Antimicrobial Activity Of Plant Extracts Research Articles

The therapeutic effects of Juglans regia Linn (Walnut) extracts on oral Candida infection

The difficulties associated with oral Candida infection management necessitate the development of novel antifungal medicines in order to widen the spectrum of activity against Candida albicans. The aim of this work is to study the oral anticandidal activity of Juglans regia L. cultivated in Algeria. This plant was chosen due to its traditional use for the treatment of oral infections. Methanolic, ethanolic, butanolic, ethylic acetate and acetonic extracts of the bark of J. regia L. were extracted in a Soxhlet device and screened for in vitro activity against C. albicans. Plant preparations were screened for antifungal activity using a standard agar well diffusion assay. Following a study of the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts, their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were determined using a broth microdilution assay. Among J. regia L. extracts, ethylic acetate extract had potent antifungal activity against Candida strain with diameters of inhibition ranging from 15.16±0.76 to 20.83±0.76 mm, followed by acetonic extract with diameters of inhibition ranging from 14.83±0.76 to 19.33±0.28 mm. The J. regia L. demonstrated MIC values ranging from 0.46875 to 3.75 mg mL-1 and the lowest MIC was recorded for ethylic acetate, acetonic extracts and AMB at 0.46875 mg mL-1. The ethylic acetate extract showed the lowest MFC value (0.9375 mg mL-1), followed by butanolic extract (3.125 mg mL-1). These results indicate that J. regia L. bark extracts can contain compounds with therapeutic potential against oral C. albicans and, hence, their possible use as therapeutic agents for oral candidiasis.

Formulation of Mouthwash Using Combined Herbal Extracts to Control the Predominant Oral Pathogens and Biofilm

IntroductionGlobally, oral disease is a major health problem, which affects the quality of life. The role of oral microflora in the oral diseases is well established. However, with the increase in the frequency of oral disease, the development of antimicrobial drug resistance to the existing drugs has insisted on searching for alternative drugs from plant sources. Herein, herbal-based mouthwash is formulated to effectively control the dominant oral pathogens. MethodsThe antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was evaluated against oral pathogens by zone of inhibition test. Mouthwash was formulated with one gram of each plant extracts (Rosa damascena flower petals, Coleus amboinicus leaves, Psidium guajava leaves, and Phyllanthus acidus fruits) in 10% ethanol. Antimicrobial efficacy of the formulated mouthwash was assessed against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans by standard protocol. Also, the antibiofilm effect of the formulated mouthwash was assessed against preformed S mutans biofilm and visualised using SEM and CLSM. ResultsThe formulated mouthwash exhibits excellent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration result indicates that the susceptibility of the pathogens was found as follows: S aureus <S mutans <C albicans <E faecalis <E coli. Also, it shows a great anti-inflammatory effect. SEM and CLSM images reveal that the formulated mouthwash has the potential to inhibit the oral biofilm of S. mutants. ConclusionsThis study concludes that the formulated herbal-based mouthwash might be useful in controlling multiple oral pathogens and biofilms.

Assessing the Efficiency of Antimicrobial Plant Extracts from Artemisia afra and Eucalyptus globulus as Coatings for Textiles.

This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts from Artemisia afra and Eucalyptus globulus when used as coatings for textiles. A pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction method (PUAE) was employed to obtain methanolic and hexanoic extracts from both plants. Eucalyptus globulus methanol extraction exhibited the highest yield at 22.76% (±0.61%), while Artemisia afra demonstrated lower yields. Phytochemical screening identified various secondary metabolites in the extracts, including phenols, quinones, and steroids. Antimicrobial tests against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli revealed varying degrees of susceptibility, with Eucalyptus globulus hexanoic extracts showing the highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus at an average percentage growth of 18.74% (±0.26%). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for the extracts, but complete inhibition did not occur at concentrations below 500 μg/mL. The extracts exhibited varying effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli growth, with some extracts promoting bacterial growth. Coating textiles with Eucalyptus globulus methanolic extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with the highest zone of inhibition observed in cotton-coated samples (258.4 mm2). Polyester-coated samples exhibited smaller inhibition zones, with the lowest observed in Eucalyptus globulus methanolic extract coating (65.97 mm2). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed visible surface morphology changes in coated fabrics, depicting fine, cluster, lumpy, flaky, and fragment-like morphologies. Laundering effects on coated fabrics were investigated, showing a significant decrease in antimicrobial activity after washing. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified functional groups in the extracts associated with antimicrobial properties. The complexity of the bioactive compounds suggests potential antimicrobial efficacy, resting on factors such as geographical location, climate, and extraction methods. Notwithstanding the limitations, this study contributes valuable insights into the use of plant extracts as antimicrobial coatings for textiles.

Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Extracts in The Control of Microorganisms of Food Interest

Objetivo: Analisar o potencial terapêutico dos extratos das plantas medicinais no controle de patógenos frequentemente associados a infecções causadas por alimentos. Referencial teórico: O Ministério da Saúde aderiu a políticas públicas que permitem a inserção de plantas medicinais no Sistema Único de Saúde. O intuito visa a prevenção, promoção e recuperação da saúde por meio da utilização consciente de plantas medicinais, por possuírem potencial terapêutico para direcionar pesquisas e desenvolvimento de novos produtos de relevância do SUS. São espécies com atividade antimicrobiana, efetivas no controle de microrganismos de interesse alimentar. Método: Para o embasamento e realização deste artigo, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico em bases de dados científicas, tendo por finalidade apresentar as abordagens quanto a eficácia dos extratos vegetais frente a bactérias de interesse alimentar. Esta metodologia consiste em uma pesquisa por temas relevantes sobre o assunto escolhido, possibilitando a reflexão a partir de estudos já existentes. Resultados e conclusão: O levantamento bibliográfico demonstrou que as plantas medicinais possuem compostos eficientes com atividade antimicrobiana e que, portanto, podem ser utilizados como alternativas terapêuticas, considerando os patógenos de interesse alimentar, bem como, sua eficácia como aditivos alimentares. Implicações da pesquisa: Contribuir com informações para a comunidade científica e para a população, acerca da diversidade terapêutica a partir de extratos vegetais. Originalidade/valor: A relevância deste estudo consiste na viabilização de alternativas eficazes, sustentável e natural. A utilização das plantas medicinais também está associada a um apelo social, visto ser um tratamento mais acessível, de baixo custo e concomitantemente a isto, garantirá também a promoção da biodiversidade.

Antimicrobial Activities of Plant Extracts against &lt;i&gt;Streptococcus &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt; Isolated from Pediatric Patients at Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State

Antimicrobial Activities of Plant Extracts against &lt;i&gt;Streptococcus &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt; Isolated from Pediatric Patients at Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State

In-Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Field Grown and Tissue Cultured Fruit Callus of Nothapodytes nimmoniana

This investigation aimed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity from the methanolic extracts of tissue-cultured and field-grown parts of Nothopodytes nimmoniana. Antioxidant activity of the plant parts was measured by Di-phenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, reducing power, and hydrogen peroxide assays. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was evaluated by the well diffusion method and the MIC values determined against different pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The DPPH assay showed overall strong antioxidant activities from the suspension culture and fruit callus culture with an IC50 value. Antimicrobial activity against 4 bacteria and 1 fungus was evaluated through the well-diffusion method and by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The suspension culture and fruit callus showed better antimicrobial activity than other plant parts. The zone of inhibition showed maximum values in suspension culture and fruit callus extract against Candida albicans. The study implies that suspension culture and fruit callus culture of plants showed the greatest values because of the enhancement of the alkaloid compound camptothecin and other compounds like phenolics and flavonoids.

