Applications In Pharmacy Research Articles

3D Bio-Printing Review

Ultimate goal of tissue engineering is to replace pathological or necrotic body tissue or organ by artificial tissue or organ and tissue engineering is a very promising research field. 3D bio-printing is a kind of emerging technologies and a branch of tissue engineering. It has made significant progress in the past decade. 3D bio-printing can realize tissue and organ construction in vitro and has wide application in basic research and pharmacy. This paper is to make an analysis and review on 3D bio-printing from the perspectives of bioink, printing technology and technology application.

Differentiation of thermal properties of pollens on genus level

This study was carried out to explain the thermal properties of pollen grains for three different genera. It was also aimed to determine how thermal properties are differed in pollen grains belong to different genera. The pollen genera Salix, Betula and Fraxinus were chosen. The observed results showed that pollen grains of different genus exhibits an important difference in their thermal stabilities. The thermograms of species belonging to Fraxinus genus revealed a five-staged thermal degradations while species from Salix and Betula genus revealed a fourstaged thermal degradations. As is know very well, pollen grains are diamond of plant word and they have many applications in cosmetic, pharmacy, food and medical industry. The findings of the current study will be helpful for the future applications of pollen as a material in different fields

Thermal Methods of Analysis

Modern Applications in Pharmacy & Pharmacology Thermal Methods of Analysis Nirav Soni* Department of Quality Assurance, India *Corresponding author: Nirav Soni, Department of Quality Assurance, India Submission: October 19, 2017; Published: December 22, 2017 DOI: 10.31031/MAPP.2017.01.000509 ISSN 2637-7756Volume1 Issue2

"Stable Labeled Isotopes as Internal Standards: A Critical Review"

Modern Applications in Pharmacy & Pharmacology Stable Labeled Isotopes as Internal Standards: A Critical Review Nageswara Rao Reddy* Bioanlytical/Analytical Contract Research Organization Company, USA *Corresponding author: Nageswara Rao Reddy, Bioanlytical/Analytical Contract Research Organization Company, USA Submission: October 27, 2017; Published: December 18, 2017 DOI: 10.31031/MAPP.2017.01.000508 ISSN 2637-7756Volume1 Issue2

Application of miniaturized near-infrared spectroscopy for quality control of extemporaneous orodispersible films

Extemporaneous oral preparations are routinely compounded in the pharmacy due to a lack of suitable formulations for special populations. Such small-scale pharmacy preparations also present an avenue for individualized pharmacotherapy. Orodispersible films (ODF) have increasingly been evaluated as a suitable dosage form for extemporaneous oral preparations. Nevertheless, as with all other extemporaneous preparations, safety and quality remain a concern. Although the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) recommends analytical testing of compounded preparations for quality assurance, pharmaceutical assays are typically not routinely performed for such non-sterile pharmacy preparations, due to the complexity and high cost of conventional assay methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Spectroscopic methods including Raman, infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy have been successfully applied as quality control tools in the industry. The state-of-art benchtop spectrometers used in those studies have the advantage of superior resolution and performance, but are not suitable for use in a small-scale pharmacy setting.In this study, we investigated the application of a miniaturized near infrared (NIR) spectrometer as a quality control tool for identification and quantification of drug content in extemporaneous ODFs. Miniaturized near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is suitable for small-scale pharmacy applications in view of its small size, portability, simple user interface, rapid measurement and real-time prediction results. Nevertheless, the challenge with miniaturized NIR spectroscopy is its lower resolution compared to state-of-art benchtop equipment.We have successfully developed NIR spectroscopy calibration models for identification of ODFs containing five different drugs, and quantification of drug content in ODFs containing 2–10mg ondansetron (OND). The qualitative model for drug identification produced 100% prediction accuracy. The quantitative model to predict OND drug content in ODFs was divided into two calibrations for improved accuracy: Calibration I and II covered the 2–4mg and 4–10mg ranges respectively. Validation was performed for method accuracy, linearity and precision.In conclusion, this study demonstrates the feasibility of miniaturized NIR spectroscopy as a quality control tool for small-scale, pharmacy preparations. Due to its non-destructive nature, every dosage unit can be tested thus affording positive impact on patient safety.

