Reality Applications Research Articles

A novel top‐k key node query problem in subgraph matching and its greedy strategy

AbstractTop‐k node selection in graph data is an essential problem in computer science and applications. In view of an important issue in the field of graph data, subgraph matching issue, we define the problem and propose its method for the top‐k key node query w.r.t. the subgraph matching. Unlike the general top‐k query problem, we aim to find out k nodes that make the matching subgraphs in data graph G that are covered by the k nodes as more as possible. This is a problem of the maximum coverage of subgraph matching, which belongs to the NP‐hard problem. We study the problem based on a greedy algorithm and give an intuitive solution. Considering the characteristics of the top‐k problem, we propose an improved and more efficient greedy algorithm. Experiments on real social network graph data set (Twitter) show that the related results represent the key nodes that can better reveal the essential characteristics of the query graph in the data graph G. The key node query problem in subgraph matching proposed in this article may have extensive applications in reality, such as the assessment of the influence of specific group members in social network, the detection of abnormal communication in a computer communication network, the road traffic evaluation and load balance problem in a road traffic network, and so on.

Analysis on the Application of Virtual Reality in Military Mapping and Training Simulation

Analysis on the Application of Virtual Reality in Military Mapping and Training Simulation

Tailored Immersion: Implementing Personalized Components Into Virtual Reality for Veterans With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

With the application of virtual reality (VR), tailored interventions can be created that mirror the traumatic experiences of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Visual elements can be mimicked, and auditory and other senses stimulated. In doing so, the degree of immersion can be adjusted to optimize the therapeutic process. Objectively measuring the sensory immersion is key to keep subjects within their personal window of tolerance. Based on this information the therapist can decide manipulate the sensory stimulation embedded in the treatment. The objectives of this article are to explore the different immersive design aspects of VRET that can be modified to influence the experienced presence in veterans with PTSD, and to discuss possible methods of measuring the emotional response facilitated by immersive design aspects and experienced presence. Four design aspects are discussed: system, sensory cues, narrative and challenge. We also report on a user experiment in three veterans that informed on quality and depth of immersion. Believability of the neutral virtual environment was important for maintaining the veterans’ presence within the VR experience. The immersive design aspects that were personalized and supportive in the narrative of the veteran such as music and self-selected images appeared to have a strong influence on recall and reliving of the traumatic events. Finally, in order to increase the therapeutic effect in veterans with PTSD, the highlighted design aspects should be recognized and tailored to maximize immersion in virtual reality exposure therapy.

Nasal visual field of origin contributes to interocular competition strength

During binocular rivalry (BR), perceptual dominance alternates between the inputs of the eyes, meaning that (at any time) the non-dominating input is suppressed, despite being projected on a retina. It has been proposed that BR is the result of interocular competition (IOC), where the input that 'wins' the competition becomes the dominant percept. Both top-down factors (e.g., attention, working memory content) and bottom-up factors (e.g., saliency, eye dominance) have been shown to affect IOC. One factor has remained largely disregarded, however: the input’s visual field of origin. The lack of attention to this factor is surprising, since the visual field of origin is known to affect performance in various contexts outside of BR. Exploratory analyses on previously gathered data using a breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) paradigm suggested that nasally presented targets (i.e., presented in the nasal visual hemifield (VHF)) broke through suppression faster than temporally presented targets. We confirmed this exploratory observation in a reanalysis of five independent b-CFS datasets. Strikingly, we found that the effect of VHF was even larger (by 25%) than the well-established effect of eye dominance, as measured by response time differences in the b-CFS paradigm. Importantly, the magnitude of the VHF effect depended on the strength of IOC, both within-observers (recessive > dominant eye), and across-observers (weak > strong eye-dominance). These findings show that the VHF effect reported here is specific to IOC, rather than reflecting a generic visual field anisotropy. Lastly, we simulated 10.000 datasets to show that our findings did not spuriously emerge from our analysis pipeline. Taken together, we demonstrate a substantial advantage for visual input from the nasal VHF during IOC. These findings have broad implications for augmented/virtual reality applications and yield important methodological considerations for researchers utilizing IOC-based paradigms to investigate the contents and functions of human consciousness.

