Arabic Script Research Articles

Libraries and Archives in the Digital Age

Libraries and Archives in the Digital Age

Khatt Islāmi: Sacred Scripts from Islamic Africa

Khatt Islāmi: Sacred Scripts from Islamic Africa

Орфография староиспанских текстов в арабской графике (на примерах имен собственных из Архива толедских мосарабов XII-XIII вв.)

The purpose of the research is to provide a systematic description of a linguistic phenomenon called “Mozarabic Aljamiado”. The research is novel in that it is the first in Russian Spanish studies to consider this phenomenon from the viewpoint of the historical phonetics of the Spanish language, in particular, the features of using the Arabic letters Tā’/Ṭā’, Kāf/Qāf in Spanish texts in the Arabic script. As a result, it has been shown that the alternations of the letters Tā’/Ṭā’, Kāf/Qāf in some cases reflect the process of consonant voicing in the intervocalic position.

The Use of Stainless Steel to Create Contemporary Artistic Arabic Calligraphy Sculptures

This paper examined the use of stainless steel in creating contemporary Arabic calligraphy sculptures. It discusses artworks’ unique, innovative, and non-imitation stainless steel Arabic calligraphy. This study sheds light on this new field of modern Arabic calligraphy. The artworks of four famous artists were analysed in terms of how these works were created, the scripts or letters and alphabets used, and the type of calligraphy used. The type of contemporary art of Arabic calligraphy used includes verses from the Qur’an, poetry, famous sayings, and non-Arabic poems translated into Arabic letters. The interaction between sculptural Arabic calligraphy, stainless steel, and the environment or surrounding factors led to a contradictory three-way interaction, which increased the sculptural artistic act and creativity. The data were analysed using the descriptive analysis method and observation method. The samples analysed consist of fifteen sculptures. The finding revealed that these stainless steel carvings include intertwined Arabic scripts and letters. Arabic calligraphy employed varied between leafy Kufic, Moroccan Kufic, Diwani, thuluth, Naskh, and even contemporary Arabic calligraphy. The sculptures’ contents or phrases also varied between Quranic verses, poetry, novel, sayings, words, and sentences from the artist himself. As for the style, there is free Arabic calligraphy, new modern classic Arabic calligraphy, and modern classic Arabic calligraphy.

Principles of variation in the use of diacritics (taškīl) in Arabic books

The Arabic script has a set of optional diacritics (taškīl) that primarily indicate short vowels. These diacritics are used to varying extents, giving a form of orthographic variation potentially affecting every word in a text and various aspects of the reading process. This study is the first empirical investigation into the variation in how Arabic diacritics are used. It employs quantitative corpus linguistic methods to explore diacritization in a 72-million-word corpus consisting of book-length texts of various genres. Children’s literature and poetry were found to vary considerably in the number of diacritics used, while books of normal prose fall within a narrow range of limited use of diacritics. Furthermore, the different diacritics, subdivided by function, were found to follow a hierarchical order of priority that is largely consistent across genres. These findings call into question common descriptions of the Arabic writing system as binarily diacritized or undiacritized. Further lines of research based on these findings are suggested.

Symbolisation in Ancient Tales: A Special Reference to the Malay Text Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa

Symbolisation can be interpreted as expressing what is real, not in terms of the actual thing that it is, but that which is represented in other forms. A narrative or a story that is in the mind of the writer or the storyteller is still in the form of ideas or concepts. It becomes a message when it is expressed in an organised form in the language medium that we call text. It is the text that forms the symbol to the story. In Ferdinand de Saussure’s theory of the sign, the story is the signifié or the signified, nd the text is the signifiant or the signifier. Language is an abstract and conventional symbol in the life of human beings. At the same time, there are non-language forms of symbols that have been identified as icons and indices, in particular by Charles Saunders Peirce with his theory of semiotics. This paper presents an interpretation of an ancient text, a composite of narratives of the founding of Kedah (which today is a sultanate in the north-western part of the Malay Peninsula) circa 3000 B.C.E., until the arrival of Islam circa 10th century C.E. Originally an oral tradition, the text was given a written form in the mid-18th century, using the Jawi (Malayised Arabic) script of the time. It was only in 1970 that the Jawi manuscript was transliterated using the Roman alphabet. Interpretation of the text goes through various layers of symbols, beginning with symbols in their Jawi script, and identifying words in their various forms. Making sense of linguistic elements suggests taking into account their usage within the text itself, as well as information from historical texts (in co-texts), and findings of research by relevant disciplines, specifically archaeology, geology dan geography.

