Article Research Articles

A105 PILOT STUDY ON THE ACCURACY OF CHATGPT IN ARTICLE SCREENING FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS IN GASTROENTEROLOGY

Abstract Background Systematic reviews synthesize extant research to answer a research question in a way that minimizes bias. After articles for potential inclusion are identified by sensitive searches, screening requires human expert review, which may be time-consuming and subjective. Large language models such as ChatGPT may have potential for this application. Aims This pilot study aims to assess the accuracy of ChatGPT 3.5 in screening of articles for systematic reviews in gastroenterology by (1) identifying if articles were correctly included and (2) excluding articles reported by authors as difficult to assess. Methods We searched the Cochrane Library for gastroenterology systematic reviews (January 1, 2022 to May 31, 2023) and selected the 10 most cited studies. The test set used to determine the accuracy of Open AI’s ChatGPT 3.5 model for included studies was the final list of included studies for each Cochrane review. The test set used for studies challenging to assess was the “excluded studies” list as defined in the Cochrane Handbook. Figure 1 shows the prompt used for the screening query. Articles were omitted if they did not have digital sources, abstracts or methods. Each article was screened 10 times to account for variability within ChatGPT’s outputs. Articles with ≥5 inclusion results were counted as an included study. Results ChatGPT correctly identified included studies at rates ranging from 60% to 100%. ChatGPT correctly identified exlcuded studies at rates ranging from 0% to 50% (Table 1). A total of 265 articles were screened. Conclusions In this pilot study, we demonstrated that ChatGPT is accurate in identifying articles screened for inclusion in Cochrane reviews; however, it is inaccurate in excluding articles described by the authors as being difficult to assess. We hypothesize that the GPT 3.5 model can read for keywords and broad interventions but is unable to reason cognitively, as an expert would, as to why a study may be excluded. We aim to review reasons for exclusion in future work. Table 1. Screening Results of ChatGPT Figure 1. ChatGPT Screening Prompt Funding Agencies None

The plague, the skill-premium, and the road to modern economic growth

Abstract When bubonic plague arrived in Britain in the mid-14th century, it caused dramatic economic and structural change. Within 50 years, the skill-premium was reduced by half, and another 50 years on, agriculture’s share of the labor force had declined by more than 20 percentage points. This paper develops a two-sector pre-industrial growth model and draws on recent data sources covering Late Medieval and Early Modern Britain to explain these and the ensuing developments. Our main findings are that the skill-premium’s decline was related to the guild and apprenticeship system and that it and the other post-Plague adjustments were crucial determinants of the British trajectory toward industrialization. In particular, prior sectoral transformation and the skill-premium’s determination were important when the Early Modern population boom (1525–1654) threatened to reverse the adjustments caused by the Plague.

The Keys to the Future? An Examination of Statistical Versus Discriminative Accounts of Serial Pattern Learning.

Sequence learning is fundamental to a wide range of cognitive functions. Explaining how sequences-and the relations between the elements they comprise-are learned is a fundamental challenge to cognitive science. However, although hundreds of articles addressing this question are published each year, the actual learning mechanisms involved in the learning of sequences are rarely investigated. We present three experiments that seek to examine these mechanisms during a typing task. Experiments 1 and 2 tested learning during typing single letters on each trial. Experiment 3 tested for "chunking" of these letters into "words." The results of these experiments were used to examine the mechanisms that could best account for them, with a focus on two particular proposals: statistical transitional probability learning and discriminative error-driven learning. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that error-driven learning was a better predictor of response latencies than either n-gram frequencies or transitional probabilities. No evidence for chunking was found in Experiment 3, probably due to interspersing visual cues with the motor response. In addition, learning occurred across a greater distance in Experiment 1 than Experiment 2, suggesting that the greater predictability that comes with increased structure leads to greater learnability. These results shed new light on the mechanism responsible for sequence learning. Despite the widely held assumption that transitional probability learning is essential to this process, the present results suggest instead that the sequences are learned through a process of discriminative learning, involving prediction and feedback from predictionerror.

