Antimicrobial Drug Residues Research Articles

Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Chicken Liver its Antibiogram Analysis and Implications on Public Health

Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Chicken Liver its Antibiogram Analysis and Implications on Public Health

A cutting-edge electrochemical sensing platform for the simultaneous determination of the residues of antimicrobial drugs, rifampicin and norfloxacin, in water samples

BackgroundThe widespread use and abuse of antibiotics has resulted in the pollution of water sources with antibiotic residues, posing a threat to human health, the environment, and the economy. Therefore, a highly sensitive and selective method is required for their detection in water samples. Herein, advanced ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor platform was developed by integrating gold-silver alloy nanocoral clusters (Au–Ag-ANCCs) with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube-carbon paste electrode (f-MWCNT-CPE) and choline chloride (ChCl) nanocomposites for simultaneously determining the residues of antimicrobial drugs, rifampicin (RAMP) and norfloxacin (NFX), in water samples. ResultsThe developed sensor (Au–Ag-ANCCs/f-MWCNTs-CPE/ChCl) was extensively characterized using several analytical (UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDX) and electrochemical (EIS, CV, and SWV) techniques. It exhibited outstanding performance in a wide linear range, from 14 pM to 115 μM for RAMP, and from 0.9 nM to 200 μM for NFX, with a limit of detection (LOD, 3σ/m, S/N = 3, n = 5) and a limit of quantification (LOQ, 10σ/m, S/N = 3, n = 5) values of 2.7 pM and 8.85 pM for RAMP, and 0.14 nM and 0.47 nM for NFX, respectively. The sensor also exhibited exceptional reproducibility, stability, and resistance to interference. SignificanceThe developed sensor was effectively utilized to determine RAMP and NFX residues in hospital wastewater, river, and tap water samples, yielding recoveries within the range of 96.8–103 % and relative standard deviations below 5 %. Generally, the proposed sensor demonstrated remarkable performance in detecting the target analytes, making it an ideal tool and the first of its kind for addressing global antibiotic residue pollutants in water sources.

Tracking progress on antimicrobial resistance by the quadripartite country self-assessment survey (TrACSS) in G7 countries, 2017–2023: opportunities and gaps

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses serious challenges to the healthcare systems worldwide. Multiple factors and activities contribute to the development and spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. Monitoring progress in combating AMR is fundamental at both global and national levels to drive multisectoral actions, identify priorities, and coordinate strategies. Since 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) has collected data through the Tracking AMR Country Self-Assessment Survey (TrACSS). TrACSS data are published in a publicly-available database. In 2023, 71 (59.9%) out of 177 responding countries reported the existence of a monitoring and evaluation plan for their National Action Plan (NAP) on AMR, and just 20 countries (11.3%) the allocation of funding to support NAP implementation. Countries reported challenges including limited financial and human resources, lack of technical capacity, and variable political commitment. Even across the Group of Seven (G7) countries, which represent some of the world's most advanced economies, many areas still need improvement, such as full implementation of infection prevention and control measures, adoption of WHO access/watch/reserve (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics, effective integration of laboratories in AMR surveillance in the animal health and food safety sectors, training and education, good manufacturing and hygiene practices in food processing, optimising pesticides use and environmental residues of antimicrobial drugs. Continuous and coordinated efforts are needed to strengthen multisectoral engagement to fight AMR.

Interrelations Between Probiotics, Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Barrier, and Immune Response; Focusing on Diarrhea in Dairy Calves1

The interplay between gut microbiota and host health has attracted significant interest in the animal science community. Maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis by supplementing probiotics to treat clinical conditions like calf diarrhea is an emerging area of research nowadays because of increased concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and drug residues in animal products. Probiotics reduce the incidence of calf diarrhea by increasing the gut microbiota diversity and richness with more commensal bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium that produce antimicrobial compounds, as well as modulating the immune response by increasing cytokines, Interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and reducing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), by increasing production of antibodies, especially immunoglobulin E (IgE), also IgG, differentiating naïve Th lymphocytes (Tho) into Th1, hence stimulate innate immunity and prime the adaptive immune response. Specific probiotic strains of bacteria and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) derived probiotics maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier. In this review, data is being organized to address the role of probiotics in treating calf diarrhea by modulating gut microbiota and stimulating an immune response against notorious pathogens, to present animal and veterinary scientists and nutritionists with a new concept to treat infectious diseases from the perspective of the gut microbiota, increasing animal health, performance, and welfare. In conclusion, health status and gut microbiome are strongly interlinked. Research data indicated a significant reduction in the incidence of diarrhea after probiotic administration. If interrelations between probiotics and existing gut microbiota are explored more quantitatively, novel antibiotic substitutes can emerge in the future.