Current Status and Challenge for Implementation in Clinical Application of Augmented Reality in Orthopedics Department at a Medical Center

With technical development, artificial intelligence (AI) has been actively involving in the healthcare industry. Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience with the combination of virtual objects and a real-world environment, and the objects reside in the environment of the real world through computer-generated images for the purpose to enhance perceptual effects, which can be applied in the fields of medical education and clinical practice. Researchers have found that learning motives and interests may be raised by AR. At a medical center, the inter-specialty team from the Teaching Department and Rehabilitation Department jointly developed an AR Medical Education App, which involves 44 muscle strength and walking exercises, including 6 upper limb movements, 28 lower limb exercises, and 10 cardiorespiratory exercises. Various exercise packages can be designed by health caregivers based on patient’s needs in exercise. The Orthopedics Ward applied it in the respiration training for patients who underwent spinal surgery, preventing respiratory comorbidities. The improved postoperative pulmonary function has been found when compared with that before surgery, with statistical significance. Respiration, upper and lower limbs exercises were persistently performed in patients who underwent spinal surgery, which also has been incorporated in routine nursing care to add diverse options of patient education materials for nursing personnel. In the future, aspects that required further efforts include: expanded software equipment, simplified operation mode, increased user-friendly features for equipment, and expended plentifulness of contents.

Pengaruh Point Vuforia Object Scanner Terhadap Karakteristik 3D Object untuk Menampilkan Informasi Berbasis Augmented Reality

Augmented Reality (AR) applications are one of the current mobile app trends. Its ability to display information as if to make the user merge with the information provided. The specialty of the application is in the marker. One marker that is in great demand is known as markerless, such as 3D Object Tracking. In making this 3D Object-based AR application, one must pass a stage where a real object is taken at points or known as points to be used as markers. The application used at this stage of making markers is known as the vuforia object scanner. From the experience of making AR applications, it was found conditions where markers with a large number of points were not able to display information properly, a small number of points were able to display information well and sometimes the two conditions were opposite or comparable, i.e. a lot of points makes a good marker and a few points make a bad marker. This inconsistent condition becomes a problem in this study. The test results show that the points do not affect the marker's ability to display information, but are influenced by the characteristics of the object used as the marker. Tests conducted on randomly selected objects resulted in 2 parameters to be tested in this study, namely the texture and pattern of the object. Markers with good quality to be used as markers for 3D objects are markers with a hard texture, with a detection angle of 90° and 135° and with a regular pattern

Application of augmented reality methods in construction

The application of virtual augmented reality (AR) in the construction industry based on the use of information modeling technologies (BIM) has great prospects. An augmented reality space with a presence effect can facilitate better interaction between customers and specialists in various technical issues related to the implementation of the construction project. Combined with the concept of building information modeling, AR technologies can improve the general understanding of the construction process. Using the newest augmented reality technologies allows you to work out both the entire project and its individual details as accurately as possible. Object visualization in the real world can be improved by combining AR as well as BIM technologies, since the interactive capabilities provided by AR software and access to BIM information data allow you to more intuitively solve the tasks of maintenance and construction management. This article analyzes the current state of augmented reality technologies in construction, identifies the problems and prospects of using these innovative technologies in the construction sector, describes the methods of using the latest technologies under study in the construction sector, and also presents indicators affecting decision-making using augmented reality technologies. The article considers the possibility of reducing the implementation time of certain stages of investment and construction activities taking into account the introduction of augmented reality, provides examples of construction companies from different countries developing software and development companies using augmented reality technologies for marketing purposes, and concludes that augmented reality is promising in construction.

The Development of Mobile Augmented Reality-Based Science Learning Media on Earth Layer Materials and Disasters in Class VII Junior High School

This research aims to produce products in the form of printed modules and CDs containing augmented reality (AR) applications. The AR application on the CD was transferred to the mobile phone and installed. Augmented reality technology in the form of 3D animation and video appears by scanning markers or images in the module using the AR application camera on the mobile phone. One of the 3D animations shown is an animation of the earth, while one of the videos shown is a video about layers in the Earth's atmosphere. This research method uses research and development R&D (Research and Development) with the ADDIE model development model. The ADDIE model consists of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. This research is only up to the development stage. The source of the data used in this research is the assessment score that comes from a questionnaire in the form of a checklist filled out by an expert validator. The data obtained showed that the material validation score was 3.48 (high category) and the media validation score was 3.51 (very high category). The results of this research indicate that the mobile augmented reality-based science learning media on the Earth layer and disaster material has been valid in terms of material and media, so it is suitable to be used as a learning media for the Earth layer and disaster in class VII junior high school.