Phytochemical determination and antimicrobial activity of plant extracts from Cinnamomum amoenum (Ness) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) against salmonella spp. of poultry importance

Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease that affects commercial birds and causes major economic and productivity losses in the poultry sector. Belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, the Gram-negative bacillus of the genus Salmonella has presented itself as a health problem in recent years, as there has been a considerable increase in bacterial resistance, due to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials as growth promoters. Given this context, bioactives from Brazilian flora, considered one of the most abundant in biodiversity, emerge as an alternative to the use of synthetic products. Thus, this work aimed to determine the chemical compounds of the native species Cinnamomum amoenum (Ness) Kosterm, as well as evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, ethyl acetate, hexane and ethanolic extracts against different serovars of the genus Salmonella. To obtain the extracts, the plant leaves were dried at 40°C and ground in a knife mill. Subsequently, sterilized by vacuum filtration and roto-evaporated, to completely remove the solvent. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (CBM) were performed using the broth microdilution method, with serial concentrations ranging from 200-0.09 mg/mL of the extract. As a positive control, gentamicin was used at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids and tannins, the latter present only in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Regarding antimicrobial activity, the ethanolic, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed inhibitory/bactericidal activity for all tested serotypes and the aqueous extract showed no activity on the tested serotypes. The ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate presented MIC ranging between 25 and 50 mg/mL and MBC ranging between 50 and 100 mg/mL. The hexane extract presented MIC ranging between 50 and 100 mg/mL and MBC with 100 mg/mL. The most susceptible serotypes for the ethyl acetate extract were S. Newport, S. Gallinarum, S. Montevideo, while for the ethanolic extract the most susceptible serotypes were S. Typhimurium, S. Mbandaka, S. Infantis, S. Heidelberg and S. Enteritidis. The results suggest that C. amoenum extracts have antimicrobial potential and could be a viable alternative to be used in poultry farms, thus being a more sustainable and less harmful approach to the consumer, who will be free from overdoses of synthetic antimicrobials that are commonly used. Furthermore, it is essential that new studies regarding the biological activities of C. amoenum are carried out, in order to validate its use in the control of poultry Salmonella.

Characterization of Bioactive Chemical Compounds from Staphylococcus aureus and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity

Aims and Objectives: This research aimed to analyze the bioactive chemical products of Staphylococcus aureus and evaluate the antibacterial and in vitro antimicrobial activities of plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus. Method: The chemical components known as bioactives, which are sometimes referred to as secondary metabolites, were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Subsequently, the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of Staphylococcus aureus was assessed in vitro. Results: The GC-MS analysis of Staphylococcus aureus detected the presence of the following: The compounds listed include ethyl 12-aminododecanoate, 1,11-Diaminoundecan-6-ol, N-propylidenehydroxylamine, 3,5-diamino-2,6-dicyanopyrazine, and methyl 1-methylpiperidine-3-carboxylate. The compound is called 5-azoniaspiro[4.5]decane. The compounds mentioned include 3,3-Dimethyl-2-acetyloxirane, 2-Hexadecanol, and 2-methyl-2-hexadecanol. The compounds mentioned are 12,15-octadecadiynoic acid and 9,11-octadecadiynoic acid. 8-oxo- 2-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyridine, 3,5-Dimethyl-2-ethylpyridine, ethyl 5,6-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxylate, 10-Oxododecanoic acid, and 12-Ethoxy-12-oxododecanoic acid. Glycyl-D-asparagine is a compound. 2,5-Piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(2-methylpropyl)-1H-pyrazin-2-one, and l-Leucyl-d-leucine. The evaluation of the antibacterial activity revealed that the metabolites of Staphylococcus aureus had a remarkably high level of activity against Escherichia coli (9.28±0.05). Equisetum arvense extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) Against Selected Pathogens

This work aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of halophytic plant, Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) against, some plant and human pathogens. Plant parts of S. portulacastrum were collected from the mangrove habitats of Coringa Reserve Forest near Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India. Plant parts are dried and extracts were obtained successfully with hexane, chloroform, methanol and water, using Soxhlet extraction apparatus. Agar well diffusion method has been used to determine the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against some gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium and Lactobacillus acidophilus), gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloace and Klebsiella pneumonia) and fungal species (Candida albicans, Mucar recemosus, Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizopus stolonifer and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The hexane, chloroform extracts showed minimum antimicrobial activity when compared to methanolic and water extracts. Water extract of S. portulacastrum showed appreciable antimicrobial activity against all bacterial and fungal strains. It reveals that this halophytic species has antimicrobial compounds which can act against microorganisms and they can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOME PLANTS USED IN YEMENI HERBAL MEDICINE

