Applications In Pharmacy Research Articles

Chromatography and its Applications in Pharmacy

Chromatography and its Applications in Pharmacy

Chitosan nanoparticles: a contribution to nanomedicine

AbstractChitosan is a cationic polysaccharide that finds diverse applications in medicine and pharmacy because of its excellent biological qualities: it is biocompatible, biodegradable, mucoadhesive and non‐toxic, and exhibits antimicrobial, antiviral and immunoadjuvant properties. It can be easily processed in diverse forms, such as films, threads, tablets, membranes and microparticles/nanoparticles, allowing the design of a variety of medical and pharmacological devices adaptable to end purposes. In particular, chitosan nanoparticles have become of great interest as polymeric platforms for the development of new pharmacological and therapeutic drug release systems with improved biodistribution and increased specificity and sensitivity, and reduced pharmacological toxicity. Chitosan nanoparticles have been found appropriate for non‐invasive routes of drug administration: oral, nasal, pulmonary and ocular routes. These applications are facilitated by the absorption‐enhancing effect of chitosan. Additionally, chitosan nanoparticles have been proposed as non‐viral vectors in gene therapy and have shown adjuvant effect in vaccines. This paper reviews the main procedures developed for preparing chitosan nanoparticles. Moreover, it illustrates the state of the art of chitosan nanoparticle applications in drug delivery. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

Modified Cyclodextrins with Pendant Cationic and Anionic Moieties as Hosts for Highly Stable Inclusion Complexes and Molecular Recognition

Cyclodextrins bearing pendant cationic or anionic moieties have been shown to form highly stable inclusion complexes with oppositely charged organic molecules. These charged hosts are also capable of molecular recognition of various organic cations and anions such as nucleotides and other phosphates, sulfates, sulfonates, carboxylates, enantiomers of amino acids, bile acids and many others. This review summarizes work in this field published till the year 2009 including most common synthetic methods for the preparation of charged cyclodextrin derivatives and examples of their applications in bioorganic chemistry and pharmacy.

Stimuli-sensitive hydrogels for pharmaceutical and medical applications

Hydrogels are three-dimensional cross-linked hydrophilic polymers that swell in water and aqueous solutions without dissolving in them. They are very sensitive to environmental stimulus, which is manifested by a sharp phase transition. This feature is important for their application in the pharmaceutical field, especially for making formulations with controlled release of active ingredients, with the correction of the solubility, degradation and their toxicity reducing. Because of the compatibility with living tissues, hydrogels can be used in different medical purposes (for making contact lenses, stents, balloon catheters, artificial muscles, substitutes for arteries and veins, trachea, oviduct). This work presents methods (chemical and physical) for obtaining hydrogels, their properties and sensitivity to environmental stimuli (temperature, pH, magnetic field), as well as their potential application in medicine and pharmacy.

Poly(α-hydroxyacids) in biomedical applications: synthesis and properties of lactic acid polymers

AbstractPoly( -hydroxy acids), especially poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and their copolymers poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are novel class of commodity polymers, also used in biomedical applications. They can be synthesized with a controlled biodegradation rate and are biocompatible, bioresorbable and approved by US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for clinical use. Lactic acid polymers are developed in medicine (sutures, implants, orthopaedics, tissue engineering), pharmacy (controlled drug delivery systems) as well as in packaging, agriculture (mulch films, seed preservation), food applications, etc. The paper reviews recent literature data concerning lactic acid polymers synthesis (polycondensation, ring opening polymerization), physical (thermophysical, solubility, miscibility), mechanical properties, degradation behaviour, emphasizing on the poly(α -hydroxyacids) and lactic acid polymers applications in medicine and pharmacy.

Chitin deacetylase product inhibition

Chitin deacetylase is the only known enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of the acetamino linkage in the N-acetylglucosamine units of chitin and chitosan. This reaction can play an important role in enzymatic production of chitosan from chitin, or in enzymatic modification of chitosan, which has applications in medicine, pharmacy or plant protection. It was previously shown that acetic acid, a product of the deacetylation process, may act as an inhibitor of chitin deacetylase. Here we show the mechanism of inhibition of chitin deacetylase isolated from Absidia orchidis vel coerulea by acetic acid released during the deacetylation process. The process follows competitive inhibition with respect to acetic acid with an inhibition constant of K(i) = 0.286 mmol/L. These results will help to find the optimal system to carry out the enzymatic deacetylation process for industrial applications.

