Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Applications Research Articles

Improvising QoS through Cross-Layer Optimization in MANETs

In Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs), nodes are mobile and interact through wireless links. Mobility is a significant advantage of MANETs. However, due to the unpredictable nature of mobility, the link may fail frequently, degrading the Quality of Service (QoS) of MANETs applications. This paper outlines a novel Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector with Proactive Alternate Route Discovery (AODV-PARD) routing protocol that uses signal strength-based link failure time estimation. The node predicts the link failure time and warns the upstream node through a warning message about the failure. On the basis of this information, a mechanism for identifying alternate routes is started in order to reroute traffic to the alternate route prior to the link failure. It significantly reduces packet loss and improves all the QoS parameters. The suggested protocol is compared to the traditional Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol and shows that the outlined protocol results in an improvement in QoS.

ADAPTIVE SECURE AND EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR ENHANCE THE PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK

Nowadays Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is an emerging area of research to provide various communication services to end users. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are self-organizing wireless networks where nodes communicate with each other without a fixed infrastructure. Due to their unique characteristics, such as mobility, autonomy, and ad hoc connectivity, MANETs have become increasingly popular in various applications, including military, emergency response, and disaster management. However, the lack of infrastructure and dynamic topology of MANETs pose significant challenges to designing a secure and efficient routing protocol. This paper proposes an adaptive, secure, and efficient routing protocol that can enhance the performance of MANET. The proposed protocol incorporates various security mechanisms, including authentication, encryption, key management, and intrusion detection, to ensure secure routing. Additionally, the protocol considers energy consumption, network load, packet delivery fraction, route acquisition latency, packets dropped and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the applications to optimize network performance. Overall, the secure routing protocol for MANET should provide a reliable and secure communication environment that can adapt to the dynamic nature of the network. The protocol should ensure that messages are delivered securely and efficiently to the intended destination, while minimizing the risk of attacks and preserving the network resources Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol outperforms existing routing protocols in terms of network performance and security. The proposed protocol can facilitate the deployment of various applications in MANET while maintaining security and efficiency.

The Diverse Technology of MANETs: A Survey of Applications and Challenges

In recent years, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have shown much potential in providing wireless network solutions for a variety of situations. MANETs are made up of a variety of devices (both mobile and internet of things (IoT)) which form a wireless network that provides wireless network functionality and cloud services and can be used to provide wireless services to devices in areas where fixed infrastructure is not accessible. Although it is not necessary for a node to be connected to fixed wireless or cellular infrastructure for the network, even a single node connected to infrastructure opens up a wide range of new research opportunities and applications. Due to the variety of compatible devices, MANETs are the perfect technology for a wide variety of scenarios, such as: military, search and rescue operations, and more. Our contribution is a complete survey of the applications of MANETs, which to our knowledge has not been previously documented. This survey will discuss the industries MANETs are used in (e.g. education, smart city, etc.), the benefits and services they can provide users, and will also explore the challenges this technology still experiences

An Enhanced QoS-Aware Multipath Routing Protocol for Real-Time IoT Applications in MANETs

Recent transmission of large volumes of data through mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) has resulted in degraded Quality of Service (QoS) due to factors such as packet loss, delay, and packet drop in multipath routing. To address this issue, a traffic-aware Enhanced QoS-Aware Multipath Routing Protocol (EQMRP) has been proposed for real-time IoT applications in MANETs. EQMRP efficiently switches between multiple paths and monitors traffic conditions to maintain an optimal data transmission rate. The proposed method considers different delay sensitivity levels and link expiration time (LTE) to maintain QoS in each path. Through IoT application data analysis, EQMRP maintains QoS in each path more efficiently than conventional methods. The proposed method has been simulated and validated using MATLAB, and the performance analysis shows that EQMRP achieves a higher packet delivery ratio, lower delay, and reduced packet drop compared to conventional methods. In conclusion, the traffic-aware EQMRP protocol offers a significant improvement in QoS for real-time IoT applications in MANETs.