Azimat, Obat, dan Legitimasi Kuasa: Kajian Parateks Naskah Islam Sulawesi Tenggara dan Jawa Barat

This article examines Islamic manuscripts stored in several collections of the people of Southeast Sulawesi (Baubau) and West Java (Cirebon and Indramayu), which have been digitized by the EAP British Library and the Digital Repository of Endangered and Affected Manuscripts in Southeast Asia (DREAMSEA). The study was conducted based on a paratext approach which explains the elements outside the written text in the manuscript. Practically, Arabic script and language are widely used in religious texts to transmit knowledge and Islamic teachings. However, it is not widely revealed that Arabic script and language are also used as magical practices such as amulets, medicine, invulnerability, the knowledge of using weapons, and the like used in various conflicts, both with others and with the colonial side. On the other hand, this paper illustrates that Arabic script and language in the magical tradition became an inseparable part of efforts to legitimize rulers in the archipelago in the 19th century.

Taṭhwīr Mawād Mahārah al-Kitābah bi Ṭharīqah Lu’bah Khimna al-Kalimah fī Shu’bah al-Dīniyah Min Madrasah al-‘ĀLiyah al-Hukūmiyah 1 Probolinggo

Arabic learning as a source of Islamic development needs publication with written works. However, there are obstacles in writing skills such as the use of words that are not in accordance with the rules, and most students memorize vocabulary without knowing how to write them. So the objectives of this research are: 1. To provide material for creative writing skills using the game method. 2. Knowing the effectiveness of using the designed method. The researcher uses the Dick and Carey model of research and development approach with stages: defining goals, conducting learning analysis, students, formulating specific goals, developing assessment tools, educational strategies, selecting teaching materials, carrying out formative evaluations, and reviewing instructions. The results of the study: 1. learning writing skills in the religious program of MAN 1 Probolinggo in schools and dormitories. 2. Material development using a guessing game model with Arabic script with rules. Consists of: (a) guides and accompanying books used. (b) Lesson plan. 3. The designed model is effective to use. based on statistical analysis of students' responses and understanding before using the designed method with an average test result of 81.5 pre-test and after using the method with a post-test average of 86.16.

PEMANFAATAN GAWAI OLEH GURU BERLATAR BELAKANG NON-PBA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB

This article aimed to describe the problems of learning Arabic and the use of smartphones to overcome these problems. This qualitative descriptive study examined 11 teachers at a madrasah ibtidaiyah in Central Kalimantan. The data was extracted through observation, interviews, and documentation. To validate the data using the triangulation technique. The data were analyzed by data reduction steps, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the problems of learning Arabic include teachers and students not knowing vocabulary, teachers not being confident in teaching, and students not pronouncing Arabic letters correctly. All teachers try to improve their Arabic language skills using smartphones to overcome these problems. To strengthen the sound of the letters, the teacher often listens to YouTube listening to Arabic script readings, makes videos reading Arabic vocabulary and texts, looks for videos on YouTube that contain engaging Arabic learning, and looks for materials that suit the characteristics of students.

دور اللغة العربية في تطور اللغة الإندونيسية

The purpose of this study was to determine and describe the role of Arabic in Indonesian. Focusing on the influence of vocabulary, the influence of Arabic writing, and the influence of Arabic syntax on Indonesian, the purpose of this study was to identify and describe how changes in Arabic vocabulary were absorbed into the Indonesian language. Indonesian Indonesian. The method used in this study is a literature study using content analysis techniques, namely research methods that can imitate reproducible conclusions and reliable personality and language education data by considering the context. The data sources for this research are books or works related to the research topic, including Indonesian dictionaries and other books. The results show that the influence or role of Arabic on Indonesian is quite large. This can also be confirmed in Arabic borrowing, which ranks third after Dutch and English with 1,495 words. Also the use of Arabic script in Indonesian which is still widely used in Islamic religious books and Arabic books, saga, literature, and books written using Malay Arabic script. The influence of Arabic expressions on Indonesian can be seen in books or translations of the Qur'an. The words learned in Arabic usually change shape because they adjust to the phonemes or Indonesian language rules. It also underwent a change in meaning, although it was limited in number.

Анонимная рукопись «История Крыма» (B 747) из собрания Института восточных рукописей РАН: атрибуция источника

Research objectives: Attribution and description of the anonymous manuscript, conventionally named “History of Crimea”, from the collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Research materials: Anonymous manuscript “History of Crimea”, kept in the collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the signature B 747. Results and novelty of research: The manuscript is a miscellany of various information about the Crimean Khanate, as well international relations, mainly between Russia and Turkey. In 1881, its Ottoman-Turkish text in Arabic script was published by the famous Russian researcher Vasiliy D. Smirnov (1846–1922), on the basis of the St. Petersburg copy, with corrections made according to the copy kept in Paris. V.D. Smirnov made several assumptions on who was the author of the text. The analysis showed the correctness of one of his assumptions, namely that the author – compiler of the text was Kesbî, the Turkish official from the second half of the eighteenth century. The identification of the author became possible due to the appearance of studies on the written heritage of Kesbi in recent decades, primarily the works of A. Ogreten. The comparison of B 747 with the text of “İbretnüma-yı devlet” (“Instruction to the State”, 1213 AH (1798–99 CE)) published by Ahmet Öğreten in 2002, leaves no doubt that the “History of Crimea” is the St. Petersburg copy of the aforesaid manuscript. In recent years, new hypotheses also appeared concerning the author, disputing the opinion of A. Öğreten and aiming to show that the miscellany was compiled not by Mustafa Kesbî, but by another Ottoman official, who wrote under the pseudonym Kesbî, Mehmed Haşim. At the same time, the text of the St. Petersburg copy of “İbretnüma-yı devlet” published by V.D. Smirnov 140 years ago, as well as the copy of the manuscript kept in Paris, still remains out of sight of Turkish specialists engaged in the study of this written text.