Architecture and Architectural Patterns for Mobile Augmented Reality

A software architecture codifies the design choices of software developers, which defines a modularorganizational spine for the design of a software artefact. Different architectures may bespecified for different types of artefacts, a real-time interactive artefact, for example, wouldhave markedly different requirements to those of a batch based transactional system. The use ofsoftware architecture becomes increasingly important as the complexity ofartefacts increases. Augmented Reality blends the real world observed through a computerinterface, with a computer generated virtual world. With the advent ofpowerful mobile devices, Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR)applications have become increasingly feasible, however the increased power hasled to increased complexity. Most MAR research has been directed towardstechnologies and not design resulting in a dearth of architecture and design literature for MAR. This research is targeted at addressing this void. The main requirement that a MAR architecture must meet isidentified as being the efficient real-time processing of data streams such asvideo frames and sensor data. A set of highly parallelised architecturalpatterns are documented within the context of MAR that meet thisrequirement. The contribution of this research is a software architecture, codifiedas architectural patterns, for MAR.

Augmented Reality (AR) Enhances the Effectiveness of Lung Expansion in Spinal Surgery Patients -Preliminary Study

Background: After spinal surgery, patients often have changes in respiratory system due to general anesthesia. Preoperative respiratory rehabilitation and respiratory muscle training are found to be effective in reducing the postoperative pulmonary complications.Aim: Comparing the differences in the effects of postoperative lung expansion in patients with spinal surgery by using the conventional paper-based and the application of augmented reality (AR) health education methods, and understanding the acceptance of the use of AR by clinical nursing staff.Subject and methods: The quasi experiment was adopted; the control group was paper-based conventional health education and the experimental group was AR health education. The Trifflow breathing exercise was taught one day before operation. The frequency of exercise was 5-10 minutes each time and four times a day. The exercise was started from the day before operation and was continued until being discharged from the hospital. The pulmonary capacities were measured one day before the operation and on the day of leaving the hospital. Twenty people were recruited in both groups. There were 20 nursing staff participated in this study in total. The acceptance level of using AR was surveyed by using self-administered structured questionnaire.Result: In the experimental group, females were accounted for 65%, 55% of them were under 64 years old, and 30% of them with primary education level; in the control group, 85% of them were females, 70% of them were over 65 years old, and 30% with primary education level. The vital capacities measured at the time of discharge comparing with that before the operation were increased in both group, which reached a statistical difference (p=0.001). However, there was no significantly statistical difference between different groups. In terms of AR recognition by nursing staff: 75.0% thought that “the current health education tools are not enough”, 90% agreed that “acceptance of AR by patient and family”, 75% agreed that “the AR used in this health education process is convenient”, “the use of AR in this health education process is interactive”, and “AR health education makes the whole health education process more interesting”. Seventy percent agreed that “I have enough relevant resources to use AR health education”.Conclusion: Both traditional and AR health education models can improve the pulmonary function of patients, and there were significantly statistical differences. However, nursing staff felt that the current health education tools were not enough and thought that AR was interactive, interesting and convenient.Recommendation: The AR medical education has the advantages of interactive games and instant feedback. It can be utilized in clinical services to provide nurses with different models of health education.

Adaptive Virtual Reality Design Methodology

The article provides an integrated analysis of practical application of virtual reality (VR) in healthcare. Modern VR products have been created for the diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, alcohol dependence, phobic disorders, and teenage depression. Information on such products is limited to simple scenes, without adaptation to the user. The article shows a prospect for creating a virtual system with biological feedback. The proposed system is a set of portable and stationary devices for recording physiological signals and immersion into a virtual reality environment, as well as smart nodes for registration, processing, and decision-making to correct the user's mental state. Technologies for wire/wireless transfer of audio-visual and parametric information in virtual reality systems are discussed. The analyses include the features (advantages and disadvantages) of using virtual reality in conditions of optical information transfer, wireless protocols, and wire interfaces that provide user communication with virtual reality system and technical solutions.

Designing a Mixed Reality Extension for an Educational Board Game on Fractions

Fractions are one of the most complex and challenging notions for children and can often lead to frustration and a revulsion for mathematics in general. In this article, we present the Magic Cauldron, a Mixed Reality (MR) application, designed to help children apprehend fractions in a fun and interactive way. The proposed solution is a digital extension to a board game, called the Potion Workshop that is used to introduce fractions in more than 2000 schools in France. We put together a team, composed of the mathematics didacticians who designed the Potion Workshop, several teachers who use this game in their class, a multimedia designer and computer scientists, in order to create a MR game that would tackle several of the key notions that are still hard to grasp. In this article, we present the Design-Based method followed by this team. It offers insights on how to implicate non-computer scientists in the design of complex custom MR interactions. Through several cycles of collaborative design, involving three teachers and their students and the development of three prototypes, this method allowed us to produce a truly original MR application.

