Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Applications Research Articles

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Applications and Its Challenges

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less wireless network of autonomous collection of mobile nodes (Smart phones, Laptops, iPads, PDAs etc.). Network is self-configured to reconstruct its topology and routing table information for the exchange of data packets on the joining and leaving of each node on ad-hoc basis. This paper is based on the MANET applications and challenges. The researchers can get the overall concept of MANET as well as its applications and challenges.

QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS OF MANET IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is composed of mobile nodes without any infrastructure. Mobile nodes selforganize to form a network over radio links. The goal of MANETs is to extend mobility into the realm of autonomous, mobile and wireless domains, where a set of nodes form the network routing infrastructure in an ad-hoc fashion. The majority of applications of MANETs are in areas where rapid deployment and dynamic reconfiguration are necessary and wired network is not available. Due to their time varying nature of the topology of these networks traditional routing methods cannot be directly used .In this paper a number of routing protocols which are used in MANETS are studied and compared on a range of parameters.

Malicious Nodes Detection in MANET Using Back-Off Clustering Approach

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) are infrastructure less networks which provide multi-hop wireless links between nodes. The main applications of MANET in real time environment are military and emergency areas where the fixed infrastructure is not required. It is a temporary communication infrastructure network for quick communication with minimal configuration settings among the group of nodes. The security is one of the primary concerns in MANET. The malicious nodes in MANET environment degrade the performance of the network. In this paper, the nodes in MANET are grouped using back-off duration technique and further the malicious nodes are detected using this algorithm. The proposed clustering based malicious nodes detection in MANET achieves higher performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, latency and energy consumption. The proposed method achieves 89.35% of packet delivery ratio, 36.2 ms latency and 26.91 mJ of energy consumption.

Lightweight Acknowledgement-Based Method to Detect Misbehavior in MANETs

Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are the best choice when mobility, scalability, and decentralized network infrastructure are needed. Because of critical mission applications of MANETs, network security is the vital requirement. Most routing protocols in MANETs assume that every node in the network is trustworthy. However, due to the open medium, the wide distribution, and the lack of nodes’ physical protection, attackers can easily compromise MANETs by inserting misbehaving nodes into the network that make blackhole attacks. Previous research to detect the misbehaving nodes in MANETs used the overhearing methods, or additional ACKnowledgement (ACK) packets to confirm the reception of data packets. In this paper a special lightweight acknowledgement-based method is developed that, contrary to existing methods, it uses ACK packets of MAC layer instead of adding new ACK packets to the network layer for confirmations. In fact, this novel method, named PIGACK, uses ACK packets of MAC 802.11 to piggyback confirmations from a receiver to a sender in the same transmission duration that the sender sends a data packet to the receiver. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed method considerably decreases the network overhead and increases the packet delivery ratio compared to the well-known method (2ACK).

ANALYSIS AND STUDY OF SECURITY ASPECT AND APPLICATION RELATED ISSUES AT THE JUNCTION OF MANET AND IOT

In the current technology the Internet of Things (IoT) is developing as a promising trend towards interconnecting physical objects. Conceptually the IoT provides a platform to enable the objects to interact with each other or with end users by forming network of interconnected things. Recent advancement in Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET) which enables dynamically formation of network and networking without pre-defined infrastructure shows great success incorporating many IoT based application domain in smart cities. Internet of things (IoT) and ubiquitous computing, such as MANET becomes increasingly popular in current technology. In this paper major security aspects are discussed due to handshaking of IoT with MANET and issues related to IoT based applications in MANET are analysed with special focus on need of smart protocols for smart environment.