Capparis cartilaginea Decne.; Vachellia nilotica subspecies Indica (Benth) Kyal &amp; Boatwr.; Fagonia paulayana J. Wagner &amp; Vierh., are medicinal plants used in traditional Yemen medicine for the treatment a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases. These plants were selected to evaluate their potential antifungal activity. To determine antifungal activity and phytochemicals in the leaves, and total vegetative extracts of three medicinal plants used in traditional Yemeni medicine for the treatment of various disease like rheumatism, piles fever, skin diseases and snake bite. Plant extracts from three species, namely Capparis cartilaginea, Vachellia nilotica subsp. Indica, and Fagonia paulayana, were prepared using ethanol and water. The extracts were tested for their antifungal activity against Candida species isolated from vaginal specimens of women. Phytochemical screening was also performed to identify various constituents in the extracts. The antifungal susceptibility testing was carried out following standard guidelines, and Amphotericin B was used as a reference antifungal agent. The study aimed to evaluate the potential of these plant extracts as natural remedies for Candida-related infections. The study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts from Capparis cartilaginea, Vachellia nilotica subsp. Indica, and Fagonia paulayna against Candida fungal isolates from vaginal specimens. Vachellia nilotica subsp. Indica (Ethanol Extract) showed significant inhibitory effects against Candida species, while Capparis cartilaginea and Fagonia paulayna (both Ethanol Extracts) had limited inhibitory activity. Further research is needed to explore the therapeutic potential of Vachellia nilotica subsp. Indica as a natural antifungal agent. Extracts of Vachellia nilotica subsp. Indica demonstrate notable inhibitory effects against Candida species isolated from vaginal samples. This research points to the potential for using extracts of the Vachellia nilotica subsp. Indica plant as a natural remedy for Candida-associated infections.

Effect of Herbal Plant Extracts on the Economic Parameters of Silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Background: In the unorganized sector, the silk industry has grown to become a well-liked cottage business that employs more than 10 million rural residents. The development of new technologies that are efficient, labor-saving, and environmentally benign is being pursued. Objectives: To evaluate the secondary metabolites present in the selected Cucurbita moschata and Ipomoea batatas herbal plant (Leaf) extracts with five solvents namely ethanol, chloroform, acetone, petroleum ether, and water. To determine the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against selected bacterial strains and assess the effect of fortified mulberry leaves with plants on the growth of silkworms and their weight of cocoon, pupa, shell, and shell ratio of silkworm Bombyx mori. Method: In this study, the selected herbal plants (Cucurbita moschata and Ipomoea batatas) were collected by hand-picking method from Singaneri village, Nanguneri Taluk, Tirunelveli districts, Tamil Nadu, India. The qualitative phytochemical analyses of selected herbal plant extracts were performed using standard procedures. Results: Phytochemicals results revealed that the different extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, and water extracts) revealed that, phenolic compounds, steroids, saponins, and xanthoproteins were present in the acetone extract. In petroleum ether tannins, saponins, pholobatanins, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavanoids, carbohydrates, and xanthoproteins were present. In the antibacterial activity, ethanol and acetone extracts showed significant inhibitory effects against the pathogens viz., Enterococcus, E.coli, Aceto bactor and Bacillus cereus extracts did not show any activity. Moderate activity was expressed by ethanol extracts of I. batatasa gainst E.coli and Acetobactor (8.1±0.3mm diameter) concerning petroleum ether extracts. C. moschata revealed high activity against E.coli and Acetobactor with diameter of inhibition greater than 13.0±0.2 mm while C. moschata exhibited only moderate activity against E.coli and Acetobactor. Conclusion: The selected herbal plant extracts could increase some biological characteristics of silkworm B. mori, but this enhancement could economically improve the sericulture goals. The growers might be offered this substance to help them produce more silk.

