Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Applications Research Articles

A QoS-Assured and Mobility-Aware Routing Protocol for MANETs

In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), lack of a fixed infrastructure, dynamic network topology, device mobility and data communication over wireless channels make the multi-hop routing a very challenging task. Due to mission-critical applications of MANET, dealing with these challenges through the design of a Quality of Service (QoS)-assured protocol is a substantial problem. Mobility in MANETs is commonly considered as a negative factor on quality, although we suggest that the right approach to mobility awareness using wisely selected metrics can lead to a robust and QoS-assured protocol. In this paper, we propose QMAR-AODV, a QoS-assured Mobility-Aware Routing protocol which is an optimized version of AODV protocol. We utilize a combination of stability and quality metrics including Mobility Ratio (MR(C,E)) between nodes in a route, Energy Efficiency and congestion load to choose the most stable and QoS-assured routes. Our simulation results show that QMAR-AODV protocol outperforms E2E-LREEMR and reduces route instability, end-to-end delay, data retransmissions and packet loss by 8.3% 10.9% 10.6% and 5.4 respectively, while increases data reception and network throughput by 5.1% and 4.8% respectively, compared to E2E-LREEMR routing protocol.

A kind of new method of intelligent trust engineering metrics (ITEM) for application of mobile ad hoc network

PurposeThis paper aims to put forward a kind of new method of intelligent trust engineering metrics for application of mobile ad hoc network (MANET).Design/methodology/approachThe new method calculates the communication trust by using the number of data packets among the nodes of MANET, predicts intelligently the trust and calculates the comprehensive trust based on the historical trust; then calculates the energy trust based on the residual energy of the nodes of MANET, calculates the direct trust based on the communication trust and energy trust. The new method calculates the recommendation trust based on the recommendation reliability; adopts the adaptive weighting to calculate the integrated direct trust by considering the direct trust with recommendation trust.FindingsBased on the integrated direct trust and the factor of trust propagation distance, the indirect trust among the nodes of MANET is calculated. The above process can be optimized based on the dynamic machine learning presented in this study. The advantage of the new method is its intelligent ability to discover malicious nodes.Originality/valueThe advantage of the new method is its intelligent ability to discover malicious nodes which can partition the network by falsely reporting other nodes as misbehaving and proceeds to protect the network. The authors have done the experiments based on the tool kits such as NS3, QualNet, OMNET++ and MATLAB. The experimental results show that this study’s approach can effectively avoid the attacks of malicious nodes, and more conformable to the actual engineering application of MANET.

A review of hardware platforms for wireless ad hoc mobile/sensor networks

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-organised wireless communication network (WCN) without any fixed infrastructure. The nodes in MANET are small, battery operated and autonomous. They can sense, process and communicate wirelessly. The applications of MANETs include battle field communication, rescue operations, and information exchange at conference or classroom. Ease of deployment without any need of physical infrastructure makes MANETs a popular choice for WCN. Constraints like limited battery power, lack of centralised control, need of specialised routing protocols, etc. impose research challenges on large physical deployment of MANETs. Tools such as simulation, emulation and real world implementation, help in finding solutions to face these challenges. Selection of appropriate tool often consumes a lot of time. This paper contributes a detailed review of various hardware platforms with their attributes and applications. This will help the researchers to select an appropriate hardware platform for their intended application.

Novel Method of Improving Quality of Service for Voice over Internet Protocol Traffic in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In recent years, the application of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) with Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) has been increased. However, the level of Quality of Service (QoS) for VoIP traffic in MANET, while there is no infrastructure, will reduce when dealing with a large number of calls. In this type of dynamic environment, the developing of a new infrastructure becomes more costly and time-consuming. In this paper, we proposed an efficient method, called the Quality of Service-Nearest Neighbor (QoS-NN), to improve the QoS level for VoIP in order to manage the huge number of calls over MANET network. We utilized the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol as the underlying routing protocol to implement our proposed method. We evaluated the proposed QoS-NN method using Network Simulator version 2 (NS2). The performance of the proposed QoS-NN method was compared with Lexicographic order method. The comparison was evaluated in terms of R -factor, end-to-end delay, packet loss ratio, and packet delivery ratio performance metrics. In addition, the proposed method evaluated under different network parameters such as VoIP CODECs, node mobility speed, number of calls and number of nodes. The comparison results indicate that the proposed QoS-NN outperform the Lexicographic order method.

