Antioxidant Effects Of Methanolic Extract Research Articles

Antioxidant Effects of Methanolic Extract of Quercus infectoria as a Supplement against Oxidative Stress Induced by Sub-acute Exposure to Arsenic; An in vivo Study

Background: Exposure to arsenic through drinking water is a global health problem that causes multisystem toxicity, mainly by inducing oxidative stress and impairing cellular energy. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effect of Quercus infectoria gall extract (Qi) against oxidative stress induced by sub acute exposure to arsenic. Methods: The plant galls were extracted with methanol and were used for the determination of total phenolic content using Folin-Cio calteu reagent. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups of 6 animals and treated for 30 days. Negative and positive control groups received, respectively, normal saline and sodium arsenite (5.5 mg/kg) by gavage. Treatment groups received three doses of Qi (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection 2 h. after oral administration of normal saline or sodium arsenite (5.5 mg/kg) (As-Qi). After 30 days, all animals were anesthetized with ketamine/xylasine and 2 mL of blood was taken for measurement of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), lipid peroxidation (measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA)) and protein carbonylation of plasma. Results: Total phenolic content of the plant was determined to be 5.78 ± 0.23 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract. The results of pharmacological studies indicated that in arsenic treated animals, a significant decrease in TAC, increase in lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation happens compared to control group. Co-administration of Qi (600 mg/kg) with arsenic significantly increased TAC compared with arsenic group (0.245 ± 0.007 versus 0.183 ± 0.027 for arsenic) (p < 0.05), while the serum MDA level (1.880 ± 0.499 versus 2.795 ± 0.112 for arsenic) and protein carbonylation were decreased in this group compared with arsenic treated animals (0.128 ± 0.007 versus 0.159 ± 0.009 for arsenic) (p <0.01). In non-treated arsenic animals (NTAS), all three doses of Qi improved oxidative stress markers. Conclusion: Arsenic disrupt cellular antioxidant defense through overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the Qi galls are able to revert some of these oxidant activities of arsenic. Previous studies have reported antioxidants in the plant and the present work can conclude that antioxidant effect of Qi is useful against happened oxidative stress in arsenic treated animals.

Regulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses by methanol extract of Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B. L. Rob. leaves via the inactivation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and activation of Nrf2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages

Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob. has been traditionally used in tropical countries throughout Asia and Africa to treat gastric ulcers, dyspepsia, and dysentery. However, the mechanisms responsible for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities are not fully understood. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of methanol extracts of M. cordata (MMC) on inflammation and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and elucidate its underlying regulatory mechanism. MMC significantly suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by downregulating the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at both the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, MMC effectively reduced the mRNA expression levels and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). These suppressive effects of MMC on pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines were mediated through the inhibition of transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which subsequently blocked the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). MMC also upregulated the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by inducing the degradation of Kelch-like ECH-related protein 1 (Keap1), an Nrf2-specific E3 ligase. Accordingly, MMC enhanced Nrf2 target gene expression of anti-oxidative regulators such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). However, it had minimal effect on the DPPH radical scavenging capacity in vitro. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that MMC holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating inflammation-related diseases and oxidative stress.

TO EVALUATE THE CARDIOPROTECTIVE AND ANTI-OXIDANT EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS IN WISTAR RATS

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the cardio protective and anti-oxidant effect of methanolic extract of the leaves of Tribulus terrestris (TT) in Wistar Rats. Methods: Extracted leaves of TT were evaluated for cardioprotective and antioxidant activities in in vivo model. Thirty rats were divided into 5 groups. Group I and II served as normal control and disease control (doxorubicin 20 mg/kg I.P.), respectively, while Group III was the treated group with standard drug (vitamin-E 10 mg/kg P.O). Group IV and V served as the test groups, which were pre-treated with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight per day of “TT,” and the treatment was given for 7 days, On the 5th day, doxorubicin was given I.P 20 mg/kg, then 48 h after I.P of doxorubicin, animals were sacrifice and then blood samples was taken for biochemical estimation, and the rat heart for histopathological examination. Along with it, antioxidant studies were carried out using heart tissue homogenate from each group. Results: The administration of doxorubicin to control group’s rats presented a significant increase in serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein, creatine kinase-MB, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Rats treated with TT showed decreased TCs, TGs, low-density lipoprotein, CKMB, SGOT, SGPT, and increases HDL levels. The histopathological studies also showed that the TT significantly minimized the damage induced by doxorubicin. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the TT could be a potential candidate for the treatment of cardiotoxicity.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of methanol extract of latex of Calotropis procera in rat model of colorectal cancer