Trust-based co-operative routing for secure communication in mobile ad hoc networks

The working of a Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) relies on the supportive cooperation among the network nodes. But due to its intrinsic features, a misbehaving node can easily lead to a routing disorder. This paper presents two trust-based routing schemes, namely Trust-based Self-Detection Routing (TSDR) and Trust-based Co-operative Routing (TCOR) designed with an Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. The proposed work covers a wide range of security challenges, including malicious node identification and prevention, accurate trust quantification, secure trust data sharing, and trusted route maintenance. This brings a prominent solution for mitigating misbehaving nodes and establishing efficient communication in MANET. It is empirically validated based on a performance comparison with the current Evolutionary Self-Cooperative Trust (ESCT) scheme, Generalized Trust Model (GTM), and the conventional AODV protocol. The extensive simulations are conducted against three different varying network scenarios. The results affirm the improved values of eight popular performance metrics overcoming the existing routing schemes. Among the two proposed works, TCOR is more suitable for highly scalable networks; TSDR suits, however, the MANET application better with its small size. This work thus makes a significant contribution to the research community, in contrast to many previous works focusing solely on specific security aspects, and results in a trade-off in the expected values of evaluation parameters and asserts their efficiency.

Dipper Throated Optimization for Detecting Black-Hole Attacks in MANETs

In terms of security and privacy, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) continues to be in demand for additional debate and development. As more MANET applications become data-oriented, implementing a secure and reliable data transfer protocol becomes a major concern in the architecture. However, MANET’s lack of infrastructure, unpredictable topology, and restricted resources, as well as the lack of a previously permitted trust relationship among connected nodes, contribute to the attack detection burden. A novel detection approach is presented in this paper to classify passive and active black-hole attacks. The proposed approach is based on the dipper throated optimization (DTO) algorithm, which presents a plausible path out of multiple paths for statistics transmission to boost MANETs’ quality of service. A group of selected packet features will then be weighed by the DTO-based multi-layer perceptron (DTO-MLP), and these features are collected from nodes using the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical (LEACH) clustering technique. MLP is a powerful classifier and the DTO weight optimization method has a significant impact on improving the classification process by strengthening the weights of key features while suppressing the weights of minor features. This hybrid method is primarily designed to combat active black-hole assaults. Using the LEACH clustering phase, however, can also detect passive black-hole attacks. The effect of mobility variation on detection error and routing overhead is explored and evaluated using the suggested approach. For diverse mobility situations, the results demonstrate up to 97% detection accuracy and faster execution time. Furthermore, the suggested approach uses an adjustable threshold value to make a correct conclusion regarding whether a node is malicious or benign.

Improvisation of Node Mobility Using Cluster Routing-based Group Adaptive in MANET

In today's Internet routing infrastructure, designers have addressed scaling concerns in routing constrained multiobjective optimization problems examining latency and mobility concerns as a secondary constrain. In tactical Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), hubs can function based on the work plan in various social affairs and the internally connected hubs are almost having the related moving standards where the topology between one and the other are tightly coupled in steady support by considering the touchstone of hubs such as a self-sorted out, self-mending and self-administration. Clustering in the routing process is one of the key aspects to increase MANET performance by coordinating the pathways using multiple criteria and analytics. We present a Group Adaptive Hybrid Routing Algorithm (GAHRA) for gathering portability, which pursues table-driven directing methodology in stable accumulations and on-request steering strategy for versatile situations. Based on this aspect, the research demonstrates an adjustable framework for commuting between the table-driven approach and the on-request approach, with the objectives of enhancing the output of MANET routing computation in each hub. Simulation analysis and replication results reveal that the proposed method is promising than a single well-known existing routing approach and is well-suited for sensitive MANET applications.