Polimery ze sladem molekularnym w naukach farmaceutycznych Cz. I. PODSTAWY PROCESU TWORZENIA SLADU MOLEKULARNEGO. ZASTOSOWANIE W SYNTEZIE LEKOW I TECHNOLOGII POSTACI LEKU

This paper is a review of the literature of studies on molecularly imprinted polymers. The studied polymers have found a wide range of applications in medicine and pharmacy due to their ability for selective and multiple adsorption of specific molecules. The fundamentals of the molecular imprinting process (Fig. 1.), and the possibilities of the application of molecularly imprinted polymers in drug synthesis and delivery systems have been presented. The application of molecularly imprinted polymers in pharmaceutical analysis is also discussed in the second part of the paper.

Nanofibers by Green Electrospinning of Aqueous Suspensions of Biodegradable Block Copolyesters for Applications in Medicine, Pharmacy and Agriculture

Poly(hexamethylene adipate)-PEO block copolymers (PHA-b-PEO) with different PEO contents were synthesized and processed to aqueous suspensions with high solid contents by a solvent displacement method followed by dialysis. The best suspension displayed a solid content of 16 wt.-% and an average particle size of 108 nm. This suspension was mixed with a small amount of high molecular weight PEO and Brij78 and electrospun into corresponding nanofibers. After extraction with water, nanofibers of PHA-b-PEO were obtained. Electrospinning of aqueous suspensions of biodegradable polyesters alleviates concerns regarding safety, toxicology and environmental problems, which are associated with spinning of such polyesters from harmful organic solvents and thereby offers novel perspectives for applications in medicine, pharmacy and agriculture. Electrospinning of polymers from aqueous suspensions avoiding harmful organic solvents is suggested to be "green electrospinning".

THERMO-RESPONSIVE HYDROGEL OF POLI VINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) - CO- N- ISOPROPYL ACRYLAMIDE (NIPAAM) PREPARED BY – RADIATION AS A MATRIX PUMPING/ON-OFF SYSTEM

Interpenetrating networks (IPN) crosslinked polymer of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) containing copolymer N-isopropylacryalmide (NIPAAm) were fabricated by radiation technique and characterized in terms of their aqueous swelling and critical behaviour. The influence of irradiation dose (> 10 kGy) and PVA concentration (5-15%wt ) on the gel fraction and swelling properties were investigated. With an increase of -γ irradiation dosage, the gel fraction of hydrogels was inclined to increase but the swelling behaviour decreased markedly. The incorporation of PVA into NIPAAm by irradiation led a significant increase in swelling capability when comparing to the pure homopolymer (NIPAAm) hydrogels. In addition, the shrinking rate upon heating was significantly improved if the PVA content in poly(PVA-co-NIPAAm) hydrogels was less than 15% wt%. at temperature exceeding the collapsed transition point, all copolymer gels collapsed to a state of nearly complete dehydration. Based on its swelling-deswelling properties in the repeated application, the hydrogels are stable and showed a behaviour as matrix pumping system/on-off. The hydrogels would have potential applications in chemistry, pharmacy, and health care purposes. Keywords: Hydrogel, PVA, Nipaam, radiation, swelling,LCST.

Wide-Inhibitory Spectra Bacteriocins Produced by Lactobacillus gasseri K7.

