Arabic Script Research Articles

ASAYAR: A Dataset for Arabic-Latin Scene Text Localization in Highway Traffic Panels

The extraction of text information from traffic panels is one of the challenging problems in computer vision. Although the past decade has seen a promising shift and important progress in object detection, few works and a limited number of datasets focus specifically on extracting text from traffic signs. To address the lack of data for text detection in traffic panels, especially those with Arabic scripts, this paper introduces a new multilingual and multipurpose dataset named ASAYAR. It consists of three sub-datasets: Arabic-Latin scene text localization, traffic sign detection, and directional symbol detection. The dataset contains 1763 images collected on different Moroccan highways, and annotated manually, using 16 object categories. The fully annotated ASAYAR images contains more than 20000 bounding box objects. The paper also investigates the usability of the dataset, by evaluating the performance of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">state-of-the-art</i> algorithms for object and text detection. Experimental results show good detection scores, demonstrating the potential contribution of ASAYAR in the development of methods for text extraction from traffic panels.

Cyrillic in the Geolinguistic Space.

The position of the Cyrillic alphabet in the modern world and in historical retrospective is analyzed in this article. The causes and consequences of the rejection of the Cyrillic script by a number of countries are considered. Calculations of the number of users of the Cyrillic alphabet from the beginning of the 20th century and a forecast of changes in their number in the coming years are given. A steady decrease in the proportion of the users of the Cyrillic alphabet is anticipated compared to the number of those who use other alphabets (the Latin alphabet, Indic scripts, hieroglyphs, and the Arabic script). The functioning of world languages and alphabets in 2020, including on the Internet, is assessed. It is noted that the position of the Cyrillic script in the world is affected by the decrease in the number of those who speak Russian. Some proposals are made to support the Cyrillic alphabet and increase its role in civilizational processes.

"BATTLE WITH THE ARABISTS": THE LATINIZATION OF THE ALPHABET IN ADYGHEYA IN THE 1920s.

Abstract. The article notes that linguistic construction in the 1920s. is one of the well-studied topics. However, the position of the Muslim clergy, so-called. "Arabists", remains unexplored, especially on the issue of replacing the Arabic alphabet with the Latin.&#x0D; A personification of this process is needed, as well as a study of the motivation and forms of protest activity of the Muslim clergy and believers, the current practices of opposing latinizatsia. Theoretical and practical approaches to latinizatsia were determined by conferences in Pyatigorsk (1923), Rostov-on-Don (1925) and decisions of the Turkological Congress in Baku (1926). The choice of the Latin alphabet had not so much technical as an ideological dimension: the Arabic symbolized the power of the clergy, backwardness and ignorance, and the Cyrillic alphabet - the oppression of non-Russian peoples and Orthodox missionary work among Muslims.&#x0D; According to the author, the clergy could not accept the new alphabet not only because of the risks of losing their influence and resourses in education, but also for psychological reasons. The clergy and Muslims organized a Muslim congress in Adygea in 1925, at which it was proposed to preserve the Arabic script and open new madrasahs. The paper notes that at the end of the 1920s. Circassian women played an important role in protests against the introduction of the Latinized alphabet and against Soviet policy of the secularization and atheization of society and culture.

Ўзбек матбуоти Тарихига оид библиографиялар: «Миллий матбуотФиҳристи» ва «Турон» жавоҳирлари

The author of the article published two bibliographic indexes, one of them was released under the title «National Periodicals» and the second under the title «Pearl of Turon». All the sources listed in the indexes are stored in the rare fund of the information and library center «Turon» of the Tashkent region. The first index contains materials from newspaper articles from 1918 to 1930, which were published under various names and printed in the old Uzbek Arabic script. The materials have about 30 different headings for the wide involvement of the readership. The second bibliographic index is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the organization of the “Turon” library and the selected sources are collected on 472 pages. The uniqueness of this bibliographic index lies in the fact that part I covers the activities of the library in the period 1920 – 1930, and also has published articles from newspapers and magazines already before 1940. Part II contains periodicals (about 100 titles) mainly in the Turkic language, as well as in Tajik and Russian languages in the period from 1896 to 1940.

