Approach Motivation Research Articles

КЛАСИЧНІ ТА ПЕРЕХІДНІ ТЕОРІЇ МОТИВАЦІЇ: АНАЛІЗ ТА ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ

The article explores both classical and transitional theories of motivation that have formed the foundation of modern human resource management. Special attention is given to the analysis of key concepts such as A. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, F. Herzberg’s two-factor theory, J. Adams’ equity theory, as well as V. Vroom’s expectancy theory and its subsequent development and expansion in the Porter-Lawler model. The discussion also covers other theories that belong to both classical and transitional motivational approaches. In the course of the study, commonalities and differences between classical and transitional motivational theories were identified. A retrospective analysis of motivational theories also revealed the differences and similarities between classical theories and those developed during the transitional period. These theories are critically examined in the context of their application in the modern business environment, where challenges such as globalization, digitalization, and the increasing importance of human capital play a significant role. The article also investigates how these theories have been adapted to meet contemporary needs, focusing on their relevance in enhancing employee engagement and productivity. Attention is given to the practical aspects of implementing motivational strategies, which are crucial for improving work efficiency and encouraging employees to achieve organizational goals. Moreover, the article emphasizes the role of motivation in fostering innovation and adaptability within organizations. It highlights how motivational theories can be utilized to create a more resilient and dynamic workforce. By integrating both classical and transitional approaches, the article offers insights into how businesses can develop more effective human resource management strategies that not only meet current market demands but also anticipate future trends. The adaptability of classical and transitional motivational theories in diverse cultural and organizational contexts is also explored, underlining their global applicability. This comprehensive analysis provides a valuable framework for understanding the evolving nature of motivation and its critical impact on organizational success in a rapidly changing world.

Imagine chocolate: The craving experience questionnaire in the food domain

Measurement of food craving has gained relevance in the current obesity epidemic. The Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) considers not only craving intensity but also cognitive intrusiveness and imagery vividness as separate craving factors and could thus refine food craving assessment. It is available in two versions with ten items each. The CEQ-F assesses craving frequency across specific time periods and the CEQ-S time-point specific craving strength. Across three independent studies, N = 533 participants completed the German chocolate CEQ-F referenced at the past year to operationalise trait-like craving. Among them, N = 402 also completed the German chocolate CEQ-S referenced at the current moment to operationalise state-like craving. Four-week test-retest reliability was measured. For external validity, we assessed self-reported chocolate consumption, body-mass-index, trait approach motivation, general imagery vividness, and the most widely used food craving questionnaire, namely the Food Cravings Questionnaires in a trait (FCQ-T-r) and state version (FCQ-S), as well as behavioural approach bias (reaction time-based measurement). The three-factor structure was replicated with excellent internal consistency for both CEQ-F and CEQ-S. Test-retest reliability was moderate for both CEQ versions. CEQ-F scores were related to higher levels of chocolate consumption, approach motivation, and FCQ-T-r scores, but not to body-mass-index, imagery vividness, or approach bias. CEQ-S scores were associated with FCQ-S scores and partly with approach bias, but not with approach motivation and imagery vividness. The current results support the factor structure, validity and reliability of the German chocolate CEQ-S and CEQ-F with questions remaining regarding the ability of the CEQ-S to measure state craving. Thus, CEQ-F and CEQ-S usefully contribute to food craving assessment.

Playing with words across visual humor in an Iranian EFL context with Arab students: Pedagogical translanguaging for enhancement of multicultural spaces in language education

This study focuses on how translanguaging in language instruction with the aid of audiovisual materials can teach Iranian EFL students with Arab ethnicity wordplay in English . Given the significant role wordplay plays in generating humor within TV shows, it can provide a challenge for EFL learners to understand both the humor and cultural nuances of such audiovisual materials. To this end, this study initially selected two popular series, Friends and The Simpsons, translated into Persian. The researchers taught linguistic and translation models to 15 EFL students with Arab ethnicity to identify and categorize the diverse types of wordplay and strategies used to translate them from English to Persian. Students participating in the action research found that the most commonly utilized wordplay and translation strategy were lexical-semantic wordplay and no wordplay strategy, respectively. They also reported that the equivalents were not appropriate in many instances. Interview results with these learners demonstrated the participants' enhanced understanding of wordplay, with translanguaging through translated audiovisual materials identified as a motivating and effective approach for language learning. Ultimately, this research has important implications for teaching English within the expanding cycle of world Englishes with the possibility of promoting translanguaging and intercultural competence.