The aim of our study was to determine the genetic characterization and classification of Lb. gasseri K7 bacteriocins, comparison with bacteriocins of the Lb. gasseri LF221 strain and other related strains. Bacteriocin-encoding genes were amplified by PCR, subjected to DNA sequencing, and BLAST sequence analysis was performed to search the database for homologous peptides. Lb. gasseri K7 produces two two-peptide bacteriocins, named gassericin K7 A and gassericin K7 B. Their nucleotide sequences were deposited at GenBank, under accession numbers EF392861 for the gassericin K7 A and AY307382 for the gassericin K7 B. Analysis of gene clusters of bacteriocins in Lb. gasseri K7 strain revealed a 100 percent sequence identity with bacteriocins in LF221 strain. An active peptide of gassericin K7 B is homologous to the complementary peptide of gassericin T, and a complementary peptide of gassericin K7 B is homologous to the active peptide of gassericin T. Another surprising finding was that the sakacin T-beta peptide is partly homologous to the active peptide of gassericin K7 A, while the other sakacin T peptide (alfa) is partly homologous to the complementary peptide of gassericin K7 B. Gassericins of Lb. gasseri K7 strain were both classified as two-peptide bacteriocins. Human probiotic strains Lb. gasseri K7 and LF221 are different isolates but with identical bacteriocin genes. They produce wide-inhibitory spectra bacteriocins that are new members of two-peptide bacteriocins with some homologies to other bacteriocins in this group. Described bacteriocins offer a great potential in applications in food industry, pharmacy and biomedicine.

Introduction to hyphenated techniques and their applications in pharmacy

The hyphenated technique is developed from the coupling of a separation technique and an on-line spectroscopic detection technology. The remarkable improvements in hyphenated analytical methods over the last two decades have significantly broadened their applications in the analysis of biomaterials, especially natural products. In this article, recent advances in the applications of various hyphenated techniques, e.g., GC-MS, LC-MS, LC-FTIR, LC-NMR, CE-MS, etc. in the context of pre-isolation analyses of crude extracts or fraction from various natural sources, isolation and on-line detection of natural products, chemotaxonomic studies, chemical fingerprinting, quality control of herbal products, dereplication of natural products, and metabolomic studies are discussed with appropriate examples.

Controlled swelling and degradation studies of alginate microbeads in dilute natrium-citrate solutions

Alginate hydrogels are widely used in biomedicine due to alginate availability, hydrophilic nature, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Alginate microbeads are particularly attractive for applications in pharmacy and regenerative medicine due to high surface to volume ratio, low mass transfer limitations and simple implantation by injection. Aim of this work was to investigate possibilities for controlled degradation of alginate microbeads in cell culture medium (Dulbecco?s modified Eagle?s medium) with Na-citrate added in small concentrations (0.05 - 0.5 mM). Alginate microbeads (1.5% w/w, 800 m in diameter) were produced by electrostatic droplet extrusion and evaluated over a period of 10 days regarding appearance, kinetics and degree of swelling as well as biomechanical properties determined in a novel bioreactor with mechanical stimulation under in vivo-like conditions in articular cartilage (10% strain, 337.5 m/s compression rate). In the citrate concentration range investigated, microbeads initially swelled reaching an equilibrium value (~150-170% with respect to the initial mass), upon which they appeared stable for a certain period of time (1 to over 7 days) followed by bead bursting and degradation. This degradation process indicated that Na+ ions from the solution initially replaced Ca2+ ions bound mainly to COO- groups in polymannuronate sequences inducing electrostatic repulsion of polymer chains and, consequently, swelling of the beads. Citrate ions assisted in this process by forming insoluble calcium citrate. Thus, the specific rate of the bead swelling increased with the increase in citrate concentration approaching a maximal value of ~0.34 d-1. In the last phase, the beads burst into pieces, which slowly continued to degrade by replacement of Ca2+ ions bonded to polyguluronate blocks in the egg-box structure. Compression moduli for packed beds of control, freshly produced microbeads, and microbeads swelled at the equilibrium degree after 3 days of staying in 0.2 mM Na-citrate solution were 136.6 ? 2.8 and 30.8 ? 1.3 kPa, respectively. By day 7 in this solution, the beads still appearing structurally intact, further lost their mechanical strength due to continued polymer chain relaxation so that the compression modulus was 20.7 to 22.6 kPa owed almost solely to undegraded polyguluronate parts. Results of these studies are important from a fundamental standpoint for determination of structure and degradation mechanisms of alginate hydrogels but also from a practical point of view for optimization of hydrogel properties and behavior for potential applications in controlled drug release as well as in tissue engineering.