Ethnopharmacological relevancePreparations derived from the plant Calotropis procera, have been used for medicinal purpose though the plant is known for its toxic effects. The aerial parts of the plant contain latex in plenty and have been found effective in treating disorders of gastrointestinal system and cancer. Aim of the studyThis study evaluated the efficacy of C. procera dried latex extract prepared in methanol (MeDL) against inflammation and oxidative stress in experimental model of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Materials and methodsTwo subcutaneous injections of chemical carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH; 150 mg/kg) were given at an interval of one week to induce CRC in rats. The MeDL (50 and 150 mg/kg) and aspirin (60 mg/kg) were given daily and their effect was evaluated on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation after completion of 8 weeks following second injection of carcinogen. A comparison was made with normal and experimental control groups. The colon tissue levels of glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitrite and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were determined. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and immunohistochemical analysis was performed for IL-1β. ResultsInduction of cancerous changes in the colon resulted in altered oxidative homeostasis as evident from a reduction in GSH level and SOD activity and rise in TBARS level when compared with normal rats. Elevated levels of nitrite, MPO, TNF-α, PGE2 and immunoreactivity of IL-1β were also observed in these rats. The levels of these markers were normalized when the rats were treated with MeDL or anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation contributes to the beneficial effect of MeDL in rat model of colon carcinogenesis.

Assessment of the Aqueous Methanol Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Tapinanthus globiferus Leaves and their Effects on Ulceration and Leukocyte Mobilization in Wistar Albino Rats

This study aimed to ascertain the anti-ulcerative, leukocyte mobilizing, haematologic, and antioxidant effect of methanol extract of Tapinanthus globiferus leaves (METGL) and ethyl acetate fraction of Tapinanthus globiferus leaves (EAFTGL) in rat models. Phytochemical analysis of T. globiferus leaves recorded substantial levels of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins. The experimental design was categorized into three phases. Ulcer and inflammation were inflicted on phases I and II rats using indomethacin and inflammatory stimulus (1 mL of 3 % agar suspension), respectively, treatments with reference drug and different concentrations (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) METGL and EAFTGL ensued. In phase III, group 1 (normal control) received 3 ml/kg bw 3 % tween 80, while groups 2-5 were administered with varied dosages (100 and 200 mg/kg bw) of METGL and EAFTGL, respectively. The results revealed that both METGL and EAFTGL effectively instituted gastro-protection, exerted a significant (p < 0.05) increase in hematological indices and antioxidant parameters, and caused a significant (p<0.05) decrease in leukocyte infiltration. These suggest that T. globiferus leaves may be useful in managing ulcer and inflammatory conditions, validating its use in traditional medicine.

Attenuation of carbohydrate metabolism and lipid profile by methanolic extract of Euphorbia helioscopia and improvement of beta cell function in a type 2 diabetic rat model