Gorner syndrome as a sign of dyscirculatory disorders

The article discusses the issues of the normal anatomy of the autonomic innervation of the eye muscles, mainly its sympathetic part. The symptoms included in the Claude Bernard Horner's syndrome, which occurs when the sympathetic pupillomotor pathway is affected, are considered. The causes of this syndrome are numerous. The classification of acquired conditions the clinical picture of which involves Horner syndrome is given. Three classes of etiological processes are distinguished: central (suprasegmental and segmental), peripheral, and idiopathic. Nosological components are listed for each of these. The complexity of the topographic anatomy of the sympathetic pathways innervating the eye muscles leads to significant difficulties in diagnosing the level of their lesion. Pathological processes affecting the peripheral part of the sympathetic chain are detected much faster, as the causes that provoked the development of Horner syndrome are often more obvious and diagnostically accessible. Cases of Horner syndrome of central genesis are significantly more difficult in diagnostic terms. The ar ticle discusses additional symptoms that form the clinical picture for stem strokes, tumors of the hypothalamic-pituitary region and brain stem, multiple sclerosis, and various diseases of the spinal cord, where the Claude Bernard Horner's syndrome is part of the clinical picture. In such cases, the analysis of neurological symptoms provides the basis for niveau diagnosis. The most difficult situations are when the only reason for the patient's visit and the objective component of the neurological status is just a triad of symptoms: miosis, partial ptosis, and enophthalmos. The paper presents an example of a similar case from clinical practice, when a patient with an acutely developed isolated left-sided symptom complex, including miosis, ptosis, and enophthalmos, had a focus of lacunar strok e in the lef t thalamo-hypothalamic region.

РЕГІОНАЛЬНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВИШИВКИ: ІСТОРІОГРАФІЧНИЙ ОГЛЯД НАУКОВОГО ДОРОБКУ ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ ДОСЛІДНИКІВ

The article provides a historiographic review of the scientific heritage of domestic researchers devoted to the study of regional features of Ukrainian embroidery (vyshyvka). It was found that this problem aroused scientific interest among researchers already in the 70s of the 19th century, in particular in the works of Khv. Vovk and O. Kosach. It is stated that it was O. Kosach (Olena Pchilka) who was one of the founders of the study of Ukrainian embroidery and ornamentation as an ethnographic phenomenon. The authors emphasize that for quite a long time the terms «vyshyvka» and «vyshyvanka» were ignored in encyclopedic editions, but the situation changed after the Orange Revolution and especially after the Revolution of Dignity. The main attention of the authors is focused on the informative and analytical material of the scientific work of different generations of researchers who studied the Ukrainian embroidered towel, as well as women’s and men’s vyshyvanka. It was concluded that the scientific output of researchers, which reveals various aspects of this problem, includes hundreds of articles and dozens of monographs. The authors found out that the regional peculiarities of Ukrainian embroidery relate not only to the technique of decoration, ornamentation, color range, but also to its role and significance as a talisman and place in the national ceremonial culture, however, at the same time it is claimed that, in addition to the already well-known factual and analytical information, today there are still many little-known and little-researched aspects of this multifaceted scientific problem that require both further study and generalization.

An Experimental Study on Knowledge Transfer of Higher Vocational Accounting Majors by Teacher-Apprentice System--Taking Shanwei Institute of Technology as an Example

Abstract The Ministry of Education has issued relevant documents to promote the development of vocational education one after another, and vocational education has been raised to an unprecedented height, and has been highly valued by all aspects of local and national. This paper proposes a study on teaching higher vocational accounting using the apprenticeship system as a response to the national education policy. From the development history of the master-apprentice system, the necessity of the “master-apprentice system” in the accounting industry is introduced, and the specific application of the “master-apprentice system” in the teaching of higher vocational accounting is outlined. The students of Shanwei Institute of Technology were selected as the research object, and the data were collected by distributing questionnaires, and the independent samples t-test was applied to experimentally analyze the knowledge transfer of accounting majors in Shanwei Institute of Technology. After the teaching intervention, there were significant differences in accounting skills, accounting knowledge, and comprehensive quality of accounting among the students in Group C and Group D, with P<0.05, which indicated that compared with the traditional teaching mode, the teacher-apprentice teaching mode had a more obvious effect on the students’ enhancement. This study confirms the feasibility of the “mentor-apprentice system” in the education of higher vocational accounting majors.