Multimedia Traffic Transmission using MAODV and M-MAODV Routing Protocols over Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Many applications of mobile ad-hoc networks like conferencing, handling emergency situations, military operations require the multicast routing. Moreover, in such applications there is a demand for multimedia traffic such as audio/video calls or audio/video conferencing. For mobile ad-hoc environments, it is accepted that the on-demand reactive routing protocol AODV has become default. Moreover, to get the benefits of using a single protocol for both unicast and multicast routing, in this work, the multicast routing protocol MAODV (multicast extension of AODV) has been considered and its performance is observed for CBR, VoIP and video data traffics. Since to accommodate multimedia traffic, a routing protocol demands for stringent QoS requirements in terms of delay, jitter and packet losses; the performance of the protocol is measured in terms of QoS performance metrics such as average delay, average jitter and packet delivery ratio. Further, a modified version of MAODV (called M-MAODV) is taken and its performance is also evaluated for multimedia traffic. A fair comparison of MAODV and M-MAODV protocols is achieved through the use of same network conditions for the evaluation. From the results, the improved values of delay, jitter and packet delivery ratio have been observed for M-MAODV irrespective of node speeds and for all data traffic types.

Performance and statistical analysis of ant colony route in mobile ad-hoc networks

<div class="WordSection1"><p>Research on mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is increasing in popularity due to its rapid, budget-friendly, and easily altered implementation, and relevance to emergencies such as forest firefighting and health care provisioning. The main concerns that ad-hoc networks face is dynamic topology, energy usage, packet drop rate, and throughput. Routing protocol selection is a critical point to surmount alterations in topology and maintain quality in MANET networks. The effectiveness of any network can be vastly enhanced with a well-designed routing protocol. In recent decades, standard MANET protocols have not been able to keep pace with growing demands for MANET applications. The current study investigates and contrasts ant colony optimization (ACO) with various routing protocols. This paper compares ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), and AntHocNet protocols regarding the quality of service (QoS) and statistical analysis. The current research aims to study the behavior of the state-of-the-art MANET protocols with the ACO technique. The ACO technique is a hybrid technique, integrating a reactive route maintaining technique with a proactive method. The reason and motivation for including the ACO algorithm in the current study is to improve by using optimization algorithms proved in other domains. The ACO algorithm appears to have substantial use in large-scale MANET simulation.</p></div>

Novel Method of Improving Quality of Service for Voice over Internet Protocol Traffic in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In recent years, the application of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) with Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) has been increased. However, the level of Quality of Service (QoS) for VoIP traffic in MANET, while there is no infrastructure, will reduce when dealing with a large number of calls. In this type of dynamic environment, the developing of a new infrastructure becomes more costly and time-consuming. In this paper, we proposed an efficient method, called the Quality of Service-Nearest Neighbor (QoS-NN), to improve the QoS level for VoIP in order to manage the huge number of calls over MANET network. We utilized the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol as the underlying routing protocol to implement our proposed method. We evaluated the proposed QoS-NN method using Network Simulator version 2 (NS2). The performance of the proposed QoS-NN method was compared with Lexicographic order method. The comparison was evaluated in terms of R-factor, end-to-end delay, packet loss ratio, and packet delivery ratio performance metrics. In addition, the proposed method evaluated under different network parameters such as VoIP CODECs, node mobility speed, number of calls and number of nodes. The comparison results indicate that the proposed QoS-NN outperform the Lexicographic order method.

Adaptive Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Using Genetic Algorithm

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network in which data is transferred in a forwarding direction from the source node to the destination node via multiple intermediate nodes. Packets collision is considered one of the most crucial limitations in MANETs because the nodes in the network move in random directions at a random velocity which increases the probability of collision and this will harm the throughput, the routing overhead, and the end-to-end delay. Also, frequent node mobility leads to a topological change and link instability and this reduces the data delivery rate. Because of limited available paths to the destination node or having a high traffic load, the possibility of traffic congestion augments at the intermediate nodes which in turn affects the packet delivery, particularly with real-time applications in MANETs. In this paper, we propose an adaptive routing protocol based on a bio-inspired genetic algorithm (GA). We optimize the multiple paths returned by the AOMDV mechanism (AOMDV-FG) to select the best path to the destination. The route with the highest fitness value is considered the most optimum route. Lastly, we compare our proposed protocol with AOMDV-TA and EHO-AOMDV. We have used routing overhead, end-to-end delay, throughput, energy consumption, and packet delivery ratio as key metrics for the performance evaluation of our proposed model.