Exploring the Role of Distraction in Weak Flow–Performance Link Based on VR Searching Tasks

The weak association between flow experience and task performance (also known as weak flow-performance link) can reduce the positive effect of virtual reality (VR) applications. Distraction caused by incongruence between the primary task and interactive artifacts may be a direct factor leading to the weak link, but it has still not been tested. To empirically test this assumption and explore approaches to alleviate it, we developed the ‘VR searching paradigm’ and a prototype VR system, based on which three comparative experiments were conducted. Study 1 tested the effect of distraction and proved that high levels of distraction caused by incongruence can lead to the weak link (β = 0.198, p = 0.391). Next, two common design guidelines were proposed to deal with distraction. Study 2 tested the effect of reducing conspicuous but task-irrelevant distractors (guideline 1) on flow-performance link. Study 3 tested the effect of providing visual cues (utilizing distractors to achieve task-oriented selective attention), which is guideline 2, on flow-performance link. The results of studies 2 and 3 revealed that both guidelines helped enhance the task performance without damaging flow experience, alleviating the weak link problem (β = 0.351, p = 0.031; β = 0.255, p = 0.041). Our results provide the first piece of evidence that directly proves the effect of distraction on weak flow-performance link, which helps improve the explanation of the mechanism. Moreover, this paper is the first that proves the effectiveness of two easy approaches to alleviating the weak link by way of guiding the user’s task-relevant attention.

Cognitive Environment at “Bansko Cultural Heritage Promotion Center”

The present research is based on “Methodics for Preservation and Promotion of the Cultural Heritage with Artistic Interactions and Educational Impacts through Information and Communication Technologies (Nenov 2019), and the application of “the possibilities to promote cultural heritage with artistic interactions and educational impacts through the application of modern information and communication technologies (ICT), applying an interdisciplinary analysis of the scientific information for the cultural heritage sites” (Nenov 2019). Analysis of the activities for preservation and promotion of the cultural heritage has been made in the context of the concept, prepared by author team headed by architect Nenov – “Concept for activities for revitalization of the tourist attractions for promotion of intangible cultural heritage sites, under category “national” significance in the town of Bansko. (Nenov 2019a). The concept explores the impact of the environment in the “House of Arts Bansko” and the prerequisites for its reconstruction in “Cultural Heritage Promotion Center”. The applicability of notions, such as “cognition”, “cognitive architecture”, “interpretation of the cultural heritage”, “media façade”, educational “STEM” method and “authentic artistic interactions”, related to the research, is being analyzed as new approach for preservation and promotion of the cultural heritage. The significance of the interpretation of the cultural heritage in the context of ICT capabilities for the promotion of tangible and intangible cultural values is substantiated. Present examples for application of the Augmented reality (AR) are examined. The study presents the “possibilities for interpretation of the cultural heritage through visual research with information and communication technologies (ICT) in a real “in situ” and museum environment in the context of the cultural heritage sites and using the cited methodics, which was introduced in the dissertation “Conservation of the cultural heritage of Bulgaria in the context of the synthesis of architecture and fine arts “(Nenov 2016–2019). The possibilities for building cognitive environment are explored in the context of introduction of new technologies and good practices for popularization of the cultural heritage.

Comparison of the usability and flow experience of an exercise promotion virtual reality programme for different age groups

ABSTRACT Population aging has become a common phenomenon worldwide, and various virtual reality (VR) applications are emerging. In this study, a VR exercise software programme was designed and compared with conventional exercise equipment in terms of the differences in usability and immersion perceived by middle-aged, older, and young adults. A VR software programme for dumbbell stretching exercise was designed, and 62 participants were invited. The participants were divided into a middle-aged and older adult group and a young adult group. Each participant used the designed software and physical dumbbells to complete three tasks. The results revealed that (1) software usability and immersion differed significantly between middle-aged and older adults and young adults; (2) the mean interface learnability score of the young adults was significantly higher than that of the middle-aged and older adults; and (3) the mean scores of the overall immersion and the four indicators for the VR exercise were higher than those for the physical exercise, regardless of whether the scores were examined among all participants or for the two age groups separately. The results of this study may provide designers within insights into the development VR software for older adults.