Kazakh Language and Arabic Alphabet

The sounds in the word must be indicated by certain letters so that they are displayed in the written language and, accordingly, read. The sounds of the language are indicated in the text by certain graphic letters. A set of letters arranged one after another is called an alphabet. There are a certain number of alphabetic systems in the world. Because cultural and religious factors often play a role in place of phonological criteria as historical fact, spelling problems arise when there is an imbalance between certain scripts and the languages of the societies that use them. To date, the issue of the alphabet is one of the most discussed and still relevant in the Turkic world and in Turkic studies. Beginning in the 10th century, the rapid spread of Islam among the Turks made the Arabic script the common script of all Turkic countries. The Kazakh language is the most common among the Turkic languages. In addition to the Kazakh alphabet, a lot of research has been done on spelling. In this regard, the work of the Kazakh intellectual A. Baitursynov can be cited as an example. Baitursynov's Kazakh alphabet based on Arabic graphics was used until 1929 under the name «tote zhazu». Today, this alphabet is used by Kazakhs living in China. This study will consider the period of use of the Arabic alphabet by the Kazakhs, as well as the important questions and problems that have arisen in this.

Factors Affecting the Writing Performance in Hearing and Deaf Children: An Insight into Regularities and Irregularities of the Arabic Orthographic System.

This study aims to account for the underlying causes of spelling errors in hearing and deaf children who speak a dialectal form of Arabic that substantially differs from the standard written one. It presents a general overview of the spoken Arabic language and its written system, drawing attention to some of the phonological and orthographic regularities and irregularities used in constructing and decoding Arabic words and sentences. It also accounts for the diglossic factors that interfere with the process of phoneme-to-grapheme mapping. The spelling outcomes of a group of hearing children are compared with another group of orally educated deaf children, who in addition to the complexity and diglossity of Arabic, have limited hearing abilities. Both groups performed two written tasks, one representing the standard form and the other representing the dialect. These tasks identified the types of spelling and segmentation errors and the effects of the committed errors on children's awareness of the concept of word and word boundaries. Analysis of the results reveals their spelling errors' nature and frequencies, and progressively categorizes the most prominent errors in practicing each language form. The deaf group (n = 30) produced significantly more errors than the hearing group (n = 36) in the dysphonetic errors and the word omission categories. The findings indicate that the sociolinguistic context of the Arabic language and the orthographic nature of the Arabic script are both important factors affecting hearing and deaf children's awareness of the concept of word as well as their spelling performance. These results may enable educators to understand the underlying factors of Arabic spelling and produce targeted error correction strategies to maximize children's learning outcomes.

THE FORMATION OF PUNCTUATION IN THE WRITINGS OF THE PEOPLES OF CENTRAL ASIA, THE FIRST SEPARATION OF PUNCTUATION MARKS

This article discusses the process of formation of punctuation, punctuation marks in the writings of the Peoples of Central Asia, mainly focused on studying research works carried by prominent scientists who argued on punctuation was appeared in Arabic script, and what stages were and which punctuation marks were used in the writings.

From the history of education in the Bukey Orda

The article analyzes the issues of education development in the Bukei Orda. The authors present a detailed analysis of the general development of education in the region, the history of the emergence of schools and educational institutions, as well as the content of the policy of the tsarist government in the field of education. The article discusses historical facts related to the opening and functioning of schools and educational institutions. Based on archival materials and sources, a large layer of information is presented within the framework of the studied problem. The article provides statistical materials on the number of schools, the contingent of students, the distribution of funds for education, etc. The article analyzes the content of secret circular letters on the translation of Arabic script into Russian graphics, namely such instructions, provisions as the order of the Governor-General of Semipalatinsk region to the GovernorGeneral of the West Siberian region. The authors summarize that the policy of the tsarist government in the field of education was considered as one of the important ways of Russification of colonized peoples. Russian Russian-Kazakh schools The article contains interesting and informative historical material on the work of the first Russian-Kazakh school in the Khan’s headquarters, transformed into a two-grade school, a female one-class school, primary literacy schools, Muslim schools, as well as Russian-Kazakh schools, which were under the jurisdiction of a special inspector of Orda schools. Key words: Bukei Orda, Khan’s headquarters, education, politics, governor-General, circular letter,Russian alphabet, Russian-Kazakh schools.