Curvy Digital Marketing Designs: Virtual Elements with Rounded Shapes Enhance Online Click-Through Rates

Abstract With the growing prevalence of digital platforms for online shopping, advertising, and marketing activities in general, it is imperative to better understand how designs of virtual elements on digital interfaces influence click behavior. Websites and online advertisements contain virtual elements such as call-to-action buttons, images, and logos. This research examines how curved versus sharp angled shapes of virtual elements in online ads and on websites influence click-through rates (CTRs). The findings of a series of studies, including three field experiments and an eye tracking study, show that website and online ad elements in curved (vs. sharp angled) shapes generate higher CTRs. Process evidence suggests that curved (vs. sharp angled) digital elements enhance visual appeal, leading to approach motivation and greater CTR. In terms of practical implications, the findings of this research have strong relevance for designing online ads and website interfaces and for digital marketing strategies. Specifically, digital marketers desiring higher click rates would benefit from having more curved (than sharp angled) virtual elements on websites and in online ads.

TRANSFORMATION OF INSURANCE SERVICES MARKET

In the article, suggestions are given for the operation of insurance companies based on clear target plans through the system of innovative and motivational approach to service delivery.

Motivations for the Soft Wall Holographic Approach to Strong Interactions

Motivations for the Soft Wall Holographic Approach to Strong Interactions

The effect of emotional motivation on strategy flexibility: the moderating role of task load

IntroductionResearch has demonstrated that cognitive flexibility is associated with academic achievement, with poorer cognitive flexibility being linked to poorer academic performance. Strategy conversion is an example of cognitive flexibility, which requires individuals to quickly and flexibly switch between strategies depending on the task at hand. Studies have investigated the impact of emotional motivation on cognitive flexibility, with varying results. Furthermore, research has indicated that a high task load increases psychological burden and reduces cognitive flexibility, but few studies have analyzed the impact of task load on the relationship between emotional motivation and cognitive flexibility. This study sought to investigate the effect of emotional motivation on cognitive flexibility based on strategy switching, and the moderating effect of task load.MethodsThree experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 used forced conversion paradigm with a moderate task load that required participants to estimate tasks using a given strategy. Experiment 2 employed matched conversion paradigm with a high task load, informing participants of the strategies to be used but without any clues, necessitating the selection and execution of appropriate strategies based on the question features. Experiment 3 adopted free conversion paradigm with a relatively low task load, allowing participants to freely choose and execute strategies without any correctness or error criteria.ResultsThe intensity and direction of emotional motivation have a complicated and fluctuating impact on the flexibility to utilize strategies. When the task workload is high, the intensity of emotional motivation has a significant impact on strategy utilization flexibility, with low approach motivation being more conducive to flexibility. Conversely, when the task workload is low, the direction of emotional motivation has a greater effect, with high avoidance motivation being more advantageous.DiscussionThis study demonstrated that high workload could bring about a low intensity advantage, while low workload could induce an avoidance direction advantage, suggesting that task load could moderate the impact of emotional motivation on arithmetic strategy utilization flexibility, and avoidance motivation is not always detrimental to cognitive flexibility.

Public Service Motivation for Optimizing Digital Population Identity Services In North Toraja Regency

This journal examines how public service motivation contributes to optimising digital population identity services in North Toraja district, using a public service motivation approach by James L Perry with indicators of attraction to public policy making, commitment to the public interest and civic duty, compassion, and self-sacrifice. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach through interviews, observations and documentation. Research informants consist of the Population and Civil Registration Office of North Toraja Regency employees as the primary data source and people who use Digital Population Identity services. The results showed that attraction to public policy making varied among North Toraja Regency Population Office employees. Structural officials, including service heads, field heads, and section heads, showed high interest and interest in the public policymaking process. Meanwhile, staff-level employees and operators need more interest in public policy formulation due to the perception that tupoksi, as staff, needs to support employees in making population administration policies. The implication of this finding is the need for efforts or actions from the Leadership to increase the motivation and participation of all employees both by providing direction and guidance through example in carrying out duties, seeking education and training for employees, as well as in the form of rewards and punishment as a booster of employee enthusiasm and motivation in carrying out services optimally.