A Phenetic Approach to Selected Variants of Arabic and Aramaic Scripts

This paper aims to introduce the phenetic method for processing paleographical datasets and evaluating their similarity relationships. The presented numerical taxonomic method was applied for selected varieties of the Arabic and Aramaic scripts. The phenetic model was evaluated by hierarchical clustering and—after applying multidimensional scaling—a centroid-based clustering method. The hierarchical clustering results were presented as dendrograms (phenograms), while the centroid-based results were given in 2- and 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems. The obtained results demonstrate that the numerical taxonomy's phenetic approach is useful in describing the distances between different writing systems. The long-term goal of the research is to apply machine learning tools to clarify the relationships between the large number of Aramaic and Arabic script variants. This study belongs to the field of pattern evolution, in which machine learning methods of biological evolution are used to model evolving patterns (such as writing systems) over time.

تنوع استخدام الحروف الهجائية كنظام كتابي جديد في كتابة الخط العربي الملايوي /الخظ العربي الجاوي

The progress of the civilization is considered to be the growth of their language, both between the mktaz and the written. The use of the Arabic alphabet has become in many Islamic civilizations, where it develops and diversifies its method in order to understand the Islamic religion. Such a civilization is the development of a new written system in the life of the Malay people, called the Malay Arabic script, which is a means of transmitting Islamic knowledge and knowledge by scholars to the Muslim community in the Indonesian archipelago. There are four letters added to the Arabic letters in the Jawi letters; The letter jim with an additional two-dot variation applies like the letter “c” in Indonesian, the letter “ain” with an additional three-dot difference above the letter and marked as “ng”, the letter fa with the additional two-dot variation reading “pa”, then the letter kaf with the addition of a dot The one on top reads “ga”, the letter nun with the addition of two dots reads “nya”, and finally the letter wawu with the addition of one dot at the top reading “Va”. What is the Arabic-Malay symbol? And how its develop? Is part of discussion in this article.

الخط العربي نشأته و تطوره في العصر العثماني

The first calligraphy style developed during the end of the 7th century. Called Kufic, it was named for the city of Kufa in southern Iraq and was based on early 3rd- or 4th-century Arabic scripts. It was the first calligraphy used for the Quran, though it wasn't easy to use when writing long texts. It had angular letters with short vertical strokes and long horizontal strokes. Over time, many other calligraphic styles developed in the Muslim world. Some were used for specific purposes. Some were highly decorative. Others were easy to read, which made them appropriate for books and documents.The other script included Naskh or Naskhi, a script that developed in the 10th century that was easily readable with small balanced letters made from curving, fluid lines. Naskh eventually replaced Kufic as the script of choice for the Quran.

تطور خط النسخ من القرن الثالث حتى القرن السابع الهجري

F rom each type of Arabic script, long independent stages were drawn from their emergence to the stages of their completion. These lines were able to gradually develop from their primitive and incomplete forms to their complete or more perfect status over many successive centuries until they reached it today. Likewise, the naskh script developed gradually, successively, as did other Arabic scripts. This paper offers to describe how the Naskh script developed from the third to the seventh century AH. The results of this research is (1) The forms of letters, the Naskh script, were in the stage of script development in the third and fourth centuries influenced by the line of inquisitor. In the fourth and sixth centuries it was affected by the Rayhani line, and in the seventh century it was affected by the third line, And (2) The naskhi script in early Islam was used among people other than official writings until the minister, Abu Ali Muhammad bin Muqla, produced a great improvement in the aforementioned calligraphy and introduced it to writing Qur’ans and writing collections, since the third century.

Arabic calligraphy in Andalusia and Ottoman houses: a comparative analysis

Islamic calligraphy during the Andalusian and Ottoman civilizations and after the spread of Islam greatly affected the advancement of decorative art in architecture and the built environment. During that time, Arabic calligraphy has been developed between those two eras. Although Arabic calligraphy was very famous and popular in the past, modern designers can still create a repeated copy of it. The study's objectives are to determine the differences in using Arabic calligraphy between Ġazaleh house, which is from the Ottoman period, and Patio de la Acequia, which is from the Andalusian time and to analyze the usage of Arabic calligraphy in these two houses accordingly. This research involved an analytical review of the Arabic calligraphy found in the mentioned two houses—a comparative analysis between Ġazaleh house and Patio de la Acequia. The study illustrates the application of Arabic scripts in the house's decorations on the Location, placement in the interior or exterior space, and the materials used in the application of the scripts of Arabic calligraphy used in the chosen case studies. The comparison will cover the main components principles used in the Arabic calligraphy scripts in both houses.