VERIFICATION OF THE SCREENING METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STREPTOMYCINS RESIDUES IN HONEY SAMPLES

The main field of activity of the National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues Control is the expert evaluation of honey safety based on the parameter of antimicrobial drug residues in honey bathes exported from Ukraine to European and American countries. The content of streptomycin and its derivative dihydrostreptomycin is one of the safety parameters for honey, which is investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Since 2002, we have developed and proposed the clear scheme to control export honey batches on the content of residual amounts of these aminoglycoside antibiotics by means of Ridascreen® Streptomycin R3104 test kit from R-Biopharm (Germany).
 The test kit has been validated at 2.0 and 5.0 µg/kg taking into account the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) or the set reference point for action (RPA) according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and 2021/808/EC. The fitness-for-purpose of the methods was confirmed based on the establishing of main validation parameters for screening methods (technical threshold and cut-off factor) using control (blank) honey samples and spiked with streptomycin standard solutions at the level of ½ MRPL by means of “added – found” approach. The preparation of samples is based on the preliminary purification by the method of solid-phase extraction using C18 columns, which facilitates the purification the sample extract from the influence of matrix components as well as the additional concentration of the analyte.
 The article also presents the results of the verification and validation of the Streptomycin NA01904H test kit from Kwinbon Biotechnology (China). The results of the assay of control (blank) honey samples and spiked with streptomycin standard solutions at the level of 2.0 and 5.0 μg/kg are given. Since the advantage of the approved method is the simplicity and rapidity of its performance, so we suggest using it in the laboratory practice of manufacturing and exporting companies.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination and Antimicrobial Drugs Residue in Broiler Edible Tissues in Bangladesh.

There are substantial public health consequences when hazardous heavy metal contaminants and antimicrobial drug residues are present in broiler edible tissues. This study aimed to assess the concentration of antimicrobial drugs and heavy metals residues in broiler meat, bones and edible composites (combinations of liver, kidney and gizzard). Samples were collected from different types of broiler farms, broiler wet meat markets and supermarkets, covering all five divisions of Bangladesh. The antimicrobial drug and heavy metal residues were analyzed by uHPLC and ICP-MS, respectively. In addition, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among broiler meat consumers in the study areas to evaluate their attitude towards the consumption of broiler meat. The survey clearly stated that broiler meat consumers in Bangladesh have a negative attitude toward the consumption of broiler meat, although all respondents reported to eat broiler meat regularly. The antibiotic with the highest prevalence of residues in broiler edible tissues was oxytetracycline, followed by doxycycline, sulphadiazine and chloramphenicol. On the other hand, all collected broiler edible tissues contained chromium and lead, followed by arsenic. The fact of the matter is that the antimicrobial drugs and heavy metals residues were found to be below the maximum residue limit (MRL), except for the lead content. In addition, the broiler meat samples from supermarkets had lower levels of antimicrobial drugs and heavy metals residue compared to the broiler meat collected from various types of farms and broiler wet meat markets. Irrespective of the source, broiler meat was found to contain antimicrobial drugs and heavy metals residues below the MRL, except for lead, suggesting that broiler meat is safe for human consumption. Therefore, raising public awareness regarding misconceptions about broiler meat consumption among consumers would be warranted.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM OF HONEY SAFETY CONTROL ON THE EXAMPLE OF ANALYZING OF RESIDUES OF TETRACYCLINE GROUP ANTIBIOTICS