Antibacterial potential and synergistic interaction between natural polyphenolic extracts and synthetic antibiotic on clinical isolates

Emergence of antimicrobial resistance complicates treatment of infections by antibiotics. This has driven research on novel and combination antibacterial therapies. The present study evaluated synergistic antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and cefixime in resistant clinical isolates. Preliminary susceptibility profiling of antibiotics and antibacterial activity of extracts was done by disc diffusion and microbroth dilution assays. Checker-board, time-kill kinetics and protein content studies were performed to validate synergistic antibacterial activity. Results showed noteworthy quantities of gallic acid (0.24–19.7 µg/mg), quercetin (1.57–18.44 µg/mg) and cinnamic acid (0.02–5.93 µg/mg) in extracts of plants assessed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Gram-positive (4/6) and Gram-negative (13/16) clinical isolates were intermediately susceptible or resistant to cefixime, which was used for synergistic studies. EA and M extracts of plants exhibited total synergy, partial synergy and indifferent characteristics whereas aqueous extracts did not show synergistic patterns. Time-kill kinetic studies showed that synergism was both time and concentration-dependent (2–8-fold decrease in concentration). Bacterial isolates treated with combinations at fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) showed significantly reduced bacterial growth, as well as protein content (5–62 %) as compared to extracts/cefixime alone treated isolates. This study acknowledges the selected crude extracts as adjuvants to antibiotics to treat resistant bacterial infections.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Selected Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia.

The emergence and spread of resistant microbes continue to be a major public health concern. Effective treatment alternatives, particularly from traditionally used medicinal plants, are needed. The main objective of this study was to conduct phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of selected traditionally used medicinal plants in Ethiopia. The ethnomedicinal use value frequency index (FI) was used to select twelve medicinal plants. Phytochemical classes of compounds were screened using different standard methods. Anti-microbial activities of plant extracts were evaluated against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were measured using the broth micro-dilution method. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 and the findings were presented descriptively and using non parametric one-way ANOVA analysis (Kruskal-Wallis/Ddunn's test). The phytochemical constituents identified were flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, with flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols being the most abundant. The crude extracts and chloroform fractions of the extracts showed an activity against the tested strains. The crude extract of Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Quart.-Dill. and A.Rich root demonstrated superior activity against all the tested strains with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.48 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; 0.98 μg/mL against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and 3.90 μg/mL against Candida albicans, which are even better than the reference drug, gentamicin and clotrimazole. The majority of evaluated medicinal plants demonstrated remarkable activity against tested microbial strains, which can be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites of different classes of compounds. The finding provided scientific evidence for the use of these traditionally used medicinal plants.

Genetic identification of Pectobacteerium atrsopeticum and assessment of medicinal plant extracts as an ecofriendly approach to control blackleg disease of potato

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a high value crop owing to its nutrient rich profile, consisting of significant quantities of carbohydrate, minerals, proteins and vitamins. It is an important food as well as cash crop implicating that losses in yield have dual impact on the society causing hungers and economic crisis at the same time. Phyto-pathogens including Pectobacterium atrosepticum (causing blackleg disease) are a major challenge for the potato growers across the globe. Devising an effective management strategy is crucial for achieving sustainable yields and ensuring food security. The study was primarily focused on detection, isolation and identification of pathogen using bio-chemical and genetic approaches, followed by estimation of antimicrobial activity of plant extracts. For this purpose pathogen was subjected to molecular characterization, the gapA gene based characterization confirmed isolate to be Pectobacterium atrosepticum which is widely associated pathogen with the blackleg disease. Genetic characterization has various benefits as it enables to understand pathogenic diversity and geographical distribution of pathogen which in turn can be used to understand factors enabling the prevalence of pathogen and passages associated with the dispersal and distribution of pathogen. Followed by genetic characterization, anti-microbial efficacy of plant extracts was evaluated as an alternative to traditional copper based pesticides which has toxic impact on environment and human health. For this, six plant extracts were evaluated at 3 different concentrations of 300 ppm, 500 ppm and 700 ppm, data was collected on 12 h regular interval for 36 h. The data analysis exhibited that Azadirachta indica (Neem), Mentha spicata (Mint), and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) are most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth. Assessment of concentration factor shows that antimicrobial activity is directly proportional to concentration of plant extract with 700 ppm extracts giving most effective response. Similarly the time factor also had a direct proportionality with growth inhibition activity. The experiment depict that plant extracts can be used as alternative for managing the blackleg disease and are an effective alternate to copper based pesticides.