Route Discovery Using Hybrid Approach for Disaster Management in MANET

A disaster situation is an event that alters in the normal execution of activities. A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-controlled, autonomous wireless network used in an uncertain environment with decentralized control. In disaster, when communication between nodes is not performed properly, MANET can impart an important role of communication between nodes in uncertain situations. In MANET, routing is considered one of the most salient aspects of data transfer in a disaster situation. Proactive and reactive protocols are used as standard in various applications of MANET owing to the simplicity in their design and performance. Combining three routing protocols makes a hybrid approach to get better performance inefficient route discovery and maintenance. This is because reactive routing protocols, sometimes, do not provide better performance in heavy traffic and load, especially in a disaster. This is because the hybrid approach is very useful for fast convergence with low memory and power management. This paper introduces an improved hybrid routing protocol (IHRP) approach that combines two reactive and one proactive routing protocol to provide efficient route discovery and maintenance mechanisms. The simulation environment is used for the proposed approach. Results after simulation illustrate that it provides better performance in data packet delivery, routing load, throughput, and end-to-end delay data packet delivery, routing load, throughput, and end-to-end delay than the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Zone-based Routing Protocol (ZRP). The contrasting results between the IHRP and existing protocol indicate that the IHRP outperforms and increases the performance from 9% to 12%.

An approach to detect black hole attack for congestion control utilizing mobile nodes in wireless sensor network

Mobile ad-hoc Network (MANET) is temporary and dynamic network topology, wherein nodes are mobile in nature with bandwidth and resource constraint. Applications of MANET’s are widely used in different areas. Provisioning of quality of service (QoS) for routing in MANET’s is a challenging issue. Packet drop occurs due to congestion related issues like limited bandwidth, link failure and interference also misbehaving node drops the packet to harm the network. Differentiating packet loss due to congestion or malicious node is a tedious job. Securing the mobile nodes from attacker has become one of the crucial aspects of providing QoS, since nodes are weak to different kinds of attacks and threats that impact network connectivity and functionality. The black-hole attack is examined to be epidemic and popular active attack that degrades overall reliability and network performance by dropping all the incoming packets. In Black-hole node pretends that it has a shortest route to destination and intent to deceive every node in the network. In this paper we differentiate packet loss due to congestion or by malicious node, our scheme utilises on-demand link and energy aware dynamic multipath (O-LEADM) routing scheme for MANET’s to detect black-hole node by integrating bait method, the behaviour of node is analysed using control messages destination-sequence (des-Seq) and reply-sequence (rep-Seq) while accessing the channel. During route discovery each intermediated node in the network sends the des-Seq message to all its neighbour nodes, and then neighbour nodes intern replies to intermediate node by sending rep-Seq message. If des-Seq and req-Seq from the neighbours does not match, then node is said to be malicious. Connection to the network layer is allowed to intermediate node if des-Seq and rep-Seq matches. Channel availability and link quality parameter estimates the link stability thus nodes select forwarding based on their behaviour and capable of achieving QoS parameters such as link quality, residual energy and higher packet delivery. Simulation under various network conditions is experimented using Network simulator tool (NS2) and using parameters the performance metric is in terms of delay, packet delivery ratio, overhead and energy are evaluated.

An Improved Harmony Search Algorithm for Proactive Routing Protocol in VANET

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is the direct application of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) in which the nodes represent vehicles moving in a city or highway scenario. The deployment of VANET relies on routing protocols to transmit the information between the nodes. Different routing protocols that have been designed for MANET were proposed to be applied in VANET. However, the real-time implementation is still facing challenges to fulfill the quality of service (QoS) of VANET. Therefore, this study mainly focuses on the well-known MANET proactive optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol. The OLSR in VANET gives a moderate performance; this is due to its necessity of maintaining an updated routing table for all possible routes. The performance of OLSR is highly dependent on its parameter. Thus, finding optimal parameter configurations that best fit VANET features and improve its quality of services is essential before its deployment. The harmony search (HS) is an emerging metaheuristic optimization algorithm with features of simplicity and exploration efficiency. Therefore, this paper aims to propose an improved harmony search optimization (EHSO) algorithm that considers the configuration of the OLSR parameters by coupling two stages, a procedure for optimization carried out by the EHSO algorithm based on embedding two popular selection methods in its memory, namely, roulette wheel selection and tournament selection. The experimental analysis shows that the proposed approach has achieved the QoS requirement, compared to the existing algorithms.