Secure route discovery in AODV in presence of blackhole attack

In recent years, there has been tremendous increase in mobile adhoc networks applications ranging from military and rescue operations to collaborative and distributed computing, therefore secure data transmission has become one of the critical issue in MANET. A mobile adhoc network is genrally established without relying on centralized and dedicated servers. Attackers exploit the loopholes of route discovery process to carry out their malicious intent as it is an inevitable process in reactive protocols. Blackhole is one such popular attack that sends forged routing information to fool source node and drops all the data packets after introducing itself in the route between source node to destination. In this paper, damage caused to AODV in presence of blackhole node has been evaluated and solution to defend against blackhole attack has been proposed and simulated on Ns-2 to prove its efficiency and reliability. The packet processing technique of normal AODV is enhanced to detect routing misbehavior and alert other nodes using default AODV control message, HELLO messages to reduce additional overhead.

Load balancing ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (LBAOMDV) routing protocol

Researchers working in the area of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) strive to conserve the battery energy of individual nodes to reduce the frequency of a node breakdown. The model of multiple-path on demand data routing protocols has been an effective scheme for the majority of MANET application scenarios in recent times. The availability of multiple paths for data transfer can both prove to be effective as well as dismal in certain cases. The selection of the most suitable path is always tricky, if not associated with exact metrics of concern. The contribution of this work is the introduction of the load balancing ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (LBAOMDV) protocol, an adaptation of AOMDV, an ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector protocol. The adaption is done in order to enhance the reliability of the given network by considering the parameter of path weight (energy) of all the available multiple paths. The LBAOMDV regulates the fair usage of both node energy and available bandwidth by exploiting the availability of multiple paths for data transfer. The uniform distribution of data across multiple paths enhances the quality of service of the given network by ensuring fair usage of both network bandwidth and node energy. The LBAOMDV protocol ensures reduced node breakdowns, thus enhancing the reliability of the given MANET.

Modeling and Recognition of Software Applications using FSM

Finite State Machines (FSMs) are mathematical abstractions which have a rich use in computer applications. If we build a FSM for software, then it becomes much easier and simpler to understand, debug and modify. The insights developed in FSMs have had great influence on various domains. FSM is as important as any other computer science tool. This paper minimizes the gap which currently exists between software development and the formal method of theoretical computer science. So importance of FSMs has been explored over various such domains in this article. These domains include spoken web technology that enables a user to access a massive network of voice sites through speech. Information transfer protocol for Vehicular Computing is another domain, where users can get on road support services using vehicular sensors and global position system. Adding on to the domain list, we have modeled FSMs for Ankle Monitor and Sensor Dust which are applications of mobile ad-hoc networks. Ankle monitor is primarily used to track movements of an individual through wireless communication and Sensor Dusts are tiny sensors which monitor the environment in which they are deployed. We have also modeled Palm Operating System, which is a mobile OS that runs on Linux kernel. This paper presents the FSM for the booting sequence and the user interface of Palm OS. To conclude with we have taken up the domain of satellite simulation and have presented a FSM for the steps involved in Satellite launching and Image Handling within a satellite. Therefore, by modeling a range of applications using FSM we attempt to add-on to the significance of this concept and at the same time provide a single document comprising numerous FSM models. This concept can be used by software developers for easy modeling of their designs and can further use it to verify and debug the model whenever required.

REVIEW OF AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUES FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS & MANET

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is the most popular area of research nowadays due to its tremendous applications (military battlefield, commercial sectors, disaster areas, collaborative work etc). MANET is self organized network where all nodes are mobile in nature and may act as router as well as host because of its autonomous nature. In such a versatile environment, security of the network becomes a major issue. However, due to dynamic topology of the network and mobility of the nodes, it is very hard to achieve security goals such as confidentiality, authentication, integrity, non repudiation and availability. Among all these security goals, authentication is probably the most complex and important issue in MANET. Before communication, we should know to whom exactly we are talking, and then there is a question of protecting the data by means of cryptography. Authentication deals with identity of sender/receiver which is very important and required aspect for MANET where there is no central administration present in the network. In the present work, the issues related to the authentication in MANET, various techniques of authentication used in Traditional Wireless Network, Cellular Networks and especially in MANET along with their applicability and limitations have been discussed, which need to be addressed carefully before real time application of MANET

A Study on Effectiveness using Security Routing based on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