Antimicrobial efficiency of Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimum tenuiflorum against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

The application of traditional medicinal plants and their products for treatment has been an integral part of our culture and continues to play a key role as many infectious microorganisms are resistant to synthetic drugs. Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimum tenuiflorum herbs have shown medicinal properties and have gained importance in modern research. This study assessed the antimicrobial activities of Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimum tenuiflorum against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans to conventional medications such as chlorhexidine and nystatin. The S. mutans and C. albicans were grown and maintained on Columbia agar plates and yeast malt extract agar respectively. An ethanolic extract was made and subjected to rotary evaporation to remove the ethanol. The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The standard drugs, 10 μg/disc nystatin and 0.12% chlorhexidine, were used as a positive control. The zone of inhibition was measured after 24 hours. At a concentration of 3 mgs., the zone of inhibition of 25.6 mm was found with T. cordifolia, followed by 15.8 mm with O. tenuiflorum against S. mutans, and 0.12% chlorhexidine, at 21.7 ± 0.43 mm. A zone of inhibition of 23 mm and 22.9 mm was observed in both T. cordifolia and O. tenuiflorum against C. albicans, respectively. Positive control of nystatin showed 26.1 ± 0.46 mm. Tinospora cordifolia has better antimicrobial activity against S. mutans compared to Ocimum tenuiflorum. Whereas at higher concentrations, both extracts were effective against C. albicans.

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Anthelmintic Activity Against Plant Pathogens of two Algerian Plants: Pergularia tomentosa L. and Forsskaolea tenacissima L. from Oued Mzab (Northern Algerian Sahara)

Background: Plants are an abundant natural source of potential chemical compounds; they have been widely used in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food. This work aims to study two Saharan medicinal plants by evaluating the activity of plant extract against bacterial and fungal plant pathogens as well as against the model nematode Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against plants pathogen was assessed in a 96- well plate assay by calculating the percentage of inhibition of bacteria. The antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi was evaluated by the agar diffusion method, and inhibition was calculated by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone. Anthelmintic activity was evaluated by calculating the average movement of C. elegans worms. Preliminary phytochemical screening was realized with HPTLC. Results: Hexane and ethyl acetate extract of Pergularia tomentosa showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This plant has the potential to act as a broad-spectrum antibacterial biopesticide. Hexane extract of Forsskaolea tenacissima exhibited good activity against one fungus. The extracts of Pergularia tomentosa showed good activity against Caenorhabditis elegans, and the extracts of Forsskaolea tenacissima exhibited a low activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening with HPTLC shows that both plants are rich in steroids and flavonoids. Conclusion: Our study shows that the studied plants may possess a broad-spectrum antibacterial effect with narrow-spectrum antifungal properties which can offer more sustainable crop protection with a much safer environmental and human health impact. Plant extracts that inhibited C. elegans could provide a starting point for the development of new anthelmintic drugs.

Susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Shigella spp to Ethanoic Extract of Lawsonia inermis