AMOBILISASI SEL LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS FNCC116 UNTUK DEMINERALISASI LIMBAH KULIT UDANG DALAM PENGOLAHAN KITIN

Chitin, a homopolimer, is the most abundant renewable natural resources after cellulose. Chitin and its derivatives hold many applications in agriculture, textile, pharmacy and medic. Chitin that extracted from waste shrimp shells by biological fermentation has better quality than chemical procees. Demineralization of chitin by biological procees use lactic acid as product of fermentation. Deproteinization of chitin use proteolytic activity of enzyme that produce by bacteria in fermentation. Lacto-bacillus acidophilus FNCC116 has been immobilized by entrapment methods and 2% sodium alginate in 0,2 M CaCl2 as the matric . The ability of immobilized Lacto-bacillus acidophilus FNCC116 cell in fermentation was tested. The fermentation that was carried out in medium which consist of 6% glukosa, 1,5% yeast extract, 0,003% MnSO4 0,003% FeSO4.7H2O, 0,02% MgSO4.7H2O and has been producted 2,24% lactic acid. Demineralization of waste shrimp shell with 30% immobilized Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC116 cell has successfully decreased ash content tol 1,18% and produced lactic acid maximum 2.24%. Immobilization of Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC116 cell promised an efficient method in bioproceesing of chitin recovery. Key words : Immobilization cell, chitin, Lactobacillus acidophilus.

The Pharmacy Student Population: Applications Received 2007–08, Degrees Conferred 2007–08, Fall 2008 Enrollments

This report presents data that describe the 2007-08 pharmacy application pool, degrees conferred in 2007-08, and fall 2008 pharmacy program enrollments. Data for this report were requested from the one hundred and twelve (112) U.S. colleges and schools of pharmacy recognized by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) using five separate survey instruments. There were previously two professional education programs at U.S. colleges and schools of pharmacy: one leading to a baccalaureate in pharmacy, and the other leading to the doctor of pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree. However, June 30, 2005 marked the official expiration of the ACPE standards to the baccalaureate in pharmacy (B.S. Pharmacy) degree programs in accordance with the transition to the doctor of pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree as the sole professional degree program in the U.S. Some colleges and schools of pharmacy conferred degrees in the B.S. Pharmacy program until 2004-05. For the purpose of this report, students in doctor of pharmacy programs are categorized under Pharm.D.1 when the program leads to a doctor of pharmacy degree conferred as the first professional degree. Students who have already received a baccalaureate in pharmacy and are enrolled in a doctor of pharmacy degree program are categorized under Pharm.D.2. The following definitions refer to the race/ethnicity groups as used in this report. White, black or African American, and Hispanic or Latino refer to students of the respective race/ethnicity who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. or its territories. The Asian, native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander group includes students who are Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Korean, Vietnamese, Japanese, Asian Indian, Guamanian, Samoan, or Pacific Islanders who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. or its territories. The American Indian or Alaska native classification includes Native Americans, Eskimos, and Aleuts who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. or its territories. Students listed under Other are those who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. or its territories, but for whom race/ethnicity is unknown. Included in Foreign are all students who are foreign, nonpermanent residents of the U.S., regardless of race/ethnicity.

Stimuli-Responsive Polymersomes for Programmed Drug Delivery

In the past decade, polymersomes (also referred to as polymeric vesicles) have attracted rapidly growing interest based on their intriguing aggregation phenomena, cell and virus-mimicking dimensions and functions, as well as tremendous potential applications in medicine, pharmacy, and biotechnology. Unlike liposomes self-assembled from low molecular weight lipids, polymersomes are in general prepared from macromolecular amphiphiles of various architectures including amphiphilic diblock, triblock, graft and dendritic copolymers. Polymersomes exhibit very unique features highlighted with high stability, tunable membrane properties, versatility, and capacity of transporting hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic species such as anticancer drugs, genes, proteins, and diagnostic probes. Recently, much effort has been directed to the development of intelligent polymersomes that respond to internal or external stimuli, in particular, pH, temperature, redox potential, light, magnetic field, and ultrasound, either reversibly or nonreversibly. Stimuli-sensitive polymersomes have emerged as novel programmable delivery systems in which the release of the encapsulated contents can be readily modulated by the stimulus. The stimuli-responsive release may result in significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy and minimized possible side effects. It is also feasible to form and disassemble polymersomes in water simply by applying an appropriate stimulus. In this article, recent advances in stimuli-sensitive polymersomes have been reviewed, and perspectives on future developments have been discussed.