A Review of Apprenticeship Policies in Ghana

This research explores the intricate landscape of apprenticeship in Ghana, focusing on the traditional apprenticeship system and the contemporary challenges it confronts. Traditional apprenticeships have long served as a fundamental mechanism for skill development, predominantly within the informal sector of the nation. Using a descriptive research approach, this study conducts a comprehensive literature review to elucidate the historical and prevailing policies designed to regulate apprenticeship in Ghana. Findings reveal that issues such as inadequate regulation, financial constraints, and a misalignment between acquired skills and employer expectations have emerged as substantial impediments to the efficacy of the system. In response to these challenges, the Ghanaian government has instigated a series of reform initiatives aimed at fortifying and modernizing the apprenticeship framework. Central to these endeavors are the National Apprenticeship Programme and the Ghana Skills Development Initiative, both seeking to formalize and enhance traditional apprenticeships. The introduction of the National Apprenticeship Policy in 2020 further cements the government's dedication to advancing apprenticeships, with a particular emphasis on competency-based training and greater integration with the formal education system. These policy reforms signify critical strides towards ameliorating the limitations inherent in the current apprenticeship system, ultimately aiming to bolster the employability of young apprentices and foster economic and social development. Effective collaboration among a spectrum of stakeholders, including governmental bodies, Master Crafts Persons, and vocational institutions, assumes paramount importance in the successful implementation and monitoring of these policies.

Exploration of High-level Apprenticeship Talent Cultivation Mode with Chinese Characteristics Based on SWOT Analysis

Abstract High-level apprenticeship with Chinese characteristics is becoming increasingly important in the modern vocational education system, and its development is affected by many factors. SWOT analysis provides an effective tool for exploring and optimizing this training model. The research methods include literature review, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and linear regression analysis. The results show that internal strengths include establishing theoretical and practical foundations and the implementation of regional pilots. In contrast, internal weaknesses are mainly reflected in the misunderstanding of high-level apprenticeship and the lack of professionalization standards. External opportunities include industrial transformation and policy support, while external threats involve social recognition of vocational education and enterprise participation. By analyzing the data from 643 questionnaires, the R-square value of the model was found to be 0.73, indicating that the selected factors explained 73.8% of the changes in talent cultivation. Developing a high-level apprenticeship system with Chinese characteristics should consider the comprehensive influence of internal and external factors and develop corresponding optimization strategies.

Research and Practice on the Talent Cultivation Model of Dual Integration of Academic Mentors and Modern Apprenticeship System under the Background of Vocational Education

Research and Practice on the Talent Cultivation Model of Dual Integration of Academic Mentors and Modern Apprenticeship System under the Background of Vocational Education

Women Breaking into the South Korean Film World: A Study of Female Filmmakers in the 1990s

In the 1990s, four women made their debut as film directors in South Korea. Considering that there were only five female directors from the beginning of Korean film history in 1919 until the 1980s, their debut was a remarkable phenomenon. This change was due to the structural innovation of the South Korean film field that began in the mid-1980s. With the collapse of the apprenticeship system, networks of cinephiles such as the Munhwawon sedae functioned as a new source of relational capital. In order to deepen our understanding of the emergence of the celluloid ceiling in South Korea, this study focuses on the experiences of three women filmmakers who made their first feature films in the 1990s: Yim Soon-rye, Lee Jeong-hyang, and Byun Young-Joo. Compared to male directors who had equivalent cultural and academic capital, and who entered the field during the same period, these women directors were unable to acquire sufficient relational capital to promote their careers as directors. It was the authorities of the field, such as film festivals and the media, that acknowledged them and established their reputations, allowing them to release their first films in the South Korean cinematic field. In other words, even in the new system, women remained excluded from the benefits of relational capital in the South Korean cinematic field, and they could only find their place as directors by demonstrating exceptional individual abilities.

