Applications In Fields Of Science Research Articles

Nanobiohybrid Material-Based Bioelectronic Devices.

Biomolecules, especially proteins and nucleic acids, have been widely studied to develop biochips for various applications in scientific fields ranging from bioelectronics to stem cell research. However, restrictions exist due to the inherent characteristics of biomolecules, such as instability and the constraint of granting the functionality to the biochip. Introduction of functional nanomaterials, recently being researched and developed, to biomolecules have been widely researched to develop the nanobiohybrid materials because such materials have the potential to enhance and extend the function of biomolecules on a biochip. The potential for applying nanobiohybrid materials is especially high in the field of bioelectronics. Research in bioelectronics is aimed at realizing electronic functions using the inherent properties of biomolecules. To achieve this, various biomolecules possessing unique properties have been combined with novel nanomaterials to develop bioelectronic devices such as highly sensitive electrochemical-based bioelectronic sensing platforms, logic gates, and biocomputing systems. In this review, recently reported bioelectronic devices based on nanobiohybrid materials are discussed. The authors believe that this review will suggest innovative and creative directions to develop the next generation of multifunctional bioelectronic devices.

New advanced outliers detection tests

Outliers have been of constant concern for statistician. These outliers must be handled carefully while analyzing data, particularly, when the data points are measurements based on experiments conducted in scientific labs. Various studies have been conducted on the comparison of outliers detection tests when the data points were assumed to follow normal distribution or skewed exponential or gamma distribution. However, the data may follow some heavy tailed symmetric distribution. One important heavy tailed distribution is Cauchy distribution which has applications in different fields of science including Physics, engineering etc. In the present study, we introduce two tests, in univariate case, for detecting one or more outliers while sampling is done from Cauchy distribution. The proposed tests make use of the robust statistics, namely, median, quartile deviation and the variance based on “sample free of suspected outlier(s)”. We simulate critical values and powers of the tests to compare them with the tests available in the literature. We compare their efficiency using power criteria.

High Precision X-Ray Measurements

Since their discovery in 1895, the detection of X-rays has had a strong impact and various applications in several fields of science and human life [...]

Is there convergence in international research collaboration? An exploration at the country level in the basic and applied science fields

This paper examines the patterns of convergence in international scientific collaboration across a set of developed and developing countries from 1997 through 2012. The empirical analysis was carried out in a novel way applying the methodology developed by Phillips and Sul (Econometrica 75:1771–1855, 2007; J Appl Econom 24:1153–1185, 2009) to international co-publication data from a US National Science Foundation dataset (NSF in National Center for Science and Engineering statistics, http://www.nsf.gov/, 2014). First, the convergence analysis across countries is carried out for all research fields combined and, secondly, for the basic and applied science fields separately. The results suggest that there has not been an overall convergence in international scientific collaboration patterns during the analyzed period. In contrast, there is evidence of four scientific convergence clubs and three divergent countries in the aggregate of all research fields. However, our results seem to indicate that there is a tendency toward a gradual convergence among the more scientifically developed countries. The results also show the existence of international research collaboration convergence clubs for the fields of basic science research and applied science with five and four convergence clubs, respectively.

Identification of ability to form biofilm in Candida parapsilosis and Staphylococcus epidermidis by Raman spectroscopy.

Aim: Finding rapid, reliable diagnostic methods is a big challenge in clinical microbiology. Raman spectroscopy is an optical method used for multiple applications in scientific fields including microbiology. This work reports its potential in identifying biofilm positive strains of Candida parapsilosis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Materials & methods: We tested 54S. epidermidis strains (23 biofilm positive, 31 negative) and 51C. parapsilosis strains (27 biofilm positive, 24 negative) from colonies on Mueller-Hinton agar plates, using Raman spectroscopy. Results: The accuracy was 98.9% forC. parapsilosis and 96.1% forS. epidermidis. Conclusion: The method showed great potential for identifying biofilm positive bacterial and yeast strains. We suggest that Raman spectroscopy might become a useful aid in clinical diagnostics.

Robust solid-state qubits based on nuclear quadrupole resonance technique

Advances in quantum information processing can open a way for their numerous applications in various fields of science and technology: communication, precision measurement, computing, nano-scale detectors, and sensors. Solid state with nucleus spins-1/2 is one of the natural bases for creation of a system of the interacting qubits. It was theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed that logical gates can be realized using quantum states of a single nucleus with a spin I > 1/2. In the present paper we consider representation of a quadrupole spin-3/2 and 7/2 as well as a diatomic molecule as systems of interacting fictitious spins-1/2. It is shown that the Hamiltonians of these systems contain terms describing multi-body interactions and constants of these interactions depend on the applied magnetic field. Considering the fictitious spins as qubits influence of the unique properties of the systems on concurrence is analyzed. The representation of the molecule as a fictitious spin-1/2 system allows us to consider the bipartite concurrences between qubits formatted by the molecule states. The dependence of the concurrences on the magnetic field and its frequency can be used at development of methods to control qubit states and to realize computing protocols. Representation of spins I > 1/2 and their systems as systems of interacting fictitious spins-1/2 can be used at the investigation of properties of complex systems and realization of quantum computation.