Improving health outcomes of patients with myocardial infarction with value based methodology

Abstract Digital technologies have the potential to support the implementation of value-based healthcare by enabling personalised patient care and improving health outcomes. The ValueCare project (H2020, No. 875215) aims to deliver personalised integrated (health and social) care services, better outcomes for older people and an improved care experience and is being tested in 7 pilot sites across Europe. The Rijeka pilot site focuses on older patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction (MI), which is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The study will assess the impact of the ValueCare approach on improving health outcomes for older people who have suffered a MI. A total of 240 older people (120 intervention and 120 control subjects) will take part in the study. The intervention group will receive the ValueCare approach, which includes: Consultation between the patient and care provider to discuss the results of the self-reported ICHOM questionnaires; a personalised care plan co-created by the patient and care provider; a digital solution to support the patient's personalised care plan; and monitoring of the personalised care plan by caregivers. ValueCare's digital solution enhances the assessment and monitoring of the personalised care plan through: a mobile application for older people, a wearable, and a web application for caregivers. The mobile application uses a motivation and goal-setting approach, including a Virtual coach who acts as a conversation partner to help participants achieve their personal goals. The impact of the intervention will be evaluated using a self-reported ICHOM Standard Set for Older Persons at three time points: Baseline T0, Follow-up T1 (after 12 months) and T2 (after 18 months). Our results will shed light on the potential of digital technologies to transform the prevention and treatment of MI and ultimately improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Key messages • Digital health has emerged as a promising approach to transforming healthcare and improving patient's outcomes. • Value-based healthcare improves outcomes and reduces costs for myocardial infarction treatment, putting patients at the center of care.

Examining the influence of L2 grit and English proficiency on learning approaches: a mediation analysis through expectancy of success and perceived task difficulty

Approaches to learning a second/foreign language can be affected by such individual differences as personality traits, motivational variables, and task difficulty. Personality traits have been proven to influence academic achievement, but their effects on motivation and language learning approaches remain unanswered. The first purpose of the study aims to investigate whether L2 grit predicts university students’ learning approaches and how far expectancy of success and task difficulty perception mediate the relationship between L2 grit and the learning approaches. This study also examines the extent to which English proficiency has an indirect effect on the learning approaches. Five hundred eighty-six EFL university students taking English courses in Taiwan participated in the study. The structural model showed that perseverance of effort directly, strongly, and positively predicted deep strategies, and the mediation analysis revealed a partially mediated effect of expectancy of success. By contrast, consistency of interest directly and negatively predicted surface strategies, and the mediation analysis revealed a partially mediated effect of task difficulty perception. Students’ English proficiency has an indirect effect on surface strategies through the mediation of expectancy of success.

The Effect of Training Program Given to Multiple Pregnants by Motivational Interview Method on Fear of Birth and Delivery Style

Aim: Within the scope of our research, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of the training programs given with the motivational interview attitude given specifically to the mothers with multiple pregnancies on possible fears of childbirth and self-perception. In this direction, case and control studies were conducted with two groups. In summary, it focused on the effect of self-efficacy experienced during birth and self-efficacy experienced at the same time.
 Material and Methods: Our study was carried out between August 2022 and November 2022 in Adana Seyhan State Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology Polyclinic with 73 multiple pregnant women (intervention: 37, control: 36) who met the study. More than one pregnant mother in the sample was randomly selected according to the intervention and control groups. "Training Program Based on Motivational Interview Method for Fear of Birth" was given to 37 pregnant women in the case group, four sessions individually, once a week.
 Results: In obtaining the relevant data within the scope of our study; Descriptive Personal Form, Wijma Birth Expectation/Experience Scale (W-DEQ) Versions A and B, Birth Self-Efficacy Scale (DSS) Short Version and Birth Evaluation Form were used. During the evaluation of the data, descriptive statistics such as the number of patients and the percentage of gender were recorded. Data are shown as mean±standard deviation, median (percentage). Chi-square test, Independent Groups t test, Mann Whitney U test, Wilcoxon test, repeated measures ANOVA test and Friedman test were used in statistical analysis.
 Conclusion: In the training program conducted with the motivational interview approach with pregnant mothers, it was revealed that possible fears of birth were minimized, positive increases were observed in birth self-efficacy, and the effect on birth types was not much. Looking at the results of the research; In order to minimize the fear of birth in the prenatal period and to increase self-efficacy during birth, it is recommended to include it in nursing care in a training program based on the motivational interview approach for fear of birth.

