Antibiotics In Food Production Research Articles

Antibiotics Used in Food Animals: A review

Veterinary medications, particularly antibiotics, are crucial elements in the manufacturing of animal feed. Typically, antibiotics are mostly employed in animals for the purpose of treating and preventing infections, as well as promoting growth. The utilization of antibiotics in animals can lead to the presence of antibiotic residues in food products, including milk, eggs, and meat. It is possible for these residues to cause a lot of bad things, like the spread of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics to humans, immune system problems, allergies, and even cancer (with sulphamethazine, and other drugs). The most harmful consequence of residual drugs is the transfer of resistant antibiotic germs to individuals, aided by the mobility traits of resistance. Controlling the consumption of antibiotics in cattle is imperative in order to mitigate these detrimental effects. The issue should be communicated to individuals and local protocols through formal education. This review will discuss the use of antibiotics in food products and their effects on the health of people.

Nanomaterial-based fluorescent biosensors for the detection of antibiotics in foodstuffs: A review.

Antibiotics are widely used as bacteriostatic or bactericidal agents against various microbial infections in humans and animals. The excessive use of antibiotics has led to an accumulation of their residues in food products, which ultimately poses a threat to human health. In light of the shortcomings of conventional methods for antibiotic detection (primarily cost, proficiency, and time-consuming procedures), the development of robust, accurate, on-site, and sensitive technologies for antibiotic detection in foodstuffs is important. Nanomaterials with amazing optical properties are promising materials for developing the next generation of fluorescent sensors. In this article, advances in detecting antibiotics in food products are discussed with respect to their sensing applications, with a focus on fluorescent nanomaterials such as metallic nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon-based nanomaterials, and metal-organic frameworks. Furthermore, their performance is evaluated to promote the continuation of technical advances.

Recent Progress of Metal-Organic Framework-Assisted Sensing System for Point-of-Care Antibiotics Detection in Food Industry; a Mini Review

Antibiotics (ANBs) are essential for animal health and are used for treatment, prevention, and growth promotion. However, ANB use in animals can lead to antibiotic residue in food products, which can cause various side effects. These include the transfer of ANB-resistant bacteria to humans, immunopathological effects, allergies, and even carcinogenicity. The most significant adverse effect is the transfer of ANB-resistant bacteria to humans due to the mobile properties of resistance. Therefore, timely detection is the best approach to prevent the spread of downsides of these compounds. Various methods exist for measuring ANB concentrations, such as LC-MS, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, thin-layer chromatography, and enzyme-linked immunoassay. However, complicated sample preparation processes and expensive equipment are often considered obstacles to their prevalent usage. Emerging technologies like Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) offer a simpler, quicker, and more cost-effective solution for detecting veterinary drugs in animal-derived food samples. This investigation first reviews some conventional methods for ANB recognition, including microbiological, immunological, and laboratory-based procedures. Then, Sensor-based analytical methods and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Finally, the recent progress in ANB detection approaches using MOF-based sensors in food products was investigated. MOFs have become a topic of great interest due to their remarkable properties. These include high surface areas that can be easily modified, defined porosity, lightweight, adjustable pore sizes, ordered structures, and impressive mechanical strength. The performance of MOFs is superior to traditional chemosensory materials due to their ability to adjust properties. Various sensing systems based on MOFs have been reported, including photoelectrochemical, electrochemiluminescence, electrochemical, and quartz crystal microbalance. As discussed in this review, sensors based on MOFs have emerged as reliable alternatives for fast and routine detection in clinical and environmental analysis and food safety control. Various MOF-based materials have been used for detecting antibiotics, and their advantages and limitations have been critically evaluated for future applications in diagnosing antibiotics in food products.

Foodborne Clostridioides Species: Pathogenicity, Virulence and Biocontrol Options.

Clostridioides species possess many virulence factors and alarming levels of muti-drug resistance which make them a significant risk to public health safety and a causative agent of livestock disease. Clostridioides result in serious systemic and gastrointestinal diseases such as myonecrosis, colitis, food poisoning and gastroenteritis. As foodborne pathogens, Clostridioides species are associated with significant incidences of morbidity and mortality where the application of broad-spectrum antibiotics predisposes patients to virulent Clostridioides colonisation. As part of the One Health approach, there is an urgent need to eliminate the use of antibiotics in food production to safeguard animals, humans and the environment. Alternative options are warranted to control foodborne pathogens at all stages of food production. Antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophages have demonstrated efficacy against Clostridioides species and may offer antimicrobial biocontrol options. The bacteriocin nisin, for example, has been implemented as a biopreservative for the control of Listeria, Staphylococcus and Clostridia species in food. Bacteriophage preparations have also gained recognition for the antibacterial action against highly virulent bacterial species including foodborne pathogens. Studies are warranted to mitigate the formulation and administration limitations associated with the application of such antimicrobials as biocontrol strategies. This review outlines foodborne Clostridioides species, their virulence factors, and potential biocontrol options for application in food production.