"Opinion about Advances of Chitosan in Pharmaceutical Field: From Past to Now"

Modern Applications in Pharmacy & Pharmacology Opinion about Advances of Chitosan in Pharmaceutical Field: From Past to Now Delattre C* Institute Pascal UMR CNRS 6602, Université Clermont Auvergne, France *Corresponding author: Delattre C, Institut Pascal UMR CNRS 6602, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France Submission: September 18, 2017; Published: October 25, 2017 DOI: 10.31031/MAPP.2017.01.000503 ISSN 2637-7756Volume1 Issue1

A review of biodiversity-related issues and challenges in megadiverse Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries

Indonesia is one of the ten member states of the economically and politically diverse regional organization of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Southeast Asia comprises four of the 25 global biodiversity hotspots, three of the 17 global megadiverse countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines) and the most diverse coral reefs in the world. All member states are Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). We discuss ASEAN-wide joint activities on nature conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity that do not stop at national borders.The Indonesian archipelago comprises two of the world’s biodiversity hotspots (areas with a high degree of endemic species that are highly threatened by loss of habitats): Its insular character and complex geological history led to the evolution of a megadiverse fauna and flora on the global scale. The importance of biodiversity, e.g., in traditional medicine and agriculture, is deep-rooted in Indonesian society. Modern biodiversity pathways include new fields of application in technology, pharmacy and economy along with environmental policies. This development occurred not only in Indonesia but also in other biodiversity-rich tropical countries.This review summarizes and discusses the unique biodiversity of Indonesia from different angles (science, society, environmental policy, and bioeconomy) and brings it into context within the ASEAN region. The preconditions of each member state for biodiversity-related activities are rather diverse. Much was done to improve the conditions for biodiversity research and use in several countries, primarily in those with a promising economic development. However, ASEAN as a whole still has further potential for more joint initiatives. Especially Indonesia has the highest biodiversity potential within the ASEAN and beyond, but likewise the highest risk of biodiversity loss.We conclude that Indonesia has not taken full advantage of this potential yet. A growing national interest in local biodiversity as a natural resource is a welcome development on one hand, but the risk of too many restrictions for, e.g., the science community (high level of bureaucracy at all project stages from planning phase, visa procedures, field work permits, scientific exchange and project managment issues, governmental budget cuts for basic research and restricted access to international literature for Indonesian researchers) does significantly hamper the internationalization of biodiversity-related science. In the long run, Indonesia has to find a balance between protectionism and sensible access to its national biodiversity to tackle global challenges in biodiversity conservation, health issues, food security, and climate change.

"Outcome of Pharmacists’ Counseling Infusion Center Patients on Chemotherapy"

Modern Applications in Pharmacy & Pharmacology Outcome of Pharmacists’ Counseling Infusion Center Patients on Chemotherapy Sonia Amin Thomas* and Haley Ethridge Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, USA *Corresponding author: ASonia Amin Thomas, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice, Clinical Oncology Specialist/Clinical Pharmacist, Wellstar North Fulton Hospital: 3000 Hospital Blvd Roswell, GA 30076, USA Submission: August 05, 2017; Published: September 08, 2017 DOI: 10.31031/MAPP.2017.01.000501 ISSN 2637-7756Volume1 Issue1

Serum levels of chemical elements in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Anyang, China: a case-control study based on machine learning methods

ObjectivesEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant form of esophageal carcinoma with extremely aggressive nature and low survival rate. The risk factors for ESCC in the high-incidence areas of...

Does an integrated information technology system provide support for community pharmacists undertaking Discharge Medicines Reviews? An exploratory study.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the views of community pharmacists participating in the pilot of a secure online platform in Wales, the Choose Pharmacy application (CPA), with particular interest in the electronic Discharge Advice Letters (e-DALs) and online Discharge Medicines Review (DMR) form.Materials and methodsA qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was adopted. A gatekeeper from National Health Service Wales Informatics Service identified 35 pharmacies, of the 43 pharmacies where the CPA had been implemented, that had completed at least one DMR, and these were therefore invited to an interview.ResultsA total of 17 pharmacists were interviewed. Overall, the results were positive and CPA and e-DAL were perceived to facilitate continuity of care between care settings. The design and usability were perceived as good as pharmacists could navigate the CPA without problems; many felt this was due to the level of training they had received. Many pharmacists were happy for other services to be included on the platform due to its ease of use and automatic reimbursement. Several pharmacists felt that communication between primary and secondary care can be further improved as the uptake of e-DAL increases.ConclusionCPA was found to streamline the completion of online DMR improving continuity of care between primary and secondary sectors, which in turn should improve patient safety on discharge from hospital.

The Pharmacy Student Population: Applications Received 2015-16, Degrees Conferred 2015-16, Fall 2016 Enrollments

This report presents data that describe the 2015-16 pharmacy application pool, degrees conferred in 2015-16, and fall 2016 pharmacy program enrollments. Data for this report were requested from 138 U.S. colleges and schools of pharmacy recognized by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (

Comparative study on serum levels of macro and trace elements in schizophrenia based on supervised learning methods.

The etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) remain obscure. This study explored the associations between SCZ risk and serum levels of 39 macro and trace elements (MTE). A 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted among 114 schizophrenia patients and 114 healthy controls matched by age, sex and region. Blood samples were collected to determine the concentrations of 39 MTE by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Both supervised learning methods and classical statistical testing were used to uncover the difference of MTE levels between cases and controls. The best prediction accuracies were 99.21% achieved by support vector machines in the original feature space (without dimensionality reduction), and 98.82% achieved by Naive Bayes with dimensionality reduction. More than half of MTE were found to be significantly different between SCZ patients and the controls. The presented investigation showed that there existed remarkable differences in concentrations of MTE between SCZ patients and healthy controls. The results of this study might be useful to diagnosis and prognosis of SCZ; they also indicated other promising applications in pharmacy and nutrition. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to limited sample size and the lack of potential confounding factors, such as alcohol, smoking, body mass index (BMI), use of antipsychotics and dietary intakes. In the future the application of the analyses will be useful in designs that have larger sample sizes.

Enrichment culture and identification of endophytic methanotrophs isolated from peatland plants

Aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) are an environmentally significant group of microorganisms due to their role in the global carbon cycle. Research conducted over the past few decades has increased the interest in discovering novel genera of methane-degrading bacteria, which efficiently utilize methane and decrease the global warming effect. Moreover, methanotrophs have more promising applications in environmental bioengineering, biotechnology, and pharmacy. The investigations were undertaken to recognize the variety of endophytic methanotrophic bacteria associated with Carex nigra, Vaccinium oxycoccus, and Eriophorum vaginatum originating from Moszne peatland (East Poland). Methanotrophic bacteria were isolated from plants by adding sterile fragments of different parts of plants (roots and stems) to agar mineral medium (nitrate mineral salts (NMS)) and incubated at different methane values (1–20% CH4). Single colonies were streaked on new NMS agar media and, after incubation, transferred to liquid NMS medium. Bacterial growth dynamics in the culture solution was studied by optical density—OD600 and methane consumption. Changes in the methane concentration during incubation were controlled by the gas chromatography technique. Characterization of methanotrophs was made by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with Mg705 and Mg84 for type I methanotrophs and Ma450 for type II methanotrophs. Identification of endophytes was performed after 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and mmoX gene amplification. Our study confirmed the presence of both types of methanotrophic bacteria (types I and II) with the predominance of type I methanotrophs. Among cultivable methanotrophs, there were different strains of the genus Methylomonas and Methylosinus. Furthermore, we determined the potential of the examined bacteria for methane oxidation, which ranged from 0.463 ± 0.067 to 5.928 ± 0.169 μmol/L CH4/mL/day.

Plant gum exudates (Karau) and mucilages, their biological sources, properties, uses and potential applications: A review

This paper or review discusses the natural plant exudates and mucilages, their sources, properties and uses and the potential applications. Research in natural polymeric materials has witness growing interest and attention. This is attributable to a number of factors which include their relative abundance, low cost, biodegradable nontoxic, and ecofriendly profile.They are polymers that are mostly plant in origin with a vast applications.Polysaccharides hydrocolloids including gum and mucilage are abundant in nature and commonly found in many higher plants. These polysaccharides constitute a structurally diverse class of biological macromolecules with a broad range of physicochemical properties which are widely used for various applications in pharmacy, medicine, food and other non- food applications. In recent years those polymers derived from plants have evoke tremendous interest because of their industrial applications as diluent binders, thickening agents, smoothening, emulsifiers, gelling agents and stabilizers. This increasing research in this group of these plant materials are clear indications of their increasing importance.The fact for increase in importance of natural plant based materials is that plant resources are renewable and if cultivated or harvested in a sustainable manner, they can provide a constant supply of raw materials. To that effect, more understanding of their nature, physicochemical properties, sources, uses be gained so that can be used for wider applications. Key words :, Polymer,GumExudate, Mucilage, Biological sources, Potential application

Application of Ultrasound to Pharmaceutical Industry : An Overview

The term “ultrasound” means vibrations similar to sound waves with a frequency higher than 20 kHz. US waves, apart from sharing the usual properties of sound, they also show some new properties owing to high energies. This makes ultrasonic waves to find use in engineering, material science and medicine. The ability to tune the frequency and amplitude of ultrasonic waves makes this technology attractive in pharmaceutical field also. Ultrasound is a promising technology with wide applications in pharmacy such as in controlling particle size, controlled crystallization, production of nano materials, enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble drug candidates. Furthermore, ultrasound can be used in effluent treatment, separation and concentration of particulate sub-populations based on dimensions and physical properties. US technology is also found useful in processing and formulating delicate biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids because it ensures structural integrity of the molecules.

Avian Biotechnology.