BackgroundTraditional plant-based remedies prescribed to treat diabetes have shown promise in research-based setting. Current research was conducted to examine the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of methanolic extract of a folk herbal plant Euphorbia helioscopia in a rat model of type 2 diabetes.MethodsDiabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by administering 5% sucrose in drinking water and cafeteria diet for 8 weeks with subsequent nicotinamide and streptozotocin administration. Diabetic rats were then distributed into four individual groups (n = 8); Positive control (PC; no treatment), standard control (SC; Metformin @ 10 mg/kg bw), treatment 1 (EH1, E. helioscopia methanolic extract @200 mg/kg bw) and treatment 2 (EH2, E. helioscopia methanolic extract @400 mg/kg bw). After 21 days of treatments, the rats were decapitated for blood collection. Serum was evaluated for antidiabetic potential, antioxidant and lipid profile, thyroid hormone, amylin, leptin, and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsSerum levels of glucagon, glucose and C-peptide were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased in EH1 (1915.33 ± 98.26a pg/ml, 122.59 ± 2.99a mg/dl, 277.59 ± 28.41a pg/ml respectively) and EH2 (1575.28 ± 56.46a pg/ml, 106.04 ± 5.21a mg/dl, 395.06 ± 42.55a pg/ml respectively) as compared to the PC (3135.78 ± 189.46bpg/ml, 191.24 ± 17.75bmg/dl, 671.70 ± 109.75b pg/ml respectively) group. A similar trend was observed in serum insulin levels in EH1 and EH2 groups. The plant’s methanolic extract effectively reduced the total oxidant status (TOS) and MDA levels in the diabetic rats and increased the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) along with an increased level of SOD, Catalase, Paraoxonase, and arylesterase. The plant extract also induced antihyperlipidemic activity and recovered the thyroid hormones, amylin, and leptin levels to normal. The activity of different carbohydrate metabolic enzymes like Pyruvate Kinase, Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, and glucokinase has also been restored by the extract treatment.ConclusionCurrent study indicates the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of E. helioscopia methanolic extract in normalizing the lipid profile, thyroid hormones, amylin, leptin, and carbohydrate metabolism in type 2 diabetic rat model.

The Effect of Anabasis articulata Stems Extract on Lowering Intraocular Pressure in the Glaucoma Rat Model(Conference Paper )#

High intraocular pressure (IOP) is a recognized risk factor for glaucoma and optic nerve injury, and it is one of the primary causes of vision loss globally. Anabasis articulata (AA) is a desert plant found in Iraq. The extract of AA is used to cure diabetes, fever, eczema, and kidney infections. The aim of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant effect of methanol extract of AA on intraocular pressure in the glaucoma rat model. Forty-two rats were allocated into seven groups, each with six animals:: group 1 (normal), group 2 (control), in which animals were induced to have elevated IOP by betamethasone suspension injection, groups 3,4 and 5 for evaluating the effect of 50,100 and 150 mg/kg/day of the tested extract, respectively, and the remaining two groups (group 6 and 7) for evaluating oral acetazolamide and topical timolol 0.5% respectively. Betamethasone was used for the induction. Measure the IOP every 2 days for 2 weeks. The daily dose of AA extract (50 mg/kg/day) for 6 days significantly reduces intraocular pressure (p ? 0.05), from (34.23± 0.58) to (32.83± 1.38) mmHg when compared with the control group. In group 4, IOP decreased significantly from (35.5±1.37) to (31.35±0.40) mmHg (p ? 0.05) after 1 week of treatment. In group 5, the significant (p? 0.001) IOP reduction from (35.66±0.39) to (31.88±0.74) mmHg started on day 6 and continued until the end of the experiment, reaching (24.53±0.53) mmHg (p? 0.001). The antioxidant and anti-angiogenic properties of AA make it a promising adjuvant treatment for glaucoma.

Anti-proliferative, antioxidant effects of methanol extract of Calotropis procera leaf on lung cancer cells (H1299) and its ameliorative effect on expression of CD146 on blood cells