Construction of a Multidimensional Assessment Model of Modern Apprenticeship Cultivation Effect and Creation of “Embedded” Dual-Teacher Teaching Teams under the OBE Concept

Abstract The modern apprenticeship system is of great significance in improving the quality of talent cultivation, but the phenomenon of two skins of school and enterprise in the process of modern apprenticeship talent cultivation is still serious, which is due to the lack of a suitable teaching team. The article constructs the curriculum system framework of a modern apprenticeship system that is oriented towards the OBE concept and provides an evaluation index system for the effect of talent cultivation. On the basis of analyzing the construction of an “embedded” dual-teacher teaching team, the assessment system of its construction effectiveness is designed. Taking vocational colleges and universities in S province as the research object, we obtained the data of each evaluation index through the questionnaire, solved the weights of each index by entropy weighting method, and analyzed the cultivation effect of the modern apprenticeship system by combining it with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. In addition, a weighted plain Bayesian model for evaluating the effectiveness of “embedded” dual-teacher teaching team construction was established based on the plain Bayesian algorithm. The weighting of basic skills in the cultivation effect of the modern apprenticeship system is 35.68%, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation score for the cultivation effect is about 5.07 points. The weight of basic work in the construction of an “embedded” dual-teacher teaching team is 0.3742, and the time consumed for the evaluation of the construction effectiveness using WNB is only 10.04s, and the evaluation error with the actual result is only 0.008. The multidimensional evaluation model can clarify the relationship between modern apprenticeship and the “embedded” dual-teacher teaching team. The multidimensional evaluation model can clarify the drawbacks of the modern apprenticeship system and “embedded” dual-teacher teaching team construction and guide the direction of targeted improvement strategies.

Exploration and Reflection on Modern Apprenticeship Talent Cultivation Mode in Higher Vocational Colleges and Universities

Modern apprenticeship is a talent cultivation mode of deep integration between schools and enterprises, and an effective way for higher vocational colleges and universities to improve the quality of talent cultivation and realize professional service to society. Guangxi College for Preschool Education of Special Education College of Applied Behavior Analysis cooperates with Guangxi Youzhuan Special Children Care Service Center to coeducate rehabilitation teachers of autistic children using the modern apprenticeship mode, constructs school-enterprise synergistic cultivation mechanism, promotes the integration of enrollment and recruitment, improves the system and standard of talent cultivation, builds the faculty team that is mutually employed by the school and enterprise, establishes the guarantee for the management system of modern apprenticeship, and so on. The practice has been carried out with the initial experience gained. However, the construction of a long-term operation mechanism of the modern apprenticeship mode still requires consideration of the contradiction with the traditional cultivation mode and the construction of a perfect evaluation system.

DEATH AND DYING EDUCATION IN US MEDICAL SCHOOLS: A SCOPING REVIEW

Abstract With an aging population, knowledge about death, dying, loss, grief, and end-of-life (EOL) care is an essential skill for most physicians. However, EOL education has been minimally incorporated into medical school curricula in the United States (U.S.); there is a significant need to better prepare medical students for the unique challenges of improving patient wellbeing at end-of-life. To understand how death and dying topics have been incorporated into U.S. medical school education, we conducted a systematic scoping review, using PRISMA guidelines, of published research on death education for medical students between 2010 through 2022. An initial search in EMBASE and PubMed yielded 3,443 citations; 265 articles met the initial inclusion criteria (e.g., research-based, EOL education specific), with 97 articles selected for full-text review. Overall, we found significant variation in the type and content of EOL training in U.S. medical schools. Using a competency-based medical education framework that reflects tangible knowledge, skills, and attitudes as a guide to ensure proper EOL training, a deductive coding approach yielded several themes including: reliance on brief, skills-based workshop interventions and limited longitudinal integration into curricula; general research on student attitudes and wellbeing; and an emphasis on needs assessments highlighting gaps in evidence-based EOL training interventions. Using these findings, we offer applied considerations for teaching EOL related skills in U.S. medical schools. In turn, this work contributes to the enhancement of health across the lifespan and might ultimately lead to a society where a “good death” is not an exception, but a reality.