A universal, multifunctional, high-practicability superhydrophobic paint for waterproofing grass houses

Roof leakage is a common phenomenon on rainy days and makes residents uncomfortable. Superhydrophobic materials are promising candidates to protect grass houses from rainwater. However, mechanical weakness, chemical corrosion, and UV light sensitivity are the three main challenges restricting these nonwetting materials from wider application in real life. Herein, we developed an inorganic–organic superhydrophobic paint (IOS-PA) for preparing a waterproof grass house. IOS-PA not only showed mechanical robustness and chemical anticorrosion but also displayed self-healing properties, anti-icing properties, and high and low temperature (150 °C and −196 °C) resistance. Photocatalysis was also achieved with IOS-PA, as demonstrated by organic matter (Nile red, methyl blue, and methyl orange) degradation. Moreover, extremely long-term UV resistance, i.e., resistance to UV irradiation (365 nm, 5.0 ± 0.6 mW/cm2) for 100 h and ambient sunlight for 8640 h (1 year), caused the conflicting properties of superhydrophobicity and photocatalysis to coexist in IOS-PA, further accomplishing self-cleaning for the removal of both dirt particles and organic contamination. Specifically, a grass house coated with IOS-PA exhibited favorable waterproof properties, indicating the potential to ensure comfortable living conditions for people living in undeveloped areas, even on rainy days. With a variety of excellent characteristics, IOS-PA, we believe, is advantageous for scalable production and practical application in reality.

The Application of Virtual Reality to (Mechatronics Engineering) by Creating an Articulated Robotic Work Cell Using EON Reality V9.22.24.24477

Virtual reality, VR, offers many benefits to technical education, including the delivery of information through multiple active channels, the addressing of different learning styles, and experiential-based learning. This paper presents work performed by the authors to apply VR to engineering education, in three broad project areas: virtual robotic learning, virtual mechatronics laboratory, and a virtual manufacturing platform. The first area provides guided exploration of domains otherwise inaccessible, such as the robotic cell components, robotic kinematics and work envelope. The second promotes mechatronics learning and guidance for new mechatronics engineers when dealing with robots in a safe and interactive manner. And the third provides valuable guidance for industry and robotic based manufacturing, allowing a better view and simulating conditions otherwise inaccessible.

Efficient Carrier Recombination in InGaN Pyramidal µ-LEDs Obtained through Selective Area Growth

Pyramid-shaped InGaN/GaN micro-light-emitting diodes (μ-LEDs) were grown on a sapphire substrate using the selective area growth technique. A stable emission wavelength of a single μ-LED pyramid at 412 nm was observed under an injection current from 0.05 to 20 mA, despite the non-uniformity of the thickness and composition of the multiple quantum wells (MQWs) on the sidewall. An efficient carrier confinement and, thus, a high luminescence intensity were demonstrated in the middle of the sidewall through spatial-resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) characterization and were predicted by theoretical simulations. An ultra-high output power density of 1.37 kW/cm2 was obtained from the single μ-LED pyramid, illustrating its great potential for application in high-brightness micro-displays and in virtual reality and augmented reality (VR and AR) applications.

Recent progress of organic light-emitting diode microdisplays for augmented reality/virtual reality applications

Microdisplays have been used in various applications such as beam projectors, view finders of digital cameras, projection TVs, night vision for military use, and augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR) devices. Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) microdisplays have attracted much attention as main displays of glass-type and head-mounted-type AR/VR devices due to their rich colors, high contrast ratio, fast response time, small form factor, and high resolution. This review investigates the device, process, pixel circuit, and panel technologies for OLED microdisplays. In addition, the technology status and issues of OLED microdisplays are discussed.

Augmented Reality Mobile Application as Learning Media in Science Subject for the Post Gen Z Generation

The total population of Indonesia as of September 2020 is based on the official statistical news number 07/01/th. XXIV, 21 January 2021 issued by the Indonesian Statistics Center, totaling 270.20 million people and 10.88% or 29,397,760 people are the post Gen Z generation born from 2013 onwards with an estimated age up to 7 years of age. The post Gen Z generation is a generation that is categorized as early childhood. Moreover, learning from an early age is important so that children are familiarized with the knowledge they are most interested in and mastered so that it makes it easier for them to understand it. Especially if the learning material is delivered electronically via a smartphone which is associated with the application of the Augmented Reality (AR) method so that they are more interested in learning and with a different atmosphere in terms of delivering face-to-face subject matter in class which is sometimes boring. In this paper, we design and implement a learning model equipped with AR technology to make it easier for young children to learn subject matter that is important for their future and limited to science subject matter. In this paper, a mobile application with AR technology is proposed where users can learn from the images they capture and gain learning from the perspective of these images. What's more, the application of AR technology is also more practical and reduces the burden of carrying heavy and thick books in studying a subject matter. The model was designed using a use case diagram as a business process design and class diagrams for database design including the user interface as a representation of communication between users and applications.