The demanding in construction of the stand-alone networks and interconnection between convergence devices have led an increase in research on Mobile Ad-hoc Network and the application of Mobile Ad-hoc Network has been paid much attention as a Ubiquitous computing which is growing fast in the field of computer science. With performance both as hosts and routers, easy network configuration, and fast response, mobile nodes participating in Mobile Ad-hoc Network are suitable for Embedded computing but have vulnerable points, about lack of dynamic network topology due to mobility, network scalability, passive attacks, and active attacks which make it impossible to manage continuous security authentication service. In this study, hashed AODV routing is used to protect from counterfeiting messages by malicious nodes in the course of path finding and setting, and disguising misrouted messages as different mobile nodes and inputting them into the network.

A Novel Approach for Reliable Route Discovery in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

AODV and DSR are normally taken as a standard in reactive routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANETs). Both of these protocols are widely used in different applications of MANET because of their simple design and better performance. AODV does not provide optimal results in the scenarios where we have heavy traffic with large number of connections and higher routing load. In this paper, we have introduced a novel idea of to determine reliable links between the intermediate nodes; based on this factor a reactive routing protocol is proposed, the simulation results of Reliability Factor Based Routing Protocol show that it outperforms AODV and SP-AODV in terms of better packet delivery fraction, routing load and end-to-end delay.

Design of a Smart Antenna for Mobile Ad Hoc Network Applications

Among the mobile ad hoc networks appealing characteristics there are network reconfigurability and flexibility. In this context a smart antenna capable of self-configuring multiple high-directivity beams provides a major advantage in terms of power saving, increased range, and spatial reuse of channels. In this paper a smart antenna made of a cylindrical array of patches suitable for MANETs is presented.

Trust Based Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

The rapid growth of mobile computing technology and wireless communication have significantly increased the mobile users worldwide. This fact is the reason for the new applications of mobile ad-hoc network and providing reliable communication services to the users. Due to resource scarcity and dynamic network topology, providing reliable service is difficult. The objective of this work is to explore ad-hoc routing issues in MANET. Routing protocols are vulnerable to routing attacks like packet dropping and delayed packet forwarding. Our proposed scheme considers malicious behavior of nodes which causes significant degradation in network performance. To improve the network performance, our scheme includes trust model based on different statistical parameters with their weightage. Our proposed scheme collects information about node and network state parameters related to network layer. Our scheme is implemented in QualNet simulator with modification in the AODV routing protocol by incorporating the trust model into it. The proposed trust model makes sure to uniformly utilize the network resources to increase network lifetime. Simlulation results shows that our proposed trust model based approach increases network lifetime and improves network performance in presence of malicious activities.

Simulation framework for modelling energy consumption in ultra-low duty cycle mobile ad-hoc networks

The article presents a simulation framework designed to support development of ultra-low duty cycle mobile ad-hoc network applications. In particular a railway vehicle monitoring system is considered, that is equipped with devices allowing cargo localization. In addition to GPS and GSM connectivity, a local radio network connection is added allowing aggregation of localization data from multiple nodes into a single node's GSM transmission in order to minimize energy consumption. A simulation model developed for studying network behavior and performance is presented, that allows to directly run the target code inside the simulator, features a sufficient clock drift model as well as detailed energy consumption profiling. The article provides model verification results and discusses it's future application.

Order-Optimal Information Dissemination in MANETs via Network Coding

Motivated by various applications in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) that require nodes to share their individual information to each other, we study the multi-message dissemination problem in a MANET, which is to distribute multiple messages to all mobile nodes in the network in parallel. The objective is to minimize the stopping time, i.e., the time taking for all nodes to receive a copy of the whole messages. We consider an intrinsically one-sided protocol based on random linear network coding (RLNC), where all packets forwarded are in the form of random linear combinations of packets received so far. Its supreme performance is demonstrated theoretically for two cases, low mobility and high mobility, according to the node velocity. In particular, we show that, under general settings, our derived upper bounds of the stopping time match the established lower bound in both cases, although the effects of mobility in the two cases are significantly different. Thus, we conclude that RLNC achieves order optimality for fast information dissemination in MANETs.