Wrestling with evidence-based practice: An evidence mapping review of publication trends in the South African Journal of Occupational Therapy

Introduction: Occupational therapy research to support clinical decision-making must be responsive to local needs, illustrate our unique value to clients, communities and providers, and demonstrate efficacy for quality assurance and reimbursement. This article examines the publication trends in the South African Journal of Occupational Therapy (SAJOT) with the intention of contributing to dialogues about evidence-based practice. Methods: A mapping review was undertaken of articles published in the SAJOT from January 2009 to December 2021. All articles excepting commentaries, book reviews and editorials were included. Articles were categorised by year of publication, title, author, research approach, study design, practice area, research affiliation, and nature of authorship.Quantitative research articles were classified according to the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Results: Of the 265 articles published in the 13-year period, slightly more took a quantitative approach (52.1%) comparedwith qualitative approaches (42.4%). Most quantitative studies were Level 111-2 studies (31.3%). Children and Youth was the practice area with the highest number of articles (34.8%) and the strongest evidence base. Conclusion: As occupational therapy continues to wrestle with EBP, further dialogue about a national occupational therapy research strategy to identify and harness enablers and explore and mitigate the barriers identified in this review, is recommended. Implications for practice • This research serves as a bridge between theoretical findings and practical applications, by providing data from research that can be put into action through the development of research agendas by institutions. • By understanding what research has been done, professionals can make informed decisions that are backed by evidence-based findings. This not only enhances the quality of their work but also improves overall efficiency and effectiveness. • The study helps practitioners identify areas where improvements or interventions are needed. They shed light on potential challenges and offer possible solutions that can be implemented to address specific issues or concerns within their respective fields. • This data provides a platform for collaboration between researchers and practitioners across institutions in terms of common research agendas.

Evektitivitas Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Pasal 273 Terhadap Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas

Law enforcement is closely related to society, in terms of success or failure. Law enforcement is also said to be effective if all components of the legal system function well. In this research the athor discuses the effectiveness of arti cle 273 of Law NO 22 of 2009 on traffic accidents and also the obstacle factors. From the number of accidents, it can be saids that Article 273 is not yet effective because the graph of the decline in the number of accidents has not fallen drastically. This is cool, there are several factor, includings: the irrelevance of the condition of existing facilities and facilities in traffic life and the public lack of undestanding of the law.

Integrating traditional apprenticeship and modern educational approaches in traditional Chinese medicine education

Background The traditional apprenticeship system and modern educational models both contribute to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) education in unique ways. This study aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches and investigates their potential integration for optimal TCM teaching. Methods The study employs a comprehensive literature search strategy with specific keywords through Boolean Operators, focusing on articles discussing TCM education, sourced from the databases PubMed, Scopus, and CNKI. For comparative analysis, the study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of three distinct approaches—traditional, modern, and hybrid—in TCM education. Finally, we use a spider plot methodology to visually evaluate across 11 critical educational aspects for these approaches. Results A comprehensive review of 70 articles on TCM education highlights the value of both conventional and modern approaches. Conventional methods often emphasize teacher-centered clinical training that aligns well with the apprenticeship model, serving to bridge formal academic learning with hands-on experience. Modern methods incorporate elements like technology and formal accreditation but caution that the absence of traditional apprenticeship could dilute core TCM principles. One recurring theme across multiple studies is the enduring importance of apprenticeship—a pedagogical cornerstone rooted in TCM's historical and cultural context—as well as its tension with modern methodologies that incorporate online resources and scientific frameworks. An integrated approach attempts to harmonize these strengths but reveals a gap in interactivity, suggesting that incorporating apprenticeship could offer a practical, hands-on method to improve student engagement. Conclusions Conventional methods in TCM education emphasize teacher-centered clinical training akin to apprenticeship, modern methods incorporate technological advances and formal accreditation; however, the absence of traditional apprenticeship could compromise core TCM principles, and an integrated model, though striving to harmonize these elements, still falls short in the area of student interactivity.