BackgroundCalotropis procera leaf is one of the plants commonly utilized in phytomedicine in Nigeria. The present investigation explored the use of the extracts on cell viability and apoptosis respectively. In this study, the expression of the Cluster of differentiation 146 (CD146) in the blood of lung cancer patients on regulatory T cells (Tregs) was determined. The antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects of methanol extracts of Caloropis procera leaf on lung cancer cell H1299 were investigated.MethodsFrom the flow cytometry, the expression of the CD146+ in the T cells were evaluated using the healthy patient, adenocarcinoma, squamous, and small cell lung cancer respectively. The apoptosis of granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, CD4+, and Treg were determined by 7-amino-actinomycin D/Annexin V-Allophycocyanin (APC) staining during the resting stage and after 24 h respectively. Immunofluorescence was conducted. Cell viability assay, hydroxyl (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging radicals were conducted. Reducing power and flavonoid content of Calotropis procera were investigated. The effect of the Calotropis procera at different concentrations at 24hrs was determined.ResultsFrom the flow cytometry, the expression of the CD146+ on the T cells includes 4.60 % in healthy patients, 10.10, 12.20, 9.80 % in adenocarcinoma, squamous and small cell lung cancer. The apoptosis of granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, CD4+ and Treg were determined by 7-amino-actinomycin D/Annexin V-APC staining during the resting stage and after 24 h which indicate that apoptosis also occurred on Treg. Immunofluorescence shows the presence of CD146 in lung cancer patient’s tissues. The methanol extracts of Calotropis procera leaf have antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects. Methanol extract of Calotropis procera leaf reduced CD146 expression on blood cells at 24 h.ConclusionIncreased CD146 expression in the Treg of lung cancer patients indicates that it may be a possible target for the treatment of lung cancer by utilizing potent immunotherapy or natural products such as methanol extract of Calotropis procera leaf which may ameliorate the expression of CD146. Calotropis procera has antioxidant, inhibitory capacity on H1299 lung cancer cells, and the ability to scavenge OH, H2O2, and NO radicals. Hence, this investigation strengthens the phyto-medicinal properties of Calotropis procera.

In-vitro cytotoxic effects of Solanum macranthum fruit. Dunal extract with antioxidant potential

BackgroundThe current study undertaken to evaluate antioxidant property of Solanum macranthum fruit methanol extract and its in-vitro cytotoxic effects on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and mice embryo fibroblast (MEF-L929) cell line.MethodsThe total alkaloids, phenols and flavonoids content in the methanol extract of S.macranthum fruit were estimated. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by FRAP assay, H2O2 scavenging assay and DPPH assay. Anti-inflammatory protein denaturation inhibition assay was carried out using bovine serum albumin. Anticancer property of the extract was evaluated against breast cancer MDA-MB-231 by MTT assay and comparative study was carried out on normal cells using MEF-L929 cell line.ResultsPhytochemical estimation revealed that total alkaloid content was measurable high (13.6 g/100 g of extract), where as the total phenolics and flavonoids content was 115.5 mg/GAE and 142.6 mg/QE. Further, the antioxidant effect of methanol extract by H2O2 assay showed considerably higher scavenging activity with 99.6% at 400 μg/ml, where as by FRAP assay the relative reducing power was estimated to be 39.1% at 400 μg/ml and in case of DPPH assay it was found to be 47.9% at 400 μg/ml. EC50 value of anti-inflammatory assay was found to be 112.96 μg/ml. Anticancer studies showed that the IC50 value was found to be 373.77 μg /ml against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, where as the methanol extract showed negligible cytotoxic effect against normal cells (MEF -L929 cell line), indicating its cancer specific effect.ConclusionBased on the results obtained, methanol extract of Solanum macranthum fruit was found to possess significant antioxidant properties and also showed potential anticancer property against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line with negligible cytotoxic effect on normal cells revealing its potential application as an anticancer agent.

HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFICACY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF INDIGOFERA SUFFRUTICOSA (MILL) ON PARACETAMOL-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE IN MICE.

Indigofera suffruticosa Mill (Fabaceae) is abundant in northeastern Brazil and popularly used in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory processes. Several biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor, hepatoprotective and low toxicity, are reported for this plant. This study investigated hepatoprotective activity and the antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of I. suffruticosa leaves (MEIS) on Swiss albino mice submitted to experimental models of acetaminophen-induced liver injury. MEIS (50 mg/kg; p.o.) was standardized according to the LD50 and its hepatoprotective property on Swiss albino mice evaluated during a 7-day period. On the eighth day, the acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury was performed. Histomorphometric analysis of liver tissue, antioxidant activity and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (AST), aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin were measured. MEIS (50 mg/kg; p.o.) restored serum enzyme levels and results were close to those of positive control (silymarin) when compared to the negative control. Histopathological and histomorphometric analyzes confirmed MEIS hepatoprotective activity, showing reorganization of structural units of cells, nuclei and sinusoidal capillaries of hepatocytes, reducing the damage on liver tissue and increasing organ regeneration rate. MEIS showed high antioxidant potential at concentrations of 1000 and 500 µg/mL. This study suggests that MEIS has hepatoprotective activity and high antioxidant potential.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanolic extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca against streptozotocin-induced liver damage in rats