Rough set-based quality of service optimisation guidelines with stack parameter in MANET

In mobile ad hoc network (MANET), providing a guaranteed service for packet delivery has to pass through several hurdles. Providing guaranteed service should address multiple quality of service (QoS) parameters under uncertain network conditions. The QoS parameters should be prioritised in consideration of MANET constraints and applications running on MANET. The QoS aspects of MANET are impacted by the multi-layer stack parameters. An analysis has been conducted to identify the trade-off point for configuring the stack parameters to achieve better QoS in packet delivery. The outcome of analysis is discussed in terms of packet error rate, energy efficiency, goodput and delay with the support of rough set theory (RST). The multi-objective analysis capabilities of RST make it suitable for taking dynamic decision to prioritise the QoS parameter. The rough set derived decision rules are filtered out based on probabilistic properties like strength, certainty and coverage of the decision rules.

Rough set-based quality of service optimisation guidelines with stack parameter in MANET

In mobile ad hoc network (MANET), providing a guaranteed service for packet delivery has to pass through several hurdles. Providing guaranteed service should address multiple quality of service (QoS) parameters under uncertain network conditions. The QoS parameters should be prioritised in consideration of MANET constraints and applications running on MANET. The QoS aspects of MANET are impacted by the multi-layer stack parameters. An analysis has been conducted to identify the trade-off point for configuring the stack parameters to achieve better QoS in packet delivery. The outcome of analysis is discussed in terms of packet error rate, energy efficiency, goodput and delay with the support of rough set theory (RST). The multi-objective analysis capabilities of RST make it suitable for taking dynamic decision to prioritise the QoS parameter. The rough set derived decision rules are filtered out based on probabilistic properties like strength, certainty and coverage of the decision rules.

SIBLAR: a secured identity-based location aware routing protocol for MANETs

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-organising distributed wireless network without any central infrastructure support wherein every participating node independently acts as a router. Several routing protocols are available for information dissemination in MANETs but their efficiency is limited due to security breaches. Providing security schemes for robust information dissemination is of high prominence for the real time deployment of MANET applications. From the existing literature, it is understood that very few research efforts were made to ensure security for routing protocols and there is a huge scope for the design and development of secured routing protocols for MANETs. In this paper, we have considered the security issues with respect to location aided routing (LAR) and proposed a secured identity-based location aware routing (SIBLAR) protocol to achieve system security with improved key refreshment mechanism. MANET scenarios were created in ns2 and the efficiency of the proposed SIBLAR protocol was evaluated based on certain performance metrics. In the presence of security attacks, the proposed SIBLAR scheme is found efficient when compared to basic LAR.

Integrating Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with the Internet Based on OLSR

Although a standalone and isolated mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is practical in many scenarios, integration with the Internet is much more advantageous. The integration of a MANET with the Internet provides MANET users with Internet access and hence increases the scope of the MANET application. In addition, the Internet can benefit from this integration by an extension of the network coverage area. However, the integration of heterogeneous networks raises many issues. To overcome the incompatibilities between different architectures, gateways are used. This paper proposes a lightweight integration scheme for a MANET and the wider Internet, based on the optimized link state routing (OLSR). OLSR routing messages are reengineered and optimized to meet the needs of integration without involving additional routing messages for gateway discovery. The compulsory registration of a MANET node with a gateway node in a traditional integration is not required in the proposed approach, meaning that nodes can move freely within the local MANET with no disruption in the connection to another node in the external network. The proposed system is evaluated using the OMNET++ network simulator and is compared to another existing system. The simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.

Self-configuration and self-optimization process with taguchi method in hybrid optical wireless network

<p>In this paper, an alternative improvement is proposed which is the adaptive wireless access networks-based optical backhaul convergence that will greatly promote to use the existing resource of MANET (mobile ad hoc network). However, these characteristics itself acts as a drawback to the MANET applications such as the random distribution of nodes and continuously changing topology. MiNiTab statistical software was used to model the effect of the parameter variation to predict the field quality through the design of experiments while OMNeT++ network simulation was created to visualize the effect of QoS performance study in response with varying speed scenario. The result shows that the proposed ESCMDR scheme can obtain robustness and outperformed compared to the non-Taguchi previous study when it is used in random waypoint mobility model in any speed of sources. The work is based on Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Packet Loss Probability (PLP) metric under the varying speed scenario. It results in better QoS network PDR of 28.9% improvement, with 83.56% improvement on average PLP. The paper shows that the MANET QoS performance constrained can be addressed with the self-configured data rate of integrated optimization with Taguchi method on AODV-UU (Adhoc On Demand Distance Vector-Uppsala University) routing technique.</p>

SBADR: stable and bandwidth aware dynamic routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network

Purpose Quality communication is a big challenge in mobile ad hoc networks because of a restricted environment for mobile devices, bandwidth-constrained radio connections, random mobility of connected devices, etc. High-quality communication through wireless links mainly depends on available bandwidth, link stability, energy of nodes, etc. Many researchers proposed stability and link quality methods to improve these issues, but they still require optimization. This study aims to contribute towards better quality communication in temporarily formed networks. The authors propose the stable and bandwidth aware dynamic routing (SBADR) protocol with the aim to provide an efficient, stable path with sufficient bandwidth and enough energy hold nodes for all types of quality of service (QoS) data communication. Design/methodology/approach The proposal made in this work used received signal strength from the media access control (MAC) layer to estimate the stability of the radio connection. The proposed path stability model combines the stability of the individual link to compute path stability. The amount of bandwidth available for communication at a specific time on a link is defined as the available link bandwidth that is understood as the maximum throughput of that link. Bandwidth as a QoS parameter ensures high-quality communication for every application in such a network. One other improvement, towards quality data transmission, is made by incorporating residual energies of communicating and receiving nodes in the calculation of available link bandwidth. Findings Communication quality in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) does not depend on a single parameter such as bandwidth, energy, path stability, etc. To address and enhance quality communication, this paper focused on high impact factors, such as path stability, available link bandwidth and energy of nodes. The performance of SBADR is evaluated on the network simulator and compared with that of other routing protocols, i.e. route stability based QoS routing (RSQR), route stability based ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (RSAODV) and Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). Experimental outcomes show that SBADR significantly enhanced network performance in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and normalized control overhead (NCO). Performance shows that SBADR is suitable for any application of MANET having random and high mobility. Research limitations/implications QoS in MANET is a challenging task. To achieve high-quality communication, the authors worked on multiple network parameters, i.e. path stability, available link bandwidth and energy of mobile nodes. The performance of the proposed routing protocol named SBADR is evaluated by a network simulator and compared with that of other routing protocols. Statistical analysis done on results proves significant enhancement in network performance. SBADR is suitable for applications of MANET having random and high mobility. It is also efficient for applications having a requirement of high throughput. Practical implications SBADR shows a significant enhancement in received data bytes, which are 1,709, 788 and 326 more in comparison of AODV, RSAODV and RSQR, respectively. PDR increased by 21.27%, 12.1%, 4.15%, and NCO decreased by 9.67%, 5.93%, 2.8% in comparison of AODV, RSAODV and RSQR, respectively. Social implications Outcomes show SBADR will perform better with applications of MANET such as disaster recovery, city tours, university or hospital networks, etc. SBADR is suitable for every application of MANET having random and high mobility. Originality/value This is to certify that the reported work in the paper entitled “SBADR: stable and bandwidth aware dynamic routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network” is an original one and has not been submitted for publication elsewhere. The authors further certify that proper citations to the previously reported work have been given and no data/tables/figures have been quoted verbatim from the other publications without giving due acknowledgment and without permission of the author(s).