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) generate new individuals through differentiation, maturation and fertilization. This means that the manipulation of PGCs is directly linked to the manipulation of individuals, making PGCs attractive target cells in the animal biotechnology field. A unique biological property of avian PGCs is that they circulate temporarily in the vasculature during early development, and this allows us to access and manipulate avian germ lines. Following the development of a technique for transplantation, PGCs have become central to avian biotechnology, in contrast to the use of embryo manipulation and subsequent transfer to foster mothers, as in mammalian biotechnology. Today, avian PGC transplantation combined with recent advanced manipulation techniques, including cell purification, cryopreservation, depletion, and long-term culture in vitro, have enabled the establishment of genetically modified poultry lines and ex-situ conservation of poultry genetic resources. This chapter introduces the principles, history, and procedures of producing avian germline chimeras by transplantation of PGCs, and the current status of avian germline modification as well as germplasm cryopreservation. Other fundamental avian reproductive technologies are described, including artificial insemination and embryo culture, and perspectives of industrial applications in agriculture and pharmacy are considered, including poultry productivity improvement, egg modification, disease resistance impairment and poultry gene "pharming" as well as gene banking.

Determination of Morin in Maclura cochinchinensis Heartwood by HPLC.

The HPLC-DAD method was developed to determine morin content in Maclura cochinchinensis Corner heartwood extract. The chromatographic separation was performed using a Hypersil BDS C18 column, isocratic solvent system of 0.5% acetic acid in water:acetonitrile (80:20) with 1.0 mL/min flow rate and detected at 355 nm. The standard curve of morin was linear in the range of 7-905 μg/mL. The method was precise with intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) of lower than 1% and 2.06% for inter-day RSD. The method accuracy represented by percent recover was 99.58%. The highly efficient HPLC system developed from this study could detect morin contents in M. cochinchinensis heartwood samples collected from various locations in Thailand in the range of 0.74-1.57% w/w. This developed method provided a useful standardization procedure of M. cochincihinesis materials for further application in pharmacy and other commercial developments.

Grit: An important characteristic in learners

Grit, or the perseverance and passion for long-term goals, has been associated with successful pursuits in academics, competitions, and professions outside of pharmacy. The fortitude needed to withstand tremendous physical, mental, and emotional stressors may be better predicted by grit than other factors. In those who demonstrate grit, a combination of factors may reflect academic achievement. It appears that achievement results when talent and effort are combined, with particular attention being paid to effort, as it is a function of the direction, duration, and intensity of a personʼs actions toward a goal. It appears that grit may be a good discriminating factor when evaluating individuals in other professions. The objective of this short commentary is to provide an introduction to the non-pharmacy literature surrounding grit and to suggest its applications in pharmacy.

ChemInform Abstract: Ferrocenyl‐Nucleobase Complexes: Synthesis, Chemistry and Applications

AbstractReview: 119 refs.

Simple and double microemulsions via the capillary breakup of highly stretched liquid jets

We present an exhaustive experimental and theoretical study of the shapes of simple and compound jets formed when one (simple) or two (compound) immiscible liquids are injected into another liquid. The viscosity of the co-flowing external liquid is chosen to vary the characteristic Reynolds number of the outer stream, $Re_{o}$, over a wide range of values. Our slender-body theory in Gordillo et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 738, 2014, pp. 335–357) is extended to predict the shapes of simple jets when $Re_{o}$ is such that $Re_{o}\gg 1$ and also to predict the shapes of compound jets in the case of $Re_{o}\lesssim O(1)$. The validity of our theoretical results, applicable to describe the dynamics of simple or compound jets within an outer carrier fluid in a wide variety of practical situations, is tested using a set-up where the liquids flow from a pressurized chamber towards an extraction tube, finding a very good agreement between the predicted and the observed shapes. Moreover, when $Re_{o}\lesssim O(1)$, and thanks to the fact that the liquid jets produced using our method are highly stretched in the downstream direction, we find that the values of the critical capillary number above which a steady stretched jet is produced, with the capillary number defined here using the outer stream velocity and viscosity, is well below the corresponding critical values characterizing other similar procedures, like flow focusing. This experimental result, which is supported by a spatio-temporal stability analysis in which the axial gradients of the unperturbed solution are retained in the dispersion relation, imply a substantial saving of energy and of the volume of outer liquid necessary to generate a steady capillary jet from which drops are regularly produced. Additionally, making use of continuity arguments and of the fact that drops are formed as a consequence of the growth of a capillary instability, we provide closed expressions for the drop diameters and their production frequencies when the capillary number is above the critical one, in very good agreement with experiments. The simple or double microemulsions generated by the capillary disintegration of the type of simple or compound highly stretched steady jets described here might find applications in biotechnology, pharmacy, cosmetics or materials science.