FA’ĀLIYAH WASĪLAH AL-KALIMĀT AL-MUTAQĀṬI‘AH LI SAIṬARAH AT-ṬULLĀB ‘ALA FAHM AN-NAṢ AL-‘ARABI FĪ SMP IT MADRASAHATUL QUR’AN ACEH BESAR

SMP IT Madrasatul Quran is one of the Islamic boarding schools that offer Arabic as a second language programs in the everyday school environment. This also includes memorizing verses of the Qur'an and studying Arabic for eighteen hours a week at school. They also learn to speak and understand Arabic scripts. This process is a good effort to improve students' ability and understanding of Arabic texts. But in reality, most of the students face difficulty in understanding the Arabic language, especially in understanding the text because they find it difficult to memorize the vocabulary and they have a lack of vocabulary, and this makes them weak in understanding and speaking the Arabic language. Therefore, the researcher wanted to conduct a research entitled: "The Effectiveness of the Crossword Tool in Improving Students' Understanding of the Arabic Text in SMP IT Madrasatul Quran". The aim of this research is to improve the students' ability to understand the Arabic text and know their response to the use of crossword puzzles. The method of research in this research is Classroom action research. The research was conducted on eighth grade students of the SMP IT Madrasatul Quran. The research tools used are the questionnaire and the test. The result shows that the application of the crossword puzzle is effective in improving the students' understanding of the Arabic text with the mean score 86.16, and the students respond positively with the mean score 3.64. In addition, the use of the crossword puzzle helps in motivating the students and their interest in learning and understanding the Arabic text better than before

A Collection of Jibbali/Śḥərɛ̄́t Proverbs from Ali al-Shahri’s Publication The Language of Aad/لغة عاد

Abstract Jibbali/Śḥərɛ̄́t is a language belonging to the Modern South Arabian (msa) branch of Semitic. It is currently endangered and spoken by an estimate of 50,000 ~ 70,000 people living in the Omani governorate of Dhofar. Similarly to the other msa languages, it is unwritten, and the survival of its speakers’ traditional knowledge rests on their ability to memorise and retain a large amount of information in the form of poetry, songs, folk-tales and proverbs. In 2000, ʕAli al-Shahri, a Dhofari historian and native speaker of Jibbali/Shahret, published a bilingual English/Arabic monograph named The Language of Aad/لغة عاد which is intended as an introduction to a wide array of aspects of the local culture, ranging from the toponymy of Dhofar, its traditional dances, songs, poetry and proverbs, to more unusual topics such as star-names, children games, traditional land allotment and more. This paper focuses on one of the most prominent topics of the monograph in question, namely a collection of 210 proverbs. Each proverb in this collection is provided with a translation in English and Arabic, and is presented in al-Shahri’s work by means of an idiosyncratic transcription system based on the Arabic script, in which linguistic sounds specific to msa are represented by coloured Arabic characters, to the detriment of comprehension. This paper aims at providing a linguistically viable description of these proverbs, by presenting them in a standard Semitic transcription. The transcription presented proceeds from the analysis of al-Shahri’s original recording (which features al-Shahri himself uttering these 210 proverbs one by one) stored at the Semitische Tonarchiv (SemArch) at the University of Heidelberg. Additionally, the original English and Arabic translations provided by al-Shahri are reported. These are followed by a brief commentary containing a description of each relevant term, as well as a general account of the meaning of each proverb. The conclusions pinpoint some phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical characteristics of the material examined, and identify a number of divergences and commonalities with other present-day and ancient Semitic subgroups which bear witness to the long and unwritten history of the Jibbali/Śḥərɛ̄́t language.

Особенности орфографии текстов на алхамиадо мосарабов (на испанском языке в арабской графике)

The research objectives are as follows: to reveal the peculiarities of using Arabic script to transfer Spanish phonemes in Aljamiado texts, to identify Arabic letters which are hardly used in such texts. The author analyzes Aljamiado orthography, identifies Arabic letters which are hardly used in Aljamiado texts, and herein lies scientific originality of the study. As a result, it is shown that some Arabic letters are hardly used both in Morisco Aljamiado (the language of Muslims who fell under control of Spain after the Reconquista) and Mozarabic Aljamiado (the language of Andalusian Christians), though Morisco Aljamiado texts have conventional nature and are written in Spanish, whereas Mozarabic Aljamiado texts are written in Arabic using transliteration.

