnic Bai on Jidi village’s modern Tibetan dwellings in Shangri-La, China

ABSTRACT Chinese ethnic dwellings have recently undergone numerous changes under the influence of economic growth, thus provoking discussions on the relationship between traditional inhabitation and modernization. This paper aims to investigate the effects of modernization on Tibetan residences from the perspective of Shangri-La’s unique multi-ethnic cultural milieu. The research was undertaken in Jidi Village, a traditional Tibetan settlement where the Matsutake industry has enabled residents to reconstruct traditional Tibetan structures by upgrading the local economy. Floor plans and section maps were drawn and analyzed based on a survey of residential buildings in Jidi village. Variations in construction and living situations were confirmed after interviews with Jidi locals. The results indicate that the horizontal distributions of Tibetan residential houses gradually transformed into a courtyard style in the past decades. Furthermore, we concluded that ethnic Han affected contemporary construction materials of Tibetan, whereas ethnic Bai influenced the architectural layouts and designs of architectural components through artisans’ techniques. This study emphasizes the need to cultivate ethnic craftspeople, such as Tibetan artisans in the Shangri-La region, whose numbers are declining due to modernization.

Rehabilitation Potential of Architectural and Design Components of Psychiatric Hospitals

The aim : to analyze the current trends in the rational organization of the space of psychiatric medical institutions for the possibility of using these developments in improving the treatment and rehabilitation potential of Russian hospitals. Materials and methods : search for relevant scientific articles on the following keywords in the MEDLINE and PubMed databases. Conclusions : the article reflects modern views on the organization of psychiatric institutions based on the principles of creating a favorable environment. The main attention is paid to the role of architectural and design components of the hospital territory, which have a huge impact on the treatment and rehabilitation of psychiatric patients. The basic rules of the rational organization of the space of the psychiatric department with an emphasis on reducing discomfort from staying in the walls of the hospital are given, examples of successful planning of both individual wards and departments as a whole are given. Special attention is paid to the arrangement of hospital areas, the CHIMES concept is presented in detail, which contains the main principles of creating patient-safe spaces filled with opportunities for various kinds of activities. The creation of a favorable architectural and landscape design of a medical institution contributes to a significant improvement in the prognosis for patients with mental disorders.

Open-World Learning for Traffic Scenarios Categorisation

Categorisation of traffic scenarios is an important component of scenario-based development and validation of automated vehicles. This problem requires an open-world learning approach but most of the machine learning methods used for traffic scenario categorisation work under the closed-world assumption. A closed-world model will classify all the inputs to one of the classes from the training data. An open-world learning method can identify, collect and cluster unknown traffic scenarios and incrementally add new scenario categories to the already existing ones. In this work, a hierarchical architecture for open-world learning method is proposed. The open-world architecture consists of the following components: an open-set recognition model, storage buffer, outlier detection, class-conditioned generative replay model, and clustering method. The components in the architecture contain novel machine learning approaches to address the challenging open-world learning tasks, e. g., Extreme Value Theory (EVT) for open-set recognition, Random Forest Activation Patterns (RFAPs) for clustering, class-conditioned generative models for replay, and self-supervised pre-training for feature generation. The proposed architecture is tested using real-world and simulation-based datasets. The results show the performance advantages of the proposed method. Also, extensive analysis of each component of the hierarchical open-world architecture underlines their importance in the overall architecture.