Barriers and facilitators to the involvement of general practitioners in the prescription of buprenorphine

IntroductionFrance has one of the highest opioid agonist treatment (OAT) coverage rates in the world. French general practitioners (GPs) are providing the majority of prescriptions. However, a fall in the number of GPs initiating buprenorphine has been observed over the last decade. MethodsThe objective of this study was to explore the obstacles and facilitators to the involvement of GPs in the prescription of buprenorphine. A qualitative study comprising 14 individual interviews and a focus group bringing together 5 GPs was conducted among GPs based in France between June 2021 and March 2022. We performed data analysis using a grounded theory methodology. ResultsThe interviews showed a great diversity in the level of involvement of GPs, depending on their experience, their representations of patients with OUD, their mode of exercise, and their personal preferences. The negative representations of the patients associated with the feeling of physical and ethical endangerment, the feeling of powerlessness, the fear of a disruption of the practice and the feeling of incompetence appeared at the forefront of the difficulties stated. Conversely, the strengthening of initial training and the facilitation of access to self-training tools and multidisciplinarity, the consideration of opioid use disorder (OUD) as a chronic illness with the application of a patient-centered motivational approach, as well as the defining and respecting one's own limits when prescribing buprenorphine seem to be the keys to a balanced and fulfilling practice. ConclusionRaising awareness of the frequency of OUD appeared to be an additional lever to enhance the interest of the GPs concerned. Additional studies focusing on the evolution of professional practices would be necessary to extend these findings.

Material and Non-material Motivation of Young Professionals in the Gas Industry

Motivation of employees to highly effective work has been and remains one of the acute management problems both from a theoretical and practical point of view. In modern conditions, the situation is aggravated by high competition in the labor market, the complexity of the content and nature of the work of specialists, the peculiarities of the younger generation entering into labor relations. In this article, the authors investigate the material and non-material motivation of young specialists in the oil and gas industry, based on the results of an empirical study that revealed the special preferences of employees of different age groups in relation to various incentive measures applied at the enterprise. As a result of the study, a number of recommendations were developed aimed at improving motivational approaches for various categories of employees.

Coaching as a growth- or security-oriented process-How regulatory fit increases coaching success.

Regulatory focus theory suggests that promoters are more concerned with growth and preventers are more concerned with security. Since coaching is a growth-oriented process, it seems to be more suitable for clients high on promotion than for clients high on prevention. Applying regulatory fit theory, the present research investigates how preventers can also benefit from coaching. First, a study looking at real coaching processes (N1 = 103) found that a higher promotion than prevention focus was indeed related to more coaching success, i.e., satisfaction and approach motivation. Next, testing the hypothesis that fit effects should also be present in coaching, a study using a vignette approach (N2 = 99) shows that participants experiencing a fit between their focus and a promotion versus a prevention coaching indicate a better coaching evaluation than participants experiencing no fit. In three studies (N3a = 120, N3b = 85, N3c = 189), we used an experimental approach and manipulated the regulatory focus of coaching interventions. We found promotion as well as prevention fit effects showing that participants experiencing a fit indicate more coaching success than participants experiencing no fit. Two studies (N4a = 41, N4b = 87) further tested interpersonal fit, i.e., the fit between the coach's and client's regulatory focus. We found promotion as well as prevention fit effects on participants' satisfaction with and trust in a coach (Study 4a) and promotion fit effects on participants' goal attainment and coaching progress (4b). The findings suggest that by adapting coaching to the client's focus, coaching success can be increased not only for promoters but also for preventers. Thus, we found that regulatory fit effects, albeit small to medium, are also present in coaching. Multiple studies assessing multiple variables relevant to coaching showed that the findings differ regarding the interventions used and the variables that we looked at. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Hand Hygiene Messaging Design in the Workplace: Views From the Workforce-Introduction.