Analisis Kesalahan Menulis Bahasa Arab Dalam Pembelajaran Imla`

Writing skill is one of four Arabic language skills. As for improving writing skills, it can be obtained by learning imla`. Imla` is an Arabic writing exercise, where the process is where the teacher reads a text or script and then the students write it down. This study aims to describe the forms of basic errors in writing Arabic for class and 1-E Ulya Madrasah Diniyah Al Amiriyyah students. This research is a type of qualitative research that is descriptive in processing the data and uses error analysis in its analysis. In this study, researchers used several methods in collecting data including the method of tests, observations, interviews, documentation. The forms of errors found in this study include errors in writing hamzah, hamzah qotho`, errors in subtracting letters, adding letters, errors in changing letters and writing ta`. The basic factors that encourage students are ignorance of the correct form of writing, less accustomed to writing Arabic script and the lack of ability in the fields of nahwu and shorof.

The Implementation Of Online-Based Project Based Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Malay Arabic Courses Semester V In Indonesian Literatures Jambi University

This study aims to describe the implementation of online-based Project Based Learning in the Arabic-Malay Script Course in Semester V of the Indonesian Literature Study Program, FKIP, Jambi University. The method used is an action research method. Sources of data in the form of stimulus and student responses in learning. The results of the study concluded that the implementation of PJBL in the Malay Arabic Script course had been carried out well. This is evidenced by the students' awareness of the importance of the Malay Arabic script.

The Chinese Latin Alphabet: A Revolutionary Script in the Global Information Age

AbstractThis article rethinks the history of Chinese script reforms and proposes a new genealogy for the Chinese Latin Alphabet (CLA), invented in 1931 by Chinese and Russian revolutionaries in the Soviet Union. Situating script reforms within a global information age that emerged out of the nineteenth-century communications revolution, the article historicizes the CLA within a technologically and ideologically contrived Sino-Soviet space. In particular, it shows the intimate links between the CLA and the Unified New Turkic Alphabet (UNTA), which grew out of a latinization movement based in Baku, Azerbaijan. The primary purpose of the UNTA was to latinize the Arabic script of the Turkic people living in Soviet Central Asia, but it was immediately exported to the non-Turkic world as well in an effort to latinize languages across Eurasia and ignite revolutionary internationalism. This article investigates the forgotten figures involved in carrying the Latin alphabet from Baku to Shanghai and offers a new framework to scrutinize the history of language, scripts, and knowledge production across Eurasia.

The problem of the use of the term “Portuguese Aljamía”

The portuguese term “Aljamía” means ʻtexts in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ since the beginning of the XXth century under the influence of D. Lopes. The word “Aljamía” appears in Portuguese documents of the XVth century to designate the Portuguese language as it was perceived by the Moors. Thus, the word “aljamía” has two meanings: the historical ʻforeign languageʼ (Portuguese) and the modern ʻtext in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ. These meanings correspond to the Spanish “Aljamía” and “Aljamiado”. However, not all scientists agree with the terminological use of the word “Aljamía” as an analogue of the Spanish “Aljamiado”. The term “Aljamía” technically means portuguese texts in Arabic script, but it has other cultural and historical references. Spanish texts in “Aljamiado” were created by Spanish Muslims who lost their knowledge of Arabic in the period after the Reconquista (XIII–XVII). The Arabic script was a sign of their cultural and religious identity. The reason for the use of Arabic alphabet in Portuguese documents (XVIth century) is different. The Arab governors of the portuguese colonies in Africa had to address their reports directly to the Portuguese king. They knew Portuguese only in spoken form and used the Arabic alphabet to write down the Portuguese language. These documents are an important source in the history of the Portuguese language, especially in historical phonetics. However, from a cultural and historical point of view, they are not comparable with Spanish and cannot belong to the corpus of manuscripts in “Aljamiado”.