The National Reference Laboratory of Drug Residues Control has implemented a system of "classical" honey safety control based on the parameters of antimicrobial drug residues: samples testing by the screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and, in the case of positive or possibly positive samples occurring, – retesting by confirmatory UPLC-MS/MS multi-method developed in the laboratory. The article presents the results of ELISA screening method validation for the determination of residual amounts of tetracycline group antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline) in honey samples using Tetracyclin® RIDASCREEN test kits by R-Biopharm (Germany) and Oxytetracycline ELISA by EuroProxima (the Netherlands) and its verification by means of the confirmatory method.
 In accordance with the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808, the validation of test kits proposed by the manufacturers was carried out taking into account the minimum required limit of detection. The fitness-for-purpose of the methods was confirmed based on the establishment of main validation parameters for screening methods (technical threshold and cut-off factor) using control (blank) and fortified honey samples with standard solutions of tetracycline at the level of ½ of the minimum required limit of detection, according to the "added-received" criterion. The proposed methods are the simple in carrying out, time- and cost-effective, which are their main advantages.
 The reliability of the results obtained by the proposed methods was verified using the developed confirmatory UPLC-MS/MS multi-method. The results of comparative studies of control (blank) honey samples and fortified with a standard solution of tetracycline antibiotics at the level of 2.5 and 5.0 μg/kg, as well as the results of the interlaboratory testing with the accredited laboratory (Germany) are presented.

Detection of Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Raw Cow Milk samples in Logar and Maidan Wardak Province, Afghanistan

Background: Nowadays, various types of antibiotics are being used worldwide in the veterinary sector particularly, for the promotion of growth and treatment of livestock. Significant portions of antibiotics are released through the milk of dairy animals inviolate and exert serious harmful effects on human health. Milk that utilizes by human consumption should also comply with safety criteria regarding antibiotic residues. The objective of this study was to determine the level of antibiotic residues in raw milk conferred by the milk producer’s cooperatives of Logar and Maidan Wardak provinces to Guzargah dairy union for further processing and distribution. Materials and Methods: In this research 110, raw cow milk samples for a one-year period were collected and analyzed (n=110). 55 samples were collected from Logar province and 55 samples were collected from Maidan Wardak province. Milk samples were tested by Betastar Combo Test Kit. All samples considering the laboratory procedures were transported to the laboratory and tested for the presence of Tetracycline and Beta lactams as these antibiotics are widely used for the treatment of bovine mastitis. Finding: Out of 110 milk samples, 12 samples were positive for the presence of Tetracycline residues and 7 samples were positive for the presence of Beta lactams. For further accuracy of the result, all the positive samples were tested by Microbial Inhibition Assay (MIA), and the same result is obtained. Conclusion: The study results show and indicate that antibiotic residues are present in the samples which paves the way for the contamination of human food chains. Considering that milk is mostly consumed by the elderly and kids, hence, it can be the main concern for public health.

Development and Validation of a Method for Determination of 43 Antimicrobial Drugs in Western-Style Pork Products by UPLC-MS/MS with the Aid of Experimental Design

Western-style pork products have attracted many modern urban consumers, and these products have rapidly entered the Chinese market. The current hazard analysis of processed meat products mainly focuses on processing hazards (PAHs, microorganisms, and food additives), with less attention to veterinary drug residues. According to the survey results, the residues of antimicrobial drugs (sulfonamides and quinolones) in pork and its products in China are a severe problem, which may cause metabolic reactions, toxic effects, or enhance drug resistance. This study applied a modified QuEChERS method combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MSMS) to develop a rapid and sensitive method for determining antimicrobial drugs in bacon and ham was successfully evaluated methodologically by EU 2002/657/EC. This study used a three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) to optimize the QuEChERS method by response surface methodology. The excellent linearity of the calibration curve was shown in the corresponding concentration range with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.99. The values of decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) were in the range of 10.9-31.3 μg/kg and 11.8-52.5 μg/kg, respectively. The method successfully detected two trace levels of antimicrobial drugs in commercially available samples, including sulfadiazine and moxifloxacin.