The study aimed to (1) discover workers' attitudes toward the use of novel video screens to improve hand sanitization in the workplace and (2) discover what workers' preferences are for hand hygiene (HH) messaging style and tone and reasons for their preferences. Practicing good HH in non-medical office settings is vital to curb the spread of a range of common and infectious diseases. Despite this, workers are rarely consulting in the construction of HH messages. The qualitative views of users can provide us with the "why" rather than the "what" and can highlight areas of cynicism, concern and overall attitudes to HH. A survey was completed by 520 UK workers concerning attitudes and views toward HH messaging and the use of a video-based hand sanitizer unit. Analysis consisted of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Workers were skeptical toward the use of digital technologies within HH interventions, and there were misgivings about the role that video could play. Results demonstrated a strong preference for positive and supportive messages. Educational and trustworthy qualities were well rated. Messages that emphasized surveillance, previously successful in a clinical setting, or guilt, were not well received. Visual approaches that utilized serious illustration were valued. This study highlights how consulting workers before the design of HH initiatives is important in guiding the design process. The resultant user-centered criteria promotes the use of positive, motivational, thought-provoking, surprising, and visual approaches to HH messaging.

The Influence of Motivational Therapy in Dealing with Driving Anger Among Adolescents in Selected Localities of Bhopal, India - A Quasi Experimental Single Group Pretest-Posttest Study

Purpose: To find out the influence of motivational therapy in dealing with driving anger among adolescent population. Materials and methods: The research design used for this study is Single group pretest-posttest quasi experimental design. Study was conducted in Karond and Bhanpur areas of Bhopal city, India. the duration of the data collection was four weeks. Study population were the 30 adolescents residing in Karond and Bhanpur areas of Bhopal city, India. Sampling technique used was purposive sampling technique. Consent, Ethical clearance was obtained before proceeding for the study. Results: Upon conducting a comparative analysis of the mean pre-test and post-test levels of driving anger within the experimental cohort, a noteworthy observation emerged. Specifically, a substantial mean discrepancy of 21.79 units was discerned between the pre-test and post-test measurements, coupled with a t-value of 18.08. This compellingly indicates the presence of a significant disparity in driving anger levels prior to and subsequent to the implementation of motivational therapy. Conclusion: The imperative to develop anger reduction therapies and techniques is underscored by their potential to ameliorate road rage-related issues and foster the overall well-being of humanity. In the realm of road rage reduction, it is prudent to explore techniques that promote safe and efficacious means of anger management. The individuals participating in this study exhibited diverse underlying causes for their aggressive driving tendencies, often lacking an avenue to address these issues openly. While they harbored intentions to desist from such behavior, the absence of a supportive framework hindered their progress. The present study shines a light on the significance of sustained, authentic, and resolute endeavors aimed at addressing road rage among adolescents, utilizing a structured motivational therapy approach. The outcomes of the study elucidated that the participants grappled with varying degrees of driving-induced anger. Notably, the introduction of structured motivational therapy yielded a discernible reduction in their levels of driving anger, a change substantiated through statistical analysis. Keywords: Driving anger, Adolescents, Motivational Therapy, Road rage.