Factory farming in Canada: Addressing imprudent antibiotic usage and the conditions experienced by non-human animals to enhance global health

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant global threat affecting humans, non-human animals, and the environment. The phenomenon is largely attributed to intensive animal agriculture, with disregard for the health and well-being of non-human animals including extreme confinement or overcrowding inducing immune stress and thus necessitating the prophylactic administration of antibiotics in food production. With both antimicrobial application and fatal multidrug-resistant infections projected to rise drastically over the next quarter century, a cohesive One Health approach is urgently required to promote global health and well-being. Using Guelph, Ontario as a point of focus, an internationally applicable strategy is proposed to overcome anthropocentrism, reduce factory farming and imprudent antibiotic usage, and apply alternatives to antibiotic-based therapies including bacteriophages on a larger scale, mitigating existing effects of resistance genes and sustainably preventing further emergence, an approach expected to positively impact the health of humans, non-human animals, and the environment.

Electrochemical Biosensor Designed to Distinguish Tetracyclines Derivatives by ssDNA Aptamer Labelled with Ferrocene.

Controlling food safety and preventing the growing spread of antibiotics into food products have been challenging problems for the protection of human health. Hence, the development of easy-to-use, fast, and sensitive analytical methods for the detection of antibiotics in food products has become one of the priorities in the food industry. In this paper, an electrochemical platform based on the ssDNA aptamer for the selective detection of tetracycline has been proposed. The aptasensor is based on a thiolated aptamer, labelled with ferrocene, which has been covalently co-immobilized onto a gold electrode surface with 6-mercaptohexan-1-ol. The changes in the redox activity of ferrocene observed on the aptamer-antibiotics interactions have been the basis of analytical signal generation registered by square-wave voltammetry. Furthermore, the detection of tetracycline-spiked cow milk samples has been successfully demonstrated. The limits of detection (LODs) have been obtained of 0.16 nM and 0.20 nM in the buffer and spiked cow milk, respectively, which exceed the maximum residue level (225 nM) more than 1000 times. The proposed aptasensor offers high selectivity for tetracycline against other structurally related tetracycline derivatives. The developed biosensor characterized by simplicity, a low detection limit, and high reliability shows practical potential for the detection of tetracycline in animal-origin milk.

Development of a generic ultra-high-pressure gradient liquid-chromatography method development protocol: The analysis of residual multi-class antibiotics in food products as a case study

The present study discusses UHPLC method development allowing to establish ultra-high-resolution separations in gradient mode while operating at the kinetic performance limits, targeting the analysis of complex residual multi-class antibiotic samples in food products. The peak capacity and gradient occupation have been systematically assessed at different flow rates and gradient duration. The small particle size (1.5 µm core-shell particles) used in this study limits the mass-transfer contribution to band broadening when operating at high flow rate. As a result, for high-throughput analysis, high-pressure (1500 bar) operation leads to high resolving power where the gradient steepness dominates the peak capacity generation vs mass-transfer resistance. To reach the highest possible resolving power within a practically acceptable analysis time, one should use coupled-column systems at 1500 bar and adjust the gradient steepness correspondingly. Coupling four columns and applying a shallow gradient at 1500 bar led to a sample peak capacity of 379 in 140 min, allowing to resolve 71% of the analytes in a mixture composed of 61 milk antibiotics.

Hybrid technology for ecological remediation of agricultural wastewater from antibiotics

Increasing consumption of antibiotics in food production leads to intense environmental pollution and a global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Existing methods for cleaning environmental objects from antibiotics are laborious and costly. We analyzed and summarized the achievements in the field of phytoremediation of wastewater from farms and large agricultural enterprises, and developed a hybrid technology for its ecological rehabilitation based on phytoblocks in the form of phytoplants with submerged vegetation, sorption devices with hemp husks