January 26 — International Let’s Talk Day

January marks the beginning of a new year and the middle of winter, therefore the holidays in this month are celebrated accordingly: for example, in Canada and the USA on January 1 people celebrate Polar Bear Plunge Day with the organization of traditional swims in icy water, but on January 5 it is proposed to celebrate Fasting Day, obviously with the purpose of saving the body tired from festive feasts. On January 14, in some countries it is customary to celebrate an unusual day — Fight Procrastination Day, which in psychology means «constantly putting things off until later». Some experts have already dubbed this fairly common feature a «disease of the 21st century». January 16 is World Snow Day, and January 21 is International Hugging Day. In addition, on the last Wednesday of January, caring people proposed establishing Let’s Talk Day, dedicated to the issue of the difficult relationship between healthy people and patients with mental disabilities; Canada initiated the celebration of this day. Experts suggest that ordinary people protect themselves from mental illness by leading an active lifestyle, but does this always help? Let's try to figure this out in our ar ticle.

The Place of Apprenticeship Training in Job Creation: A Focus on Anambra State

The Igbo Apprenticeship Model (IAM) is intended to make a significant contribution to the creation of jobs throughout the nation, and in Anambra State specifically. However, considering the staggering unemployment rates in Nigeria, it is unclear how much of an impact this programme has had, hence necessitating this study to examine the role of apprenticeship training in job creation in Anambra State, Nigeria. The work used survey research design and the population figure was 3673 business owners. The sample size of the study was 347 arrived at by applying Krejcie and Morgan's 1970 sample size determination formula. The source of data is wholly primary, using a structured questionnaire which was subjected to both validity and reliability tests. The data collected were analysed using a combination of descriptive and inferential statistics and the hypothesis was tested at a 5% level of significance. The result showed that trade credit has a statistically significant positive relationship with wealth redistribution in Anambra State (r = .972, p-value < 0.05). it was concluded on the strength of this that the apprenticeship scheme in Anambra state has contributed to wealth redistribution and by extension, job creation in the state. Therefore, it was recommended that some form of formality needs to be inculcated into the apprenticeship system in Anambra state.

Exploring Vocational Higher College Students' Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Educational Systems in China and Germany

Internationally, vocational education systems influence students' life choices and satisfaction differently, with countries having varied approaches like Germany's paid internships or China's emphasis on academic testing. This project delves into how these differences impact students' decisions and life satisfaction, using a qualitative approach. Interviews with students from Germany and China provided insights into their educational journeys and career prospects. Results indicate that due to varying educational structures, political systems, and cultural values, each system is tailored to its national context. Thus, directly transplanting features, like incorporating Germany’s dual apprenticeship system into China’s vocational system, may not be effective or suitable.

Contributions of the 5G Network with Respect to Decent Work and Economic Growth (Sustainable Development Goal 8): A Systematic Review of the Literature

Decent work and economic growth are fundamental elements for the sustainable development of a society, with Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG8) being one of the key objectives of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda. The 5G network has great potential to contribute significantly to the achievement of SDG8, offering faster and more reliable connectivity, which opens up new possibilities for innovation, operational efficiency, and job creation. The present study aimed to investigate the role of 5G technologies concerning decent work and economic growth (SDG8). As part of the method, 265 articles extracted from main databases such as Scopus, IEEExplore, and ScienceDirect were analyzed using the PRISMA methodology, resulting in 74 relevant articles after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. As a result, a greater contribution to the use of the 5G network was identified in sectors such as manufacturing, health, and transportation, generating greater economic growth and job creation. It was also found that the technological applications with the greatest contributions are “Internet of Things” and “Artificial intelligence”. Finally, it was concluded that the results of this review are useful for future research on technologies that support 5G networks, contributing to economic growth and equitable and sustainable decent work in a wide range of sectors and rural areas.