High levels of bacterial and antimicrobial drug residues contamination in chicken eggs for human consumption in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania

Eggs represent one of the most important low-cost sources of high-quality animal protein and minerals. However, the occurrence of contamination with antimicrobial drug residues and antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms has been increasing and represents a serious food safety risk. This study was carried out to assess the microbial and antimicrobial drug residue contamination of chicken eggs commercialized in selected neighbourhoods in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. A total of two hundred and fifty-five eggs were sourced from forty-four stores in ten neighbourhoods and were examined for bacterial and antimicrobial drug residue contamination using standard microbiological assays, and the Bacillus subtilis ATCC 3491 as the test organism. Bacterial contamination was detected in 53.3% (136/255) of the egg yolk samples, with significant differences between sampling sites (p = 0.001). Bacterial total viable counts in the contaminated samples ranged from 102 to 109 CFU/mL, with a mean value of 6.42×108 CFU/mL (CI 95% = 1.45×108 – 1.60×108 CFU/mL). The most prevalent bacteria were Bacillus spp. (39.7%), followed by the Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (16.9%), Escherichia coli (8.8%), Streptococcus spp. (5.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.4%), Enterobacter spp. (3.7%), Salmonella spp. (3.0%) and Pseudomonas spp. (1.5%). Antimicrobial drug residues were detected in 40.8% (104/255) of the samples in egg white and nil (0%) in the yolk. The contamination with antimicrobial residues showed significant differences between sample collection sites (p = 0.000), but not with bacterial counts (p = 0.862) and isolated bacteria in each sample collection site (p = 0.497). The presence of various bacteria and drug residues above permissible maximum residue levels in eggs predisposes consumers to poison and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.

Insight Into the Relation Between Nutritional Benefits of Aquaculture Products and its Consumption Hazards: A Global Viewpoint

Aquaculture plays a huge role in supporting the needs and demands of fish and other aquatic organisms globally. Being a vital contributor in the fisheries sector, aquatic sources derived from the aquaculture industry are well-known for their high nutritive values that are compromised with high-quality protein, essential omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Aquaculture has also widened fish availability to regions and countries with limited access to farmed species, leading to improved nutrition and food security. However, the presence of dangerous contaminants, notably heavy metals, endocrine disrupting compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, microplastics, as well as antimicrobial drug residues, has been detected in the aquaculture products. In conjunction, the risk–benefit assessment (RBA) approach has been proposed to be used as a meaningful tool for evaluating the health impacts of the consumption of aquatic sources on the targeted population. This narrative review outlines a compilation of aquaculture products as a nutritional source for human consumption. The aquaculture industry is well-appreciated, especially in low-income countries, for achieving sustainable food security. The organoleptics and preferences of aquaculture products as means of dietary variations were demonstrated. The damaging contaminants contained in the commercially available aquaculture products were quantitatively outlined. Furthermore, the adaptation of the risk–benefit approach underlying its potent impacts on public health concerns, with its current challenges and limitations, is elucidated.

Assessment of antimicrobial drugs use and their residue in the farmed fish of Kaduna, Nigeria

The study assessed antimicrobial drug use, pattern, and the occurrence of residues in farmed fish, as well as the level of awareness of drug residues amongst fish farmers in Kaduna State. A total of 300 fish samples from 30 farms in the three senatorial districts of Kaduna State were screened for the presence of antimicrobial drug residues. One hundred questionnaires were administered to fish farmers. Out of the 300 fish samples screened, antimicrobial drug residues were detected in 73.70%. An overall prevalence of 73.70% was obtained, while the prevalence of 63, 74, and 84% was obtained from Kaduna North, Central, and South senatorial districts respectively. From the questionnaire responses, the use of antimicrobial drugs in fish ponds was common (91.86%); with tetracycline (63.41%) being the most frequently used. Self-prescription and administration of drugs by farmers (67.86%) were more in number than those who consult veterinarians for prescription and drug administration. The level of awareness on antimicrobial drug residues in fish and dangers associated with the use and consumption of these residues were very low. Furthermore, the majority of the farmers did not observe antibiotic withdrawal periods before sales of fish to consumers. This study has established a high prevalence of antimicrobial drug residues in farmed fish in the study area. In addition, awareness of the dangers and public health implications of antimicrobial drug residues in fish amongst farmers in Kaduna is low. Therefore, the use of the antimicrobial drug in aquaculture should be regulated and farmers should be encouraged to use immunostimulators or probiotics for disease control and prevention, to safeguard the general populace from the hazards associated with drug residues in fish.