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanolic extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca against streptozotocin-induced liver damage in rats

STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DIABETIC RATS - A DEFENSIVE EFFECT OF PSYDRAX DICOCCOS

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity and in vivo antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of whole plant of Psydrax dicoccos (MEPD) belonging to the family Rubiaceae.Methods: MEPD was prepared by Soxhlet extraction. Wistar rats weighing (180–200 g) were divided into six groups (n=6), with three doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of extract. Metformin was used as a standard drug. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) (40–50 mg/kg, i.p) in control group. The animals were treated with different doses of extracts for 21 days, and on the 22nd day, the blood glucose levels along with antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidase (LPO) were determined.Results: The phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, phenolics, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins. The methanolic extract of MEPD at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels (**p<0.001) with the value of 151.2 mg/dl on the 22nd day at 8 h. A promising antioxidant effect was also evident from the determination of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and LPO.Conclusion: The P. dicoccos extract revealed a potential effect of antihyperglycemic activity and combating nature on oxidative stress induced by STZ.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant profile of methanolic extract of seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.

Objective: To analyze the phytochemical constituents responsible for the plausible antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of the seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Methods: Fresh seed, pulp, and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora fruits were extracted with methanol (MEBRse, MEBRpu, MEBRpe) and evaluated by phytochemical analysis for their content of innumerable metabolites (primary and secondary) viz. carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, proteins, and fixed oils. The antioxidant efficacy was assessed through different assay methods viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reducing power capacity (RPC). Estimation of total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) was also done to confirm the presence of these phytochemicals. Results: It was revealed from the phytochemical analysis of MEBRse that alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids were present, while that of MEBRpu showed the existence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, and fixed oils. Presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids were found in the MEBRpe. A significant antioxidant activity was revealed by the MEBRpu [EC50: (27.612 ± 1.375) μg/mL], compared to MEBRpe, and MEBRse in DPPH assay. The ranking order for RPC was MEBRpu > MEBRpe > MEBRse respectively. The EC50 value of TAC of the MEBRpu, MEBRpe, and MEBRse were (25.107 ± 0.744) μg/mL, (241.127 ± 7.463) μg/mL and (372.364 ± 11.030) μg/mL, respectively. Quantity of TPC and TFC were the highest in the MEBRpu (124.360 ± 2.078 mg GAE/g and 107.527 ±1.900 mg QRE/g extract) rather than MEBRpe and MEBRse extracts. Conclusions: This study suggests that MEBRpu has a significantly higher antioxidant property than MEBRpe and MEBRse. These extracts might be advantageous in prevention or decelerating the progress of different diseases related to oxidative-stress/damage. Moreover, detailed analysis of these extracts is required to identify the presence of promising compound(s) responsible for their antioxidant activity.

ATTENUATION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED HEPATIC FIBROSIS IN RATS BY CALLIGONUM COMOSUM SHOOT EXTRACT

ABSTRACTObjective: This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanolic extract of Calligonum comosum (C. comosum)shoots on the hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride and ethanol (CCl4/ethanol) in rats.Methods: A liver fibrosis was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by oral administration of CCl4 (1 ml/kg body weight, twice weekly for 10 weeks) alongwith ethanol (10% in drinking water 1 week before CCl4 administration and throughout the experiment). Rats were pretreated with C. comosumextract (daily, orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight 1 week before CCl4 administration). At the end of the experiment, serum, and liver sampleswere subjected to biochemical investigations. In addition, liver and kidney tissues were evaluated for histopathological changes.Results: C. comosum extract pretreatment significantly reduced CCl4 - induced elevation in serum levels of aspartate aminotransaminase, alanineaminotransaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, and significantly elevated serum contents of total protein and albumin, aswell as an improvement in hepatic protein content, albumin/globulin ratio, body weight and relative liver and kidney weights. C. comosum extract alsosignificantly increased the hepatic levels of glucose-6-phosphatase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase,and glutathione with significant decrease in the contents of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl. In addition, downregulation in expression ofthe fibrotic marker matrix metalloproteinase-2 was observed. C. comosum extract also ameliorated histopathological changes of CCl4/ethanol groupwhich further evidenced the biochemical findings.Conclusion: Our results confirmed that the methanolic extract of C. comosum shoots effectively protect against CCl4/ethanol-induced liver fibrosis,through its antioxidant property.Keywords: Calligonum comosum, Hepatic fibrosis, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective effect, Antioxidants, Matrix metalloproteinase-2.