Background: The acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of healthcare and the development of microbial resistance to the available antibiotics has led researchers to investigate the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts.&#x0D; Aim: This was to evaluate antibacterial activity and potential effect of Lawsonia inermis leaves against three tests organisms namely: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella.&#x0D; Methodology: Ethanoic extracts of Lawsonia inermis was obtained. The extracts were boiled, macerated, soaked and the implementation of the extracts to determine the antimicrobial activities on culture was performed by diffusion method. Three antibiotics (Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin and Cefataxime) were used as control for the test organisms respectively.&#x0D; Results: The inhibition of each test organism was achieved in one or two extracts. Escherichia coli had the highest (7.25mm) zone of inhibition from soaked extract with lowest (5.00mm) zone of inhibition from boiled extract, Salmonella typhi had the highest (11.63mm) zone of inhibition from boiled extract with lowest (8.25mm) zone of inhibition from macerated extract, and Shigella had the highest zone of inhibition 19.50mm from soaked extract, and had the lowest zone of inhibition 12.63mm from boiled extract. Furthermore, the soaked ethanoic extract had a zone of inhibition ranging from 7.25mm- 19.50mm. Also, the ethanoic extract boiled had zones of inhibition ranging from 5.00mm – 12.63mm, and the ethanoic extract macerated had a zone of inhibition range of 6.63mm- 17.75mm. The zones of inhibition produced by the controls are; gentamicin produced zones of inhibition ranging from 25.00mm – 26.00mm, ciprofloxacin produced zones of inhibition ranging from 20.00mm – 22.00mm, and cefataxime produced zones of inhibition ranging from 18.00mm – 21.00mm. The Statistical analysis was applied to the result using the one-way ANOVA test to compare the differences in the means.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the effects of the ethanoic extracts of Lawsonia inermis on the tests organisms S. typhi, E. coli and Shigella and the controls. (p&lt;0.05, F Cal = 0.103, F Tab = 4.257).

Eucalyptus globulus and Salvia officinalis Extracts Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Application as an Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agent.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized using plant extracts as reducing and capping agents show multiple possibilities for solving various biological problems. The aim of this study was to expand the boundaries of AgNPs using a novel low toxicity and production cost phytochemical method for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles from Eucalyptus globulus and Salvia officinalis aqueous leaf extracts. Biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by various methods (ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with horizontal attenuated total reflectance (HART), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)). The determined antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was compared with the activity of the AgNPs. The UV-vis spectral analysis demonstrated the absorption peaks at 408 and 438 nm, which confirmed the synthesis of stable AgNPs from E. globulus and S. officinalis, respectively. FTIR-HART results suggested strong capping of phytochemicals on AgNPs. TEM results show mainly spherical-shaped AgNPs, whose size distribution depends on the plant leaf extract type; the smaller AgNPs were obtained with E. globulus extract (with size range of 17.5 ± 5.89 nm compared to 34.3 ± 7.76 nm from S. officinalis AgNPs). The in vitro antioxidant activity evaluated by radical scavenging assays and the reduction activity method clearly demonstrated that both the plant extracts and AgNPs showed prominent antioxidant properties. In addition, AgNPs show much stronger antimicrobial activity against broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria strains than the plant extracts used for their synthesis.

Antimicrobial Activities of Plant Extracts against Solanum tuberosum L. Phytopathogens.

The purpose of the study was to select an environmentally friendly plant biopesticide to protect seed potatoes against phytopathogens. The scope included the evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of 22 plant water extracts, 22 water-glycol extracts, and 3 subcritical carbon dioxide extracts using the agar diffusion method against 10 potato phytopathogens. For the most effective extracts, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), chemical composition analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and in situ assays on seed potatoes were performed. Garlic water extract was finally selected as the most effective in phytopathogen growth inhibition, both in vitro and in situ, with MIC values ranging between 6.3–25 mg/mL. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural was determined to be the main component of this extract (33.24%). Garlic water extract was proposed as a potential biopesticide against potato phytopathogens.

IN-VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF CENTAUREA BEHEN LINN

This work aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of ethyl acetate extracts of Centaurea Behen Linn (C. Behen) on some microorganisms. Agar well diffusion method has been used to determine the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella bongori and Escherichia coli), and two fungus (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). The extracts exhibited both antibacterial and antifungal activities against tested microorganisms using standard ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and fluconazole (10-30μg/ml). The antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition in term of millimeter (mm). To analyze the antimicrobial activity, ethyl acetate extract of C. Behen was tested by well diffusion method against six selected strain and which shows significant inhibitory action against all the tested strain. The antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extract of root against all microorganisms was concentration dependent but less than standard drug. It is concluded that the antimicrobial activity showed by the plant is due to the presence of phytochemicals. For future studies, phytochemcials responsible for these activities can be isolated and modified for pharmacological purpose.