Morphological, optical and photoluminescent properties of a thin ZnO film on the Al2O3 substrate

Thin transparent conductive zinc oxide films are of interest for application in various fields of science and technology, including anti-icing systems for glasses in aircrafts, in coatings that reduce static electric charge on instrument panels, in electrical contacts to liquid crystals, electrochromic and electroluminescent indicators for displays, development of high-efficiency solar cells. Thin zinc oxide films on anodic aluminium oxide substrates are formed on the porous side and on the barrier layer of γ -aluminium oxide under high-frequency pulsed-periodic laser deposition in vacuum. The morphology of the obtained films was studied by atomic-force microscopy and their differences were noted, depending on the side of the substrate. The optical properties of films in the near-IR region, as well as the features of their photoluminescence characteristics were studied experimentally. The substrates Al 2 O 3 –ZnO film as a sensitive layer can be used to design sensors and tandem solar cells.

Production of recombinant human antibodies suitable for medical applications. (review article)

Antibodies are fundamental proteins that have ability to recognise and attack variety of antigens via specific binding sites. Antibodies are considered essential diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the management of many disorders especially in malignancy. This review will discuss how recombinant human antibodies are produced. Recombinant antibody is introduced to perform various applications in scientific Field, where the hybridoma monoclonal antibodies are used for diagnosis bacterial and viral infections by using nanoparticles. The recombinant antibody technology is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool, even though some challenges in their production and applications.

Sustainable Innovation System Using Process Of Bagasse Become Sodium Lignosulfonate Surfactant For Enhanced Oil Recovery

The purpose of this research is to get new product innovation process from bagasse, that is Sodium LignoSulfonate surfactant. Lignosulfonates surfactants in petroleum engineering are used as injection fluids into oil reservoirs to increase oil recovery, which is known as Enhanced Oil Recovery process. Lignosulfonates is made of lignin as raw material, which can be extracted from bagasse as one of its sources. Bagasse contains 24 - 25% lignin, so it is sufficient to be processed into lignosulfonates. Today, bagasse is one of the biomass resources widely used as a boiler fuel in sugar factory, source of animal feed, material for paper, cement and brick reinforcement .This study presents an innovation of bagasse utilization. This innovation involves two scientific application fields, firstly, chemistry in the processing of bagasse into sodium lignosulfonates surfactant and secondly, petroleum engineering in the effort of using sodium lignosulfonates surfactant to increase oil production from the reservoir. The last stage in this process is injection of the sodium lignosulfonates surfactant into a synthetic core in laboratory scale use water and surfactant injection.. The amount of oil that is produced from the injected core shows the increase in oil yield from the sodium lignosulfonates surfactant injection.

The influence of the numerical solver selection on the nozzle impulse flow simulation results

Numerical simulations are currently used for different applications in a various fields of science. Certain solutions are not as obvious as the others while the results can give very valuable conclusions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is one of the tools that can be used to solve different problems related with the mass and heat transfer. Nowadays it is already known that the impulse flow simulation allows to determine pressure pulsation attenuation parameters by a given geometry. However, the nozzle shape optimization method strongly depends on the numerical results obtained from the impulse flow simulation. In commercial CFD software Ansys-Fluent the obtained results depends strongly on the chosen numerical methods, especially the spatial discretization method. This is the reason to use other software as a benchmark. Alternative software FlowVision was used to perform the impulse flow simulation for the same geometries to compare the results. As there is a different problem definition in both systems the calculations, accuracy and results differ from each other. The paper describes the numerical differences between solvers. Article contains discussion about obtained results and includes hints how to avoid mistakes when user change software, especially in solving unusual CFD problems.

Synthesis of zinc oxide nanorods from chemical bath deposition at different pH solutions and impact on their surface properties

Abstract The future of new generation superhydrophobic coatings supply depends on modern breakthroughs concerning the stability, low cost, simple synthesis process, sustainability and multi-functionality important for a futuristic application in field of science and technologies. Here we use a low-cost, and simple chemical bath deposition (CBD) to produce vertical-aligned ZnO nanorods with hydrophilic nature. Furthermore, hydrophilic surface has been converted into superhydrophobic surface by annealing at 460 °C in air for 1 h. It switches surface from Wenzel to Cassie-Baxter wettability states are corresponded to a transformation from non-polar into a polar nature occurs at top surface of ZnO nanorods. In addition, the effect of pH on their surface morphology, surface topography, surface roughness, ZnO nanorods growth nature, chemical composition, wettability and surface free energy is also systematically focused as an essential step to understanding functional surfaces with their futuristic applications.