Impact of Chronic Tetracycline Exposure on Human Intestinal Microbiota in a Continuous Flow Bioreactor Model.

Studying potential dietary exposure to antimicrobial drug residues via meat and dairy products is essential to ensure human health and consumer safety. When studying how antimicrobial residues in food impact the development of antimicrobial drug resistance and disrupt normal bacteria community structure in the intestine, there are diverse methodological challenges to overcome. In this study, traditional cultures and molecular analysis techniques were used to determine the effects of tetracycline at chronic subinhibitory exposure levels on human intestinal microbiota using an in vitro continuous flow bioreactor. Six bioreactor culture vessels containing human fecal suspensions were maintained at 37 °C for 7 days. After a steady state was achieved, the suspensions were dosed with 0, 0.015, 0.15, 1.5, 15, or 150 µg/mL tetracycline, respectively. Exposure to 150 µg/mL tetracycline resulted in a decrease of total anaerobic bacteria from 1.9 × 107 ± 0.3 × 107 down to 2 × 106 ± 0.8 × 106 CFU/mL. Dose-dependent effects of tetracycline were noted for perturbations of tetB and tetD gene expression and changes in acetate and propionate concentrations. Although no-observed-adverse-effect concentrations differed, depending on the traditional cultures and the molecular analysis techniques used, this in vitro continuous flow bioreactor study contributes to the knowledge base regarding the impact of chronic exposure of tetracycline on human intestinal microbiota.

Emerging Electrochemical Sensors for Real-Time Detection of Tetracyclines in Milk.

Antimicrobial drug residues in food are strictly controlled and monitored by national laws in most territories. Tetracyclines are a major broad-spectrum antibiotic class, active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and they are the leading choice for the treatment of many conditions in veterinary medicine in recent years. In dairy farms, milk from cows being treated with antibiotic drugs, such as tetracyclines, is considered unfit for human consumption. Contamination of the farm bulk tank with milk containing these residues presents a threat to confidence of supply and results in financial losses to farmers and dairy. Real-time monitoring of milk production for antimicrobial residues could reduce this risk and help to minimise the release of residues into the environment where they can cause reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. In this article, we review the existing literature for the detection of tetracyclines in cow’s milk. Firstly, the complex nature of the milk matrix is described, and the test strategies in commercial use are outlined. Following this, emerging biosensors in the low-cost biosensors field are contrasted against each other, focusing upon electrochemical biosensors. Existing commercial tests that identify antimicrobial residues within milk are largely limited to beta-lactam detection, or non-specific detection of microbial inhibition, with tests specific to tetracycline residues less prevalent. Herein, we review a number of emerging electrochemical biosensor detection strategies for tetracyclines, which have the potential to close this gap and address the industry challenges associated with existing tests.

Detection of antimicrobial drug residues in edible tissues from Bunaji cattle slaughtered in Minna modern abattoir