Fuzzy Logic with Hybrid Optimization Approach for Optimal Route Selection in MANET

Independent, self-governing, mobile wireless hosts communicating through wireless links and forming a temporary network dynamically without centralized infrastructure are called Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). As MANET nodes are not stationary, the same routing path may not always be taken between sender and receiver(s). Hence, such routing is complicated. Literature proposes different routing protocols each having advantages and limitations. This study proposes fuzzy logic with hybrid optimization approach for optimal route selection in MANET applications. The proposed hybrid optimization is based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Hill Climbing algorithm. Fuzzy rule system is based on actual end to end delay, when a node leaves the network, number of packets dropped and number of RRER generated. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed hybrid fuzzy routing when compared to Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing (AODV)

English

Mobile ad-hoc network is a group of two or more devices or nodes with the capability of communication and networking. It is an infrastructure less network. Such network may operate by them or may be connected to a larger internet. Due to its mobility and self routing capability nature, there are many weaknesses in its security. The security of the network from various attacks is an important issue in MANET application now days. Due to the dynamically changing topology, open environment and lack of centralized security infrastructure, a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is vulnerable to many attacks. This paper focuses on mobile ad hoc network's routing vulnerability and analyzes the network performance under Distributed Denial of Service MANETS. The resistive schemes against these attacks were proposed for Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol and the effectiveness of the schemes is validated using NS2 simulations.

An effective stateless QoS routing for multimedia applications in MANET

In Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET), the increasing demand for multimedia application is more challenging and the existing routing protocols are not adequate owing to the complex design requirements of Quality of Service (QoS) routing. This paper proposes a stateless position-based solution for QoS routing issues and offers an efficient end-to-end communication guarantee. The proposed Stateless QoS (SQoS) routing protocol is based on adaptive compass greedy routing to determine a qualified path which satisfies the QoS requirements and the void handling scheme overcomes the local maximum issue. In addition, the SQoS routing utilises the node overhearing capacity to obtain the link quality measurement to provide a guarantee for efficient end-to-end transmission through the identification of high-quality links for multimedia streams. The performance of the proposed SQoS routing protocol is compared with existing QoS-GPSR. Finally, the performance evaluation proves that the SQoS routing protocols outperform the existing protocols.

A cluster-based countermeasure against blackhole attacks in MANETs

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) become more and more popular and significant in many fields. However, the important applications of MANETs make them very attractive to attackers. The deployment scenarios, the functionality requirements, and the limited capabilities of these types of networks make them vulnerable to a large group of attacks, e.g., blackhole attacks. In this paper, we propose a cluster-based scheme for the purpose of preventing blackhole attacks in MANETs. In our scheme, we firstly present a novel algorithm that employs a powerful analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology to elect clusterheads (CHs). Then CHs are required to implement the blackhole attacks prevention scheme to not only detect the existence of blackhole attacks but also identify the blackhole nodes. Simulation results show that our scheme is feasible and efficient in preventing blackhole attacks.

Multi-path Stable QoS Routing for Real-time Traffic Applications in MANET

mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), the existing routing protocols consider the routing metrics such as bandwidth, delay and link stability in partial manner. Also the real time and non- real time traffic flows are not distinguished based on delay and bandwidth requirements. In order to overcome these issues, in this paper multipath stable QoS routing for real time traffic in MANET is proposed. In this technique, multiple paths are discovered among source and destination. Among the discovered routes, the optimal paths are selected based on bandwidth constraints, delay constraints and path stability. When any flow request is received, it is initially categorized as real time and non-real time flows where real time flows are given higher priority. For real time flows, bandwidth and delay constrained paths are chosen. For non-real time flows, the stable paths are chosen. By simulation results, the proposed approach is validated and the approach minimizes delay and overhead.