Markov stochasticity coordinates

Markov dynamics constitute one of the most fundamental models of random motion between the states of a system of interest. Markov dynamics have diverse applications in many fields of science and engineering, and are particularly applicable in the context of random motion in networks. In this paper we present a two-dimensional gauging method of the randomness of Markov dynamics. The method–termed Markov Stochasticity Coordinates–is established, discussed, and exemplified. Also, the method is tweaked to quantify the stochasticity of the first-passage-times of Markov dynamics, and the socioeconomic equality and mobility in human societies.

NEW APPROACH FOR SEGMENTATION AND EXTRACTION OF SINGLE TREE FROM POINT CLOUDS DATA AND AERIAL IMAGES

This paper addresses a new approach for reconstructing a 3D model from single trees via Airborne Laser Scanners (ALS) data and aerial images. The approach detects and extracts single tree from ALS data and aerial images. The existing approaches are able to provide bulk segmentation from a group of trees; however, some methods focused on detection and extraction of a particular tree from ALS and images. Segmentation of a single tree within a group of trees is mostly a mission impossible since the detection of boundary lines between the trees is a tedious job and basically it is not feasible. In this approach an experimental formula based on the height of the trees was developed and applied in order to define the boundary lines between the trees. As a result, each single tree was segmented and extracted and later a 3D model was created. Extracted trees from this approach have a unique identification and attribute. The output has application in various fields of science and engineering such as forestry, urban planning, and agriculture. For example in forestry, the result can be used for study in ecologically diverse, biodiversity and ecosystem.

Rheology, stability and filtration characteristics of Colloidal Gas Aphron fluids: Role of surfactant and polymer type

Colloidal Gas Aphron (CGA) are finding increasing application in fields of science and engineering because of their distinctive characteristic. As interest in the application of CGA based fluids grows and in order to select the best procedure for using them in successful petroleum engineering operations, there is a need to gain a better understanding of the factors that affect their properties and behavior. This article discusses the rheological characterization, stability analysis and filtration properties of CGA based fluids for three bio-polymers and two ionic surfactant. The stability and filtration analysis were investigated with the static drain rate technique and API filtration tests, respectively. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) anionic surfactant, Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) cationic surfactant, and an environmentally friendly bio-polymer i.e. starch, Xanthan Gum (XG) and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) have been used in formulating the CGA based fluids. Results revealed that ionic surfactants improved the physico-chemical properties of the CGA based fluids, and this improvement was enhanced more by the use of XG bio-polymer. CGA based fluids produced by XG biopolymer and SDS anionic surfactant showed the best behavior. Also, CGA based fluids provided by CMC and CTAB cationic surfactant had the lowest stability. The shear thinning behavior of prepared the CGA based fluid was approved by fluid flow indexes ranging between 0.08 and 0.47. In addition, the parameters of eight rheological models, e.g. fluid flow index, consistency and yield point were determined by fitting experimental data. The results of this article will be helpful to better understand the role of bio-polymers and ionic surfactants on the physico-chemical characteristic of CGA based fluids.

Halk ilaçlarında Propolisin Tarihi Kullanımı ile Onun Biyolojik Aktivitesi ve Kimyasal Kompozisyonu

Propolis is alike of gum material produced by honey bees in the construction and maintenance of their hives. Here the antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, insecticidal and antioxidant activities of propolis, among other attributes of propolis and the chemical composition are reviewed. In recent years the biological activity research on propolis has become increasingly very attractive to many scientists in various fields of research. The comparative biological studies of propolis of different origin and the chemical composition analyses are becoming atractive. Similar types of studies are extremely valuable with the help of information about propolis standardization and practical applications in scientific fields.