The occurrence of antimicrobial drug residues in edible tissues of slaughtered animals in Nigeria due to indiscriminate drug administration by livestock farmers necessitated this study in Bunaji cattle slaughtered in Minna modern abattoir. A total of 168 edible tissues comprising of meat, liver and kidney were collected from 56 Bunaji cattle slaughtered every two weeks for a period of four months. Microbial inhibition test was employed to screen samples for evidence of antimicrobial drug residues as well as quantitative test using ELISA test kid. 29 (51.78%) samples tested positive with zone of inhibition at various levels of residue (12, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 20mm), which signified high levels of residue. Samples from female cattle contained highest residue value of 20 (68.90%) and values at 20mm. Ages between 6-10 years had 17 (58.62%) while the lowest residue was recorded at older animals above 10 years 5(17.24%). The quantitative test using ELISA test kid showed a total of 89 (52.78%) of the samples confirmed positive at various inhibition levels. Oxytetracycline residues from the positive results were determined for meat, liver and kidney. The results obtained indicated that, 100 % of the samples contained oxytetracycline residues at various optical density levels. 41.78 %, were above set residue limits of 0.2 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg and 1.2 mg /kg for meat, liver and kidney, respectively From the results it is authenticated that consumers in Minna metropolitan are predisposed to health hazards due to high levels of antimicrobials residues in meat slaughtered in the abattoir. This emphasises the need for effective prevention of infectious diseases, enforcement of ante-mortem inspection, general enlightenment and possible establishment of antimicrobial residues monitoring unit in the study area. La présence de résidus de médicaments antimicrobiens dans les tissus consommables d'animaux abattus au Nigéria en raison de l'administration de médicaments sans discernement par les éleveurs a nécessité cette étude sur des bovins Bunaji abattus dans l'abattoir moderne de Minna. Un total de 168 tissus consommables comprenant de la viande, du foie et des reins ont été prélevés sur 56 bovins Bunaji abattus toutes les deux semaines pendant une période de quatre mois. Microbial inhibition test was employed to screen samples for evidence of antimicrobial drug residues as well as quantitative test using ELISA test kid. 29(51.78%) samples tested positive with zone of inhibition at various levels of residue (12, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 20mm), which signified high levels of residue.29 échantillons (51,78%) ont été testés positifs avec une zone d'inhibition à divers niveaux de résidus (12, 13, 15, 17, 19 et 20 mm), ce qui signifie des niveaux élevés de résidus. Les échantillons de bovins femelles contenaient la valeur de résidu la plus élevée de 20 (68,90%) et les valeurs à 20 mm. Les âges entre 6 et 10 ans en comptaient 17 (58,62%) tandis que le résidu le plus bas était enregistré chez les animaux plus âgés de plus de 10 ans 5 (17,24%). Le test quantitatif utilisant le test 'ELISA kid' a montré un total de 89 (52,78%) des échantillons qui se sont confirmés positifs à divers niveaux d'inhibition. Les résidus d'oxytétracycline des résultats positifs ont été déterminés pour la viande, le foie et les reins. Les résultats obtenus ont indiqué que 100% des échantillons contenaient des résidus d'oxytétracycline à divers niveaux de densité optique. 41,78%, étaient au-dessus des limites de résidus fixées de 0,2 mg / kg, 0,6 mg / kg et 1,2 mg / kg pour la viande, le foie et les reins, respectivement. À partir des résultats, il est authentifié que les consommateurs de la métropole de Minna sont prédisposés à des risques pour la santé en raison des niveaux élevés de résidus d'antimicrobiens dans la viande abattue dans l'abattoir. Cela souligne la nécessité d'une prévention efficace des maladies infectieuses, de l'application de l'inspection ante mortem, de la prise de conscience générale et de la création éventuelle d'une unité de surveillance des résidus d'antimicrobiens dans la zone d'étude.

Occurrence of antimicrobial residues in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets produced in Brazil and available at the retail market

This study was carried out to assess the occurrence of antimicrobial residues in samples of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets collected at the State of São Paulo retail market and produced from fish farmed in Brazil. For this purpose, a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated and used to quantify residues of 25 antibacterial drugs (2 β-lactams, 8 quinolones, 2 macrolides, 5 sulfonamides, 4 tetracyclines, 3 amphenicols and 1 sulfonamide potentiator). For the sample preparation step the QuEChERS approach was performed. Chromatographic separation was conducted using a Zorbax SB C18 column. Method validation was performed based on European and Brazilian guidelines. The validation parameters (linearity, intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, decision limit, detection capability and robustness) attended the adopted validation guidelines. Limits of detection and quantitation were also determined. Antimicrobial drug residues were quantitated in the incurred samples by using matrix-matched analytical curves. Oxytetracycline, florfenicol and, for the first time, enrofloxacin residues are reported in tilapia fillet samples from Brazil, though, in accordance with the European and Brazilian regulatory framework. Thus, our results draw attention to the use of veterinary products in fish farming in Brazil. Monitoring of veterinary drug residues is essential to ensure the safety of fish products available to the consumer, as well as to keep fish as a food commodity.

Antimicrobial drug residues in animal-derived foods: Potential impact on the human intestinal microbiome.