Mobility-Aware and Radio Characteristics Enabled Routing for Video Streaming over MANETs

Providing an adequate level of quality-of-experience (QoE) for multimedia applications in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is a challenging task due to its environmental characteristics, such as dynamic network topology, variable bit-rates of transmitting traffic, and fluctuating link conditions. In this paper, we propose a QoS provisioning mobility-aware and radio characteristics enabled routing for video streaming over MANETs (Q-RCNM) based routing protocol, and its multipath variant (i.e., Q-RCNMM). Our protocols ensure adequate QoE to the end users while receiving the multimedia traffic. Q-RCNM uses link-bandwidth, link-delay, and link-transmission efficiency ratio as QoS metrics along with the node mobility during its QoS-aware route discovery phase. We propose novel techniques for accurately estimating the aforementioned QoS metrics. Additionally, we design a joint analytical model that simultaneously considers the dynamic values of the aforementioned metrics to generate a single link-QoS value. Simulation results in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), delay, route throughput, transmission efficiency, and route lifetime, shows the efficiency of our proposal when compared with similar state-of-the-art techniques.

Fuzzy Rule Selection Using Hybrid Artificial Bee Colony with 2-Opt Algorithm for MANET

The Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) is an independent and self-governing hosts of wireless communication that communicate using wireless links thus forming a dynamic and temporary network without any centralized infrastructure. The MANET nodes will not be stationary and the sender and the receiver may not always take similar paths of routing. This way routing becomes quite complicated. A technique that has emerged recently is known as the Opportunistic Routing (OR) which chooses one set of candidates for the purpose of forwarding packets (being compared to that of conventional forwarding made to an approach with one node). It also takes into consideration the nature of the broadcast. This work proposes fuzzy logic with hybrid optimization approach for optimal route selection in MANET applications. The proposed hybrid optimization is based on 2-Opt algorithm and the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC). A fuzzy rule system depends on the end-to-end delay at a node time tends to leave the network there are several packets that are dropped and many different route requests that are generated. The results of the simulation demonstrated the proposed fuzzy rule selection and its efficiency by using the ABC-2 Opt algorithm on being compared with the selection of rule by using the ABC.

New quantum-genetic based OLSR protocol (QG-OLSR) for Mobile Ad hoc Network

Due to the mobility, self-organization and distributed control of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), the routing protocol of MANET must adapt to the rapid changes of the network structure, and ensure the maximum savings of network resources. This paper proposes a kind of new quantum-genetic based OLSR protocol (QG-OLSR) for MANET. The protocol adopts the MPR (multi-point relay) technology in OLSR (Optimal Link State Routing). By embedding new augmented Q-Learning algorithm and combining the OLSR algorithm to optimize the selection of MPR sets, it can effectively reduce the consumption of network topology control, improve the delivery rate of data packets, and reduce the time delay of the end-to-end packet transmission between nodes. The results of the experimental testings show that the new protocol is reliable and highly efficient, which is suitable for many applications of MANET.

Novel approach of distributed & adaptive trust metrics for MANET

It is known to all that mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is more vulnerable to all sorts of malicious attacks which affects the reliability of data transmission because the network has the characteristics of wireless, multi-hop, etc. We put forward novel approach of distributed & adaptive trust metrics for MANET in this paper. Firstly, the method calculates the communication trust by using the number of data packets between nodes, and predicts the trust based on the trend of this value, and calculates the comprehensive trust by considering the history trust with the predict value; then calculates the energy trust based on the residual energy of nodes and the direct trust based on the communication trust and energy trust. Secondly, the method calculates the recommendation trust based on the recommendation reliability and the recommendation familiarity; adopts the adaptive weighting, and calculates the integrate direct trust by considering the direct trust with recommendation trust. Thirdly, according to the integrate direct trust, considering the factor of trust propagation distance, the indirect trust between nodes is calculated. The feature of the proposed method is its ability to discover malicious nodes which can partition the network by falsely reporting other nodes as misbehaving and then proceeds to protect the network. Simulation experiments and tests of the practical applications of MANET show that the proposed approach can effectively avoid the attacks of malicious nodes, besides, the calculated direct trust and indirect trust about normal nodes are more conformable to the actual situation.