Exploring the Influence of the Environment on Students’ Second Language Acquisition: A Comprehensive Psycholinguistic Study

Al-Maliki 2 Sukodono Islamic Boarding School employs a distinctive approach by implementing a bilingual education system using both English and Arabic languages. However, in this regard, there are several obstacles, namely lack of students’ enthusiasm, inconsistency, lack of interest and family support, as well as limited facilities. Therefore, to address these issues, a concept is introduced that every student who wishes to become a member of that community is required to use the same language, either English or Indonesian. Furthermore, the reserach aims to demonstrate various types of motivation that can be employed by educators, institutions, and parents. Al-Maliki 2 Sukodono Islamic Boarding School implements bilingual education, incorporating both English and Arabic for communication. However, throughout this process, several barriers hinder the students, such as a lack of interest in foreign languages and inadequate support from families with no foreign language background. This research explores the process of acquiring English as a second language for students and emphasizes the significance of the environment in second language learning. Data can be collected through speaking or writing tasks, where participants are asked to generate specific language. This aids in understanding the language production process, planning, and decision-making involved in selecting words and sentence structures. The findings of this research are expected to assist schools and non-formal institutions as organizers in identifying motivational approaches that can be applied to students in English language learning. Ultimately, this can lead to improved quantity and quality of students’ English language proficiency, fulfilling Indonesia’s workforce demands.

Antecedents of employee intrapreneurship in the public sector: a proactive motivation approach

Public servants’ intrapreneurship (entrepreneurial actions performed by employees from within an organization) is gaining importance as a micro-foundation of public sector innovation and improved service delivery. This study addresses this topic from a proactive motivation perspective and using weekly diary surveys filled out by 757 public servants from 37 departments of the Dutch national public administration for five consecutive weeks (n = 2279 datapoints). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that antecedents of intrapreneurship could be grouped into three categories of proactive motivation: (1) reason-to (prosocial impact, job accountability), (2) can-do (job autonomy, self-efficacy, optimism), and (3) energized-to (work engagement). Multilevel structural equation modeling showed that public servants reported more intrapreneurial behavior when they had more reason-to and were energized-to be proactive. Can-do motivation moderated (strengthened) these relationships. Necessary conditions analyses showed that each predictor was essential, emphasizing the importance of careful alignment of human resource practices aimed at evoking different types of proactive motivation.

Investigating the conceptual link between appearance-related self-discrepancies and retail therapy shopping behavior through motivational routes

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to propose and examine a conceptual model delineating how two different types of appearance-related self-discrepancies (i.e. the ideal appearance self-discrepancy vs. the ought appearance self-discrepancy) influence retail therapy shopping behavior through motivational route (i.e. approach motivation vs. avoidance motivation).Design/methodology/approachThis study utilized the online survey for data collection. Using a national sample of 532 US consumers who had retail therapy shopping experience, the conceptual model was tested through various statistical techniques, including confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.FindingsResults revealed that the ought appearance self-discrepancy positively influenced retail therapy shopping behavior through avoidance motivation and emotion-focused coping strategy, whereas the ideal appearance self-discrepancy did not influence retail therapy shopping behavior. The results also suggested that the effect of two different types of appearance-related self-discrepancies on motivations in retail therapy shopping context varied depending on the gender (i.e. male vs. female).Originality/valueResults suggest implications regarding potential target market strategies to retailers and provide a better understanding of retail therapy shoppers' characteristics and psychological mechanisms for consumer researchers.

Empirical test of a general process model of threat and defense: A systematic examination of the affective-motivational processes underlying proximal and distal reactions to threat

The general process model of threat and defense (Jonas et al., 2014) states that a common affective-motivational mechanism underlies threat-related solution strategies and threat-unrelated palliative responses to solvable and unsolvable (i.e., existential) threats. In a series of three studies (Ntotal = 683), we systematically tested the assumption that threat induces anxiety proximally (that is, immediately after a threat yet before a defense) and defense activates approach motivation distally (that is, after a defense has been implemented). We used an experimental design to manipulate both threat and defense and measured people's affective-motivational states following threat (proximal response) and following defense (distal response). We assessed people's proximal responses to unsolvable threats (mortality salience in Study 1; generalized uncontrollability in Study 2) and solvable threats (relationship conflict in Study 3). For the proximal threat response, the results showed that solvable and unsolvable threats activated feelings of anxiety proximally, mediated by increased need and expectancy discrepancies. A merged data analysis showed the predicted motivational function of defense following threat: Participants reported higher approach-related affect after engaging in resolution or palliation (but not after being distracted). Defensive engagement enhanced approach motivation only in the threat conditions. The findings support the notion that threat-unrelated palliation and threat-related resolution both reactivate approach motivation.