The use of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals may result in the presence of low levels of drug residues in these edible, animal-derived foods, with potential dietary exposure to humans. Since therapeutic doses of antibiotics have been shown to affect bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract microbiome and can also promote the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there is concern that animal drugs at residue level concentrations could also perturb the intestinal microbiome composition and modify the antimicrobial resistance profile of the human intestinal microbiota. This review provides updated information on the VICH GL#36(R2), on evaluating the safety of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods and their effects on the human intestinal microbiome; discusses critical research knowledge gaps and challenges in evaluating the impact of drug residues in animal-derived foods on the human intestinal microbiome; and analyzes integrated basic and applied research approaches, currently being conducted at FDA, on studies that specifically address key regulatory science questions. Moreover, this review aims to emphasize future research needs on scientific methodology and provides general recommendations on drug inactivation, bioavailability, and antimicrobial resistance, to improve the safety evaluation and risk assessment of antimicrobial residues and their impact on the gastrointestinal microbiota, with the goal of ensuring food safety.

Multi-class analysis of 46 antimicrobial drug residues in pond water using UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS and application to freshwater ponds in Flanders, Belgium

Increasing anthropogenic pressure and agricultural pollution raises concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance and biodiversity loss in aquatic environments. In order to protect and restore water resources and biodiversity, antimicrobial drug residues should be monitored in all aquatic environments including pond water. Consequently, the objective of this research was to develop and validate a novel multi-residue method for the simultaneous quantification of 46 targeted human and veterinary antimicrobial drugs in pond water. A suitable extraction method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed, assisted by a fractional factorial design. A broad polarity range of compounds was covered (log P from −4.05 to 4.38), including major representatives of the following classes: sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, nitrofurans, penicillins, cephalosporins, diaminopyrimidines, pleuromutilins and phenicols. All analytes were separated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and detected in full-scan by Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap-HRMS). Good linearity was obtained for all compounds with R2 ≥ 0.993 and goodness-of-fit coefficient (g) ≤ 11.56%. Method detection limits ranged from 10 to 50 ng L−1 and method quantification limits were 50 ng L−1 for all compounds. Acceptable values were obtained for within-day and between-day apparent recoveries (i.e. between 50 and 120%), precision (< 30% and < 45%) and measurement uncertainty (< 50%). Targeted analysis of 18 freshwater ponds throughout Flanders was performed to demonstrate the applicability of the newly developed UHPLC-HRMS method. Overall, 20 antimicrobial drugs were detected with highest concentrations observed for tetracyclines and their transformation products ranging between 51 and 248 ng L−1. Finally, suspect screening was performed suggesting the presence of 14 additional pharmaceuticals including 3 antimicrobial degradation products (e.g. apo-oxytetracycline, amoxicillin penicilloic acid and penilloic acid) and 11 pesticides.

Nutritional, Energy and Sanitary Aspects of Swine Manure and Carcass Co-digestion.

Renewable energy can assist the management of the effects of population growth and rapid economic development on the sustainability of animal husbandry. The primary aim of renewable energy is to minimize the use of fossil fuels via the creation of environmentally friendly energy products from depleted fossil fuels. Digesters that treat swine manure are extensively used in treatment systems; and inclusion of swine carcasses can increase the organic loading rate (OLR) thereby improving biogas yield and productivity on farms. However, the characteristics of the components including animal residues, proteins, lipids, remains of undigested feed items, antimicrobial drug residues, pathogenic microorganisms and nutrient contents, are complex and diverse. It is therefore necessary to manage the anaerobic process stability and digestate purification for subsequent use as fertilizer. Efficient methane recovery from residues rich in lipids is difficult because such residues are only slowly biodegradable. Pretreatment can promote solubilization of lipids and accelerate anaerobic digestion, and pretreatments can process the swine carcass before its introduction onto biodigesters. This review presents an overview of the anaerobic digestion of swine manure and carcasses. We analyze the characteristics of these residues, and we identify strategies to enhance biogas yield and process stability. We consider energy potential, co-digestion of swine manure and carcasses, physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment of biomass, sanitary aspects of swine manure and co-digestates and their recycling as fertilizers.

Detection of Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Poultry Products by Four-Plate Test Method in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province

Detection of Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Poultry Products by Four-Plate Test Method in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province