A Reliability Improved Routing as a Qos Measure for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

In the recent time, the huge expansion in the application of the real-time applications for smartphones resulted in new difficulties when it is time to develop new protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETS). Most important within these difficulties is to activate real-time applications for mobile ad-hoc networks which includes quality of service (QoS) support, like bandwidth constraints and stability issues. Adding to this of course the reliability of the nodes as an important factor that has a direct effect on the network performance and data integrity.In this paper we will discussed the QoS main issue that affect several factors in the mobile ad hoc networks, which is the reliability. Because of the fact that the reliability and the availability of the nodes can be interacted made me use both the terms throughout the paper. we will suggest the efficient multi-path Quality of service routing (EMQR), (EMQR) as a QoS guarantee for the stability and reliability issues in the network. Next, we will discuss the availability issues as a QoS guarantee and for this we will suggest the best suitable protocol which is “an efficient warning energy aware Cluster head” WEAC as a solution to the availability issue.The two protocols will guarantee the availability and the reliability in MANETs as it is the new direction for routing algorithms design and it is a way to enhance the availability by controlling the Cluster head based on its power level as a metric for availability as in WEAC protocol and the reliability by increasing the reserved bandwidth for the route as mentioned in EMQR protocol.

An improved harmony search algorithm for optimized link state routing protocol in vehicular ad hoc network

Vehicle Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a direct application of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Nodes in VANET are vehicles that communicate using vehicle to vehicle (V2V) or vehicle to infrastructure (V2I). These types of communications have led to the emergence of various applications that provide safer driving. Due to the high changing of topology and frequent fragmentation of VANET, routing pack-ets in this type of network is a hard task. In this work, the authors deal with the well-known MANET proactive Optimized Link State Rout-ing protocol (OLSR). The deployment of OLSR in VANET gives the moderate performance; this is due to its necessity of constant ex-changing of control packets. The performance of OLSR is highly dependent on its parameters, thus finding optimal parameters configura-tions that best fit VANETs environment and improves the network is essential before its deployment. Therefore, this research proposes a modified Harmony Search optimization (HSO) by incorporating selection methods in its memory consideration; roulette wheel selection to obtain fine-tuned OLSR for high density and velocity scenario. The experimental analysis showed that the OLSR with the proposed ap-proach acquired promising results regarding packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and overhead when compared with previous approaches.

On state maintenance in cluster-based mobile ad-hoc networks

Clustering is an effective strategy for tackling the dynamics and scalability in a large-scale mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, the mobility of the nodes makes it very difficult to maintain the states of the clusters, such as connectivity between clusters, available bandwidth, and node membership. A good maintenance scheme should balance the workload and power consumption of the nodes, incur little overhead, and track the changes timely and accurately. For this, we consider the implementation of a maintenance sublayer to handle the dynamic state of the clusters. The idea is to hide the dynamics of the underlying clusters, to improve the performance of applications in MANET. In this paper, we examine the design space of the state maintenance problem in cluster-based MANETs. At one end, we study a fully distributed approach, called Cluster-Based WithOut Head Overlay (CWOHO). At the other end, we consider the strategy that uses cluster heads to handle the maintenance operations, called Cluster-Based With Head Overlay (CWHO). In-between two extremes, we investigate a third possibility, called Clusters with Neighbor Information (CNI). We provide an in-depth and comprehensive study of these strategies under various network conditions and mobility models. Our experimental evaluation shows that the data delivery ratio of CWOHO is at least 7% more than CWHO, under increasing node mobility and number of clusters. However, the reverse is true for the control overhead.