Gestión de materiales y residuos radiactivos en la Universidad de Tübingen, Alemania

<p class="p1">Un material radiactivo es toda sustancia o átomo que emite radiaciones ionizantes y no ionizantes; la radiactividad puede ser natural, artificial o inducida. La radiactividad se utiliza en el mundo en ramas de la ciencia como ecología, medicina, agricultura, industria, biología y química. En Costa Rica se usan materiales radiactivos en campos de aplicación industrial, médica y universitaria. Las fuentes radiactivas van desde las de muy baja radiactividad hasta las de muy alta actividad, por ejemplo, Am<span class="s1">241 </span>y Ra<span class="s1">226</span>, utilizadas en centros universitarios costarricenses. No obstante, si los materiales radiactivos no se manipulan correctamente, pueden tener efectos negativos en la salud y el medio ambiente, por lo tanto es necesario tomar medidas preventivas y protectoras. Costa Rica regula el uso de materiales radiactivos mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 24037-S., sin embargo, no existe formalmente un plan nacional de manejo y eso limita su gestión en las instituciones donde se utilizan y por ende el tratamiento y disposición final de los residuos. El presente trabajo de investigación analiza la gestión en materiales radiactivos que realiza el Laboratorio de Isotopos y Protección Radiológica de la Universidad de Tübingen, Alemania, mediante la determinación y análisis de diferentes acciones y datos relacionados con 1) aspectos administrativos (manuales, protocolos, normativas) y 2) aspectos técnico-operativos (control de la contaminación, infraestructura, equipos y materiales de seguridad, tratamiento de residuos). La información se recopiló y analizó mediante herramientas como cuestionarios, listas de chequeo, entrevistas, visitas de inspección, sesiones de trabajo y revisión de documentos.</p>

Mathematical programming with multiple sets split monotone variational inclusion constraints

Abstract In this paper, we first study a hierarchical problem of Baillon’s type, and we study a strong convergence theorem of this problem. For the special case of this convergence theorem, we obtain a strong convergence theorem for the ergodic theorem of Baillon’s type. Our result of the ergodic theorem of Baillon’s type improves and generalizes many existence theorems of this type of problem. Two numerical examples are given to demonstrate our results. As applications of our convergence theorem of the hierarchical problem, we study the unique solution for the following problems: mathematical programming with multiply sets split variational inclusion and fixed point set constraints; mathematical programming with multiple sets split variational inequalities and fixed point set constraints; the variational inequality problem with a system of mixed type equilibria and fixed point set constraints; the variational inequality problem with multiple sets split system of mixed type equilibria and fixed point set constraints; mathematical programming with a system of mixed type equilibria and fixed point set constraints. We give iteration processes for these types of problems and establish the strong convergence for the unique solution of these problems. For our special case, our results can be reduced to the following problems: the unique minimal norm solution of the multiply sets split monotonic variational inclusion problems; the minimum norm solutions for the multiple sets split system of mixed type equilibria problem; the minimum norm solution of the system of mixed type equilibria problem. Our results will have many applications in diverse fields of science.

Rancangan Aplikasi Bidang Keilmuan Desain Komunikasi Visual pada Kegiatan Community Outreach Program

Petra Christian University has conducted Community Outreach Program (COP) to improve the welfare of society especially in Kediri district. The activities in COP are not only focused on the physical but also non physical program. Unfortunately, design field doesn’t seem to attract much attention in practice, but if we analyze and observe there are many designers’ roles that can refine this COP program. This paper is made because of my concerns about the lack of the application in scientific field of Visual Communication Design. I try to explore many things that can be done by Visual Communication Design students and how they can play an important role in COP program. In the future, the Visual Communication Design students are expected to be more active in COP program and their designs’ works can give more impact to the society.

Dynamic thermoviscoelasticity in a thermal shock problem

A thermal shock problem for the viscoelastic area under abrupt temperature heating by a medium is studied. Based on the determining relationships for the dynamic thermoelasticity and the Maxwell and Kelvin linear rheological models, new integral relationships for the dynamic thermoviscoelasticity, which have an extensive field for practical applications in various fields of science and engineering, are proposed.

In silico modeling and experimental evidence of coagulant protein interaction with precursors for nanoparticle functionalization

The design of novel protein–nanoparticle hybrid systems has applications in many fields of science ranging from biomedicine, catalysis, water treatment, etc. The main barrier in devising such tool is lack of adequate information or poor understanding of protein–ligand chemistry. Here, we establish a new strategy based on computational modeling for protein and precursor linkers that can decorate the nanoparticles. Moringa oleifera (MO2.1) seed protein that has coagulation and antimicrobial properties was used. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPION) with precursor ligands were used for the protein–ligand interaction studies. The molecular docking studies reveal that there are two binding sites, one is located at the core binding site; tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) or 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTES) binds to this site while the other one is located at the side chain residues where trisodium citrate (TSC) or Si60 binds to this site. The protein–ligand distance profile analysis explains the differences in functional activity of the decorated SPION. Experimentally, TSC-coated nanoparticles showed higher coagulation activity as compared to TEOS- and APTES-coated SPION. To our knowledge, this is the first report on in vitro experimental data, which endorses the computational modeling studies as a powerful tool to design novel precursors for functionalization of nanomaterials; and develop interface hybrid systems for various applications.