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Leaf and Seed of <i>Tetracarpidium conophorum</i> on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Methanolic extracts of Tetracarpidium conophorum (TCME) leaf, seed or leaf + seed extract demonstrated high capacity for reversing hyperglycemia and oxidative stress comparable with the standard anti-diabetic drug, metformin, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The leaf + seed extracts showed the best activity among the extracts and also ameliorated oxidative stress-induced damage of pancreas and liver tissue to normal state.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Berry Fruits in Mice Model of Inflammation is Based on Oxidative Stress Modulation.

Background:Many fruits have been used as nutraceuticals because the presence of bioactive molecules that play biological activities.Objective:The present study was designed to compare the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of methanolic extracts of Lycium barbarum (GOJI), Vaccinium macrocarpon (CRAN) and Vaccinium myrtillus (BLUE).Materials and Methods:Mices were treated with extracts (50 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.), twice a day through 10 days. Phytochemical analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was determine by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, reducing power, lipid peroxidation thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by paw edema followed by determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and TBARS.Results:High amount of phenolic compounds, including rutin, were identified in all berries extracts. However, quercetin was observed only in BLUE and CRAN. GOJI presents higher scavenging activity of DPPH radical and reducing power than BLUE and CRAN. The extracts improved antioxidant status in liver; BLUE showed the largest reduction (75.3%) in TBARS when compared to CRAN (70.7%) and GOJI (65.3%). Nonetheless, CAT activity was lower in BLUE group. However, hepatic concentrations of GSH were higher in animals treated with GOJI rather than CRAN and BLUE. Despite all fruits caused a remarkable reduction in paw edema and TBARS, only BLUE and CRAN were able to reduce MPO.Conclusion:These results suggest that quercetin, rutin, or other phenolic compound found in these berry fruits extracts could produce an anti-inflammatory response based on modulation of oxidative stress in paw edema model.SUMMARY Within fruits broadly consumed because of its nutraceuticals properties include, Lycium barbarum (Goji berry), Vaccinium myrtillus (Blueberry or Bilberry) and Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry)The objectives of this study were the investigation and comparison of chemical composition, antioxidant activity “in vitro” and “in vivo” and anti inflammatory property of berry fruits bought dry form.In summary, two main findings can be addressed with this study: (1) Berry fruits presented antioxidant and anti inflammatory activities “in vitro” and “in vivo”; (2) the extracts of GOJI, CRAN, and BLUE modulate the inflammatory process by different mechanisms.

Amelioration of oxidative DNA damage in mouse peritoneal macrophages by Hippophae salicifolia due to its proton (H(+)) donation capability: Ex vivo and in vivo studies.

Introduction:The present study evaluates the antioxidant effect of methanol extract of Hippophae salicifolia (MEHS) bark with special emphasis on its role on oxidative DNA damage in mouse peritoneal macrophages.Material and Methods:In vitro antioxidant activity was estimated by standard antioxidant assays whereas the antioxidant activity concluded the H+ donating capacity. Mouse erythrocytes’ hemolysis and peritoneal macrophages’ DNA damage were determined spectrophotometrically. In vivo antioxidant activity of MEHS was determined in carbon tetrachloride-induced mice by studying its effect on superoxide anion production in macrophages cells, superoxide dismutase in the cell lysate, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and reduces glutathione.Results:The extract showed good in vitro antioxidant activities whereas the inhibitory concentrations values ranged from 5.80 to 106.5 μg/ml. MEHS significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the oxidative DNA damage. It also attenuated the oxidative conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin and elevation of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant in cells.Conclusion:The result indicates MEHS has good in vitro-in vivo antioxidant property as well as the protective effect on DNA and red blood cell may be due to its H+ donating property.

Antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effect of sterol rich methanol extract of stem of Musa sapientum (banana) in cholesterol fed wistar rats.

Musa sapientum Linn. (English 'Banana' family Musaceae), is a plant with nutritive, as well as medicinal value. Antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of stem of this plant was investigated in hypercholesterolemic rats. Rats were made hypercholesterolemic by feeding cholesterol (100mg/kg/day) suspended in soya oil. Treatment groups received extract at a dose of 10, 20 and 40mg/kg/day in addition to cholesterol orally once daily. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after 6weeks treatment. Animals were sacrificed and liver stored at -80°C. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol were estimated in blood. Malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase were measured in blood and liver. Total lipids, HMG CoA redutase and lipoprotein lipase were investigated in liver. Most effective dose was found to be 20mg/kg/day. Rise in total cholesterol, LDL+VLDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol in animals receiving only cholesterol was 179%, 417% and 74% respectively, while in animals receiving 20mg/kg dose rise in these parameters was restricted to 40%, 106% and 24%. HDL-cholesterol decreased by 12% in extract treated group, while it decreased to 36% in untreated hypercholesterolemic rats. Malonaldialdehyde, marker of lipid peroxidation decreased while reduced glutathione and enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase increased significantly in blood and liver (p<0.01). Total lipids in liver decreased and enzymes of lipid metabolism viz. HMG CoA redutase and lipoprotein lipase were restored to near normal. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy indicated high content of sterols in extract. Study demonstrated that methanol extract of stem of Musa sapientum has significant antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effects.

Crepis foetida L. subsp. rhoeadifolia (Bieb.) Celak. as a source of multifunctional agents: Cytotoxic and phytochemical evaluation

The cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase and antioxidant effects of methanol extract from the flower of C. foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia (CFRME) were evaluated. The cytotoxic effect was investigated using HepG2, Caco-2, MCF-7 and MCF-10A cell lines. Enzyme inhibitory activities were tested by spectrophotometric methods. Different chemical assays were used to determine the antioxidant effects. In addition, phenolic constituents were quantified. High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis revealed that chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic component in the extract. The extract showed a strong antiproliferative, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase and antityrosinase effects. These findings suggest that C. foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia may be considered as a source of ingredients that can be used as food supplements.

HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF AZOLLA MICROPHYLLA BASED GOLD NANOPARTICLES AGAINST ACETAMINOPHEN INDUCED TOXICITY IN A FRESH WATER COMMON CARP FISH (CYPRINUS CARPIO L.)

Objective(s): Our present study sought to evaluate hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract of Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNaP) in acetaminophen (APAP) - induced hepatotoxicity of fresh water common carp fish. Materials and Methods: GNaP were prepared by green synthesis method using methanol extract of Azolla microphylla. Twenty four fishes weighing 146 ± 2.5 g were used in this experiment and these were divided into four experimental groups, each comprising 6 fishes. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) for 24 h. Groups 3 and 4 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) + GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) and GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) for 24 h, respectively. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentials were assessed by measuring liver damage, biochemical parameters, ions status, and histological alterations. Results: APAP exposed fish showed significant elevated levels of metabolic enzymes (LDH, G6PDH and MDH), hepatotoxic markers (GPT, GOT and ALP), reduced hepatic glycogen, lipids, protein, albumin, globulin, increased levels of bilirubin, creatinine, and oxidative stress markers (TBRAS, LHP and protein carbonyl), altered the tissue enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GST) non-enzyme (GSH), cellular sulfhydryl (T-SH, P-SH and NP-SH) levels, reduced hepatic ions (Ca 2+ , Na + and K + ), and abnormal liver histology. It was observe that GNaP has reversal effects on the levels of above mentioned parameters in APAP hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized GNaP protects liver against oxidative damage and tissue damaging enzyme activities and could be used as an effective protector against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in fresh water common carp fish.