Romanceisms in the structure of Muwashshah and Zajal

Muwashshah and Zajal are important sources on the Mozarabic historical dialect. These poetic forms, unknown to classical Arabic versification, were created in Muslim Spain (al-Andalus). They often contain Romance words written in Arabic script (in Alhamiado). Many muwashshahs end with harjs (couples) in the Romance language. In zajals, there are also not only individual Roman words, but also entire lines in Roman. The most famous writer of zajals is the Arab poet from Cordoba origin Ibn Kuzman (c. 1080–1160). In muwashshahs, words in Romance are found in the last couplet, called kharja, and perform a structure-forming function. In zajals (developed from muwashshah), romanticisms are found throughout the text and perform a stylistic function.

An intelligent approach for Arabic handwritten letter recognition using convolutional neural network.

Currently, digital transformation has occurred in most countries in the world to varying degrees, but digitizing business processes are complex in terms of understanding the various aspects of manual documentation. The use of digital devices and intelligent systems is vital in the digital transformation of manual documentation from hardcopy to digital formats. The transformation of handwritten documents into electronic files is one of the principal aspects of digitization and represents a common need shared by today’s businesses. Generally, handwriting recognition poses a complex digitization challenge, and Arabic handwriting recognition, specifically, proves inordinately challenging due to the nature of Arabic scripts and the excessive diversity in human handwriting. This study presents an intelligent approach for recognizing handwritten Arabic letters. In this approach, a convolution neural network (CNN) model is proposed to recognize handwritten Arabic letters. The model is regularized using batch normalization and dropout operations. Moreover, the model was tested with and without dropout, resulting in a significant difference in the performance. Hence, the model overfitting has been prevented using dropout regularization. The proposed model was applied to the prominent, publicly-available Arabic handwritten characters (AHCD) dataset with 16,800 letters, and the performance was measured using several evaluation measures. The experimental results show the best fit of the proposed model in terms of higher accuracy results that reached 96.78%; additionally, other evaluation measures compared to popular domain-relevant approaches in the literature.

Evolution of ancient alphabet to modern greek, latin and cyrillic alphabets and transcription between them

The elements of alphabet tables reflect the phonetics of different languages. The earliest alphabet was invented by Phoenician in 200 millennium BCE, and was spread by businessmen from there; it was modified to form Greek alphabet, and Greek alphabet was introduced to Roman Empire and a new script, Latin alphabet was formed and spread in western part of Europe. Cyrillic alphabet adapted from Greek alphabet spread with Eastern Orthodox in eastern and southern Europe, and replaced Arabic scripts in North and Central Asian when inhabitants there were converted to Russian Orthodox. The modification of alphabets take place in accordance with the phonetics of the languages which they write, and also in keeping up with the development of information technology.

Densely connected layer to improve VGGnet-based CRNN for Arabic handwriting text line recognition

In recent years, Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in sequence modeling. Several deep models have been used for enhancing Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR). Among these models, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural network especially Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) networks achieve state-of-the-art recognition accuracy. The recognition methods for Arabic text lines have been widely applied in many specific tasks. However, there are still some potential challenges as the lack of available and large Arabic text recognition dataset and the characteristics of Arabic script. In order to address these challenges, we propose an end-to-end recognition method based on convolutional recurrent neural networks (CRNNs), which adds feature reuse network component on the basis of a CRNN. The model is trained and tested on two Arabic text recognition datasets named KHATT and AHTID/MW. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better performance than other methods in the literature.

Reduce the Foreign Accent of Indonesian Arabic Learners Through A Minimal Pairs Strategy

The purpose of this study is to discuss how to use the minimal pairs strategy to help students improve their pronunciation abilities. The Research and Development (R&D) and the Quasy Experimental Non-Equivalent Control Group Designs were combined in this study (QENECGD). The R & D method was used to develop a model for implementing the minimal pairs strategy. The QENECGD method was used to evaluate students' final performance following the implementation of the minimal pairs strategy. The study enrolled 50 students who took Basic Arabic Language Proficiency course. Twenty-five students were assigned to the minimal pairs strategy, while the remaining twenty-five served as the control class. All students were required to read an Arabic script during the pre-test and post-tests. The results of these readings were analyzed for pronunciation accuracy using the provided reading script. The Bogaert scale was used in conjunction with the non-parametric test. The findings indicated that the minimal pairs strategy affected students' attainment of a foreign accent level. Additionally, statistical analysis enables the experimental and control groups to be distinguished. Furthermore, the N Gain Score statistic demonstrates the effectiveness of the minimal pairs method.