A Pheromone-Aided Multipath QoS Routing Protocol and its Applications in MANETs

In this paper, we present an ant-based multipath QoS routing protocol that utilizes a single link metric combiningmultiple weighted criteria. The metric is applied to the proposed energy efficient multipath algorithm that considers both energy and latency. Energy efficiency is an important issue in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) since node energy supplies are stored in batteries. In order to increase the network lifetime it is important to maximize the minimum node energy along a path. As the network topology changes, failures may occur on active routes,resulting in the need for new route discoveries if only singleroutes per flow are maintained. Frequent new route discovery would, however, increase routing overhead and increase mean and peak packet latency. Using multiple routes simultaneously per flow can be a solution to these problems. Also, a special case of the multipath QoS routing protocol that considers throughput is applied to a security context. A compromised node can obstruct network communication by simply dropping packets that are supposed to be forwarded. In our approach, messages aredistributed over multiple paths between source and destination using ant-based QoS routing. In proportion to the throughput of each path, a pheromone-aided routing table is updated and, subsequently, paths that contain malicious nodes are naturally avoided.

Design and Development of CTSR with Direct & Indirect Observations of MANET Applications

Prominent applications scenarios like military and commercial platforms mostly rely on wireless communications such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET). Based on the application scenario, the reliability of the nodes deployed has become more important for trust management evaluation. At the same time, trust management system should not be power killing, complex in terms of computation and processing capability. To convey a noticeable framework, we propose Collaborative Trust based Secure Routing protocol (CTSR) for observing direct and indirect trust values. Here we utilize two-way acknowledgement-based trust framework (2-ACKT) which requires lesser memory resources and minimizes the communication overhead. Our simulation setup for Mobile Adhoc Networks with 2-ACKT framework calculates trust value with both direct and indirect observations based on Bayesian inference and Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) of uncertain reasoning approach respectively. Since the inception of DST for indirect observation in wireless networks trust values are effectively derived with data packets and control packets. The capability of DST to solve the problems with different reliability has flaws in certain areas where the nodes were subjected to disclose critical information like residual energy level and available bandwidth. And also common results derived from DST may lead to uncertain decisions. Considering all these factors we make few notable modifications in DST to enhance the security feature in 2-ACT.

Pause Time Analysis of MANET Routing Protocol AODV, DSDV and OLSR in NS3

Nowadays, Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is used in variety of application, where networks are infrastructure less. MANET is a collection of ad-hoc nodes that is, any device which has communication capability as well as mobility features. MANET applications are used in various IoT (Internet of thinks) technologies. The emerging of IoT and ad-hoc network requires various issues such as security, reliable communication and timely delivery of information etc. therefore, it is very important to reanalysis the MANET performance. In this paper, we analyze the impact of pause time of AODV, DSDV and OLSR routing protocols. Simulation is performed on NS3.22 simulation tool and results are obtain on various network performance parameters i.e. throughput, packet delivery ratio etc.

Energy-efficient node position identification through payoff matrix and variability analysis

Applications for mobile ad-hoc networks are heavily dependent on information about the nodes positions. Since the network may include malicious nodes providing bogus data (e.g., fake positions), the reliability of this information is critical. Although this problem has been addressed by some predictive models, challenges still exist regarding (a) the accuracy/security of such models, (b) the potential advantages of combining different prediction models, (c) the power consumption resulting from the simultaneous application of multiple models, and (d) the lack of strategic approaches in the analysis of information aiming to find the most advantageous data and balance divergent results. To address these issues, we analyze in this paper the performance of two prediction methods: linear regression and Grey model. We have evaluated their corresponding energy costs for reliably identifying each node position. The results, obtained via simulations, are added to independent vectors and statistical indicators are gathered to create a game theory payoff matrix. The proposed model allows the evaluation of the predictive methods either individually or collectively, facilitating the identification of the best parameters for a target energy saving profile.

ENGLISH

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is determined as a network that has many free autonomous nodes i.e. that can move locations and configure itself. It is often composed of mobile devices that can arrange themselves in various ways using wireless connections such as a cellular or satellite transmission to connect to various networks and operate without strict top-down network or any centralized administration. There are various applications of MANET, In Commercial Sector: Ad hoc can be implemented in emergency, rescue operations for disaster relief efforts, e.g. in fire, flood, or earth-quake. Local Level: e.g. conference or classroom. In mobile ad hoc network, congestion can take place between two intermediate nodes, Congestion occurs when bandwidth is insufficient and network data traffic exceeds capacity. This paper mainly studies and compares the performance of MANET routing protocols namely PSR, DSR, DSDV and AODV under various traffic loads with various maximum TCP congestion window size to improve congestion control in the routing. The metrics used to compare routing protocol performance are packet delivery ratio, average routing load, the average end-to-end time required with delay and average network throughput and mainly to overcome congestion situation and avoid packet loss in wireless networks.