Создание унифицированной клавиатуры пишущих машин для тюркских языков на рубеже XIX–XХ вв.

he article aims to highlight the process of creating the development of keyboards for typewriters in the Tatar language and in other Turkic languages using the Arabic script and the Latin alphabet, undertaken at the turn of the 19th –20th centuries. Through the involvement of archival documents, the role of the inventors of such machines, M. Idrisov, G. Madyarov, T. Tuganov, A. Sheikh-Ali, is presented. It was revealed that G. Madyarov, together with T. Tuganov and A. Sheikh-Ali, made serious changes to the mechanism of the typewriter. According to the engineering inventions of A. Sheikh-Ali, starting from 1925, the production of typewriters at Tatyazmash was being established in the workshop of the Tatar Republic. In 1926, at a conference on the reform of the Tatar alphabet, the project of initial letters proposed by M. Idrisov was approved. The inventor creates a typewriter in which the Tatar fonts were adapted to the finished Underwood machine. It became a breakthrough solution. After the introduction of the Latin alphabet among the Turkic peoples of the USSR, the issue of creating appropriate keyboards for typewriters becomes acute. M. Idrisov on a scientific basis, using the works of B.A. Goltsev for the Russian keyboard, develops standard unified typewriter keyboards for the Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Tajik and other Turkic languages. He took into account the digital data on the study of the frequency of using letters and their combinations with each other in national literary works of agricultural, political, artistic and technical profile. M. Idrisov was engaged in the creation of type-setting cash registers for linotype machines, font sets for 10 Turkic-Tatar languages (1933) and font sets for twenty languages, which were approved and introduced into Soviet production in 1935–1938.

Four Medieval Phonemes” of Spanish in Arabic Script

Four Medieval Phonemes” of Spanish in Arabic Script

Totoristika Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekos fonduose

Tatar documentary heritage collections held in various holdings of the Wroblewski Library shed light on the history of one of the oldest national minorities in Lithuania, the Tatars. This article aims to look at old documents and Tatar printed heritage held in the Wroblewski Library, and at modern Tatar studies. It is particularly important to find and study iconography and egodocuments, which can provide researchers with plenty of valuable information. The first knowledge about the Tatars can be found in old chronicles, as well as travel accounts, historical works, and extant manuscript documents such as privileges, legal or religious papers. The Tatars assimilated linguistically, but retained their religious individuality – they remained Muslims and used Arabic script. Their written culture is closely related to religion – khamails, dalawars, kitabs, and semikitabs were needed to perform religious rites. The Tatar manuscripts were written in Arabic characters in the local languages, the prayer books served as a testimony to a family’s history. The Wroblewski Library holds a number of unique religious documents, starting with the kitab of Ivan Lutskevich and a khamail (prayer book) from the mid-19th century, and ending with recently-acquired copies of Tatar manuscript documents from a private collection. In the 19th century, a scholarly interest in the Tatar community grew; the numbers of intellectuals in their midst increased, and the Tatar identity strengthened. The Tatar publishing in Lithuania, developing along with the ethnic revival of the Tatar community, flourished in the first half of the 20th century. Vilnius gradually became the center of Tatar intellectual activity: the acclaimed scholar Prof. Stefan Bazarewski taught at Vilnius University; here existed the Turkology study circle led by Prof. Seraya Shapshal; it is in Vilnius that Tatar societies were founded and a museum was opened in 1929, and it is here that a number of works in Tatar studies and periodicals were published. The Vilnius Muftiate also engaged in publishing pursuits. From this period, the Wroblewski Library has numerous photographs featuring religious objects (mosques, cemeteries) and group photographs showing Tatar community members. World War II interrupted Lithuanian Tatars’ cultural and educational activity, their intellectuals were scattered or killed. Much of their valuable religious and cultural heritage was lost. Because of the war, the smallish Tatar community was divided into several even smaller ones, and their living and working conditions in Lithuania, Belarus and Poland differed. A considerable number of Tatars reassimilated, this time due to the influence of the Russian language. In the late 20th – early 21st century, the state of the Tatar community improved again, as there appeared new opportunities for education, culture, and religion. The Wroblewski Library houses one of the largest collections of Tatar documentary heritage in Lithuania, which is divided between the Main Collection, Rare Books Department and the Manuscripts Department. It consists of early Tatar documents, examples of their written culture and religious literature, and iconographic materials. These items have been copiously used by scholars. The library has also amassed a large number of recent works in Tatar studies in Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian, and other languages, as well as research published across the world, whose variety of topic will hopefully attract the attention of the Tatar community, scholars, and all interested in Tatar studies. Keywords: Tatars; written culture; historical memory; Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; manuscripts.

Comparative Orthography of Spanish and Portuguese Texts in the Arabic Script

Comparative Orthography of Spanish and Portuguese Texts in the Arabic Script