Book Review: Tharwat F. Tadros (Ed.): Colloid Stability and Application in Pharmacy

Starch - StärkeVolume 60, Issue 11 p. 654-654 Book Review Book Review: Tharwat F. Tadros (Ed.): Colloid Stability and Application in Pharmacy Friedrich Schierbaum, Friedrich Schierbaum PotsdamSearch for more papers by this author Friedrich Schierbaum, Friedrich Schierbaum PotsdamSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 November 2008 https://doi.org/10.1002/star.200890065AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume60, Issue11No. 11 November 2008Pages 654-654 RelatedInformation

Optimization of benzoin synthesis in supercritical carbon dioxide by response surface methodology (RSM)

α-Hydroxy ketones are important precursors for biologically active compounds, especially benzoins have important applications in chemistry and pharmacy. In this study enantioselective synthesis of benzoin was studied in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO 2). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effects of temperature ( T), pressure ( P) and pH on enantiomeric excess of chiral benzoin using Candida cylindracea lipase in SCCO 2. A 2 3 factorial design was performed to optimize the chiral benzoin synthesis. The optimum conditions were found as 40 °C, 79 bar, pH 6.4 and at these conditions enantiomeric excess (ee) was obtained as 62% ( R-benzoin). At the optimum conditions, bases such as DMAP (4-dimethylaminopyridine) and triethylamine were added to reaction medium to increase kinetic resolution. The addition of DMAP considerably enhanced the enantiomeric excess (80% S-benzoin), while triethylamine had negative effect on ee.

The Pharmacy Student Population: Applications Received 2006–07, Degrees Conferred 2006–07, Fall 2007 Enrollments

The Pharmacy Student Population: Applications Received 2006–07, Degrees Conferred 2006–07, Fall 2007 Enrollments

Separation and structural analysis of lignan glycoside isolated from Vaccinium myrtillus L. rhizomes

Lignans are a group of important plant polyphenols structurally characterized by the coupling of two phenylpropanoid units, usually by a bond between the propane side chains. It is assumed that lignans play an important role in plant defence and regulation of plant growth. Moreover, they are regarded as bioactive compounds with possible application in pharmacy and nutrition, some of them are yet applied in clinical medicine. Lignans occur widely in vascular plants and so far several hundreds of lignans have been identified. However, the procedure of extraction and further analysis of these compounds is sometimes complicated due to the risk of contamination, losses in yield and unexpected chemical reactions. Therefore, we applied the method of the droplet counter-current chromatography, DCCC, to separate the lignan from ethanol extract of V. myrtillus rhizomes (Fig. 1) in only one chromatographic step. As a liquid-liquid partition technique without any solid stationary phase, it operates under gentle conditions and allows non-destructive isolation even of labile compounds.

A Communication Course for a Linguistically Diverse Student Population

To establish an elective course designed to improve oral communication skills of students whose first or best language or dialect is not North American English. A course that combined English as a Second Language pedagogy with pharmacy applications and content was created. Class exercises on language skills in pharmacy-specific content areas were conducted. Course evaluations were administered at the end of each course offering. The majority of students in the 11 sections who completed Oral Communication in Health Care improved their oral skills sufficiently to pass the exit examination and clinical courses requiring oral proficiency. Course evaluation forms show that students found this course useful, including the 15 students who took the course in fall 2005, described here. An oral communication course targeted to students enrolled in a doctor of pharmacy or pharmaceutical sciences degree program whose first or best language was not English resulted in improved mastery of course outcomes and thus improved oral communication skills. As with any language acquisition process, continued practice is required to maintain proficiency.