Cross layer scheme for quality of service aware multicast routing in mobile ad hoc networks

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is composed of mobile nodes without any infrastructure where member nodes easily can leave or join the network. This issue provides a dynamic topology network such that providing quality of service and multicast services are very challenging tasks. The majority of applications of MANETs are in rapid deployment and dynamic reconfigurations. For these reasons, in this paper, we present an efficient fuzzy logic based multicast routing scheme to adaptively manage the network resources without any prior knowledge about network traffic. Every source node self-organizes the multicast session by using average end to end delay and packet delivery ratio parameters in order to dynamically adjust its own sending rate. The proposed method is a novel framework for multicast services such that it can be deployed by both tree-based and mesh-based multicast routing protocols. In addition, The proposed method uses a cross-layer technique to efficiently manage the congestion. The results show high improvement in terms of number of the retransmissions, delay, packet delivery ratio and overhead compared to the existing multicast schemes.

Cross Layer Architecture for Maintaining QoS in Multimedia Applications

Background/Objectives: Multimedia Applications on Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are gaining immense popularity recently due to their necessity in latest environments. Hence, multimedia applications like video streaming, video conferencing and environment monitoring must be made possible in real-time in Mobile Ad hoc Networks. Mobility of nodes, life of battery, changes in topology and protocols affect the performance of MANET. Hence providing good Quality of Service (QoS) for multimedia applications in MANET is a challenge. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The RED algorithm with video precedence called as SiViRED (Significant Video Information Random Early Detection) - AQM in the Network layer that provides service differentiation based on the pre-assigned service classes and video packet drop priority specified in packet header. This will reduce congestion and decrease delay and jitter when compared to conventional methods. Findings: Proposed a novel technique that uses a cross layer architecture in which information from application layer is used with UDPLite in Transport layer and Active Queue Management (AQM) with SiViRED in Network Layer with modified dynamic mapping in MAC layer that guarantees 14% increase in Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSR) and 40% decrease in delay compared to conventional methods. Application/Improvements: Developed a cross layer technique that improves the end-to-end performance of multimedia services over Mobile Ad hoc Networks.

Construction of Pipelined Strategic Connected Dominating Set for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Efficient routing between nodes is the most important challenge in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). A Connected Dominating Set (CDS) acts as a virtual backbone for routing in a MANET. Hence, the construction of CDS based on the need and its application plays a vital role in the applications of MANET. The PipeLined Strategic CDS (PLS-CDS) is constructed based on strategy, dynamic diameter and transmission range. The strategy used for selecting the starting node is, any source node in the network, which has its entire destination within a virtual pipelined coverage, instead of the node with maximum connectivity. The other nodes are then selected based on density and velocity. The proposed CDS also utilizes the energy of the nodes in the network in an optimized manner. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm is better in terms of size of the CDS and average hop per path length. ACM CCS (2012) Classification : Networks → Network Protocols; Networks → Network types → Ad hoc networks → Mobile ad hoc networks *To cite this article: C. Sharmila and G. Amalanathan, Construction of Pipelined Strategic Connected Dominating Set for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, CIT. Journal of Computing and Information Technology , vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 121–132, 2016.

A Method Based on RTO and Selective Acknowledgement for Improving SCTP Protocol Performance in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

With the increasing development of Mobile Ad Hoc Network usage, there will be more need to have a transport protocol with an appropriate throughput in end to end transport. Because of the design nature of TCP protocol for wired Networks, its application in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks causes a reduction in efficiency, performance and throughput.Protocols such as SCTP with sufficient validity and reliability in data transfer are proposed as solution for increasing throughput. However, in order to provide the above quality, sacrifice factors such as Network balance. In the present paper, two optimized transporting algorithm are introduced. These algorithm act based on retransmission timeout control and selective acknowledgement number for transmissions in SCTP protocol. The offered algorithms using implemented NS-2 simulator and throughput improvement and reduction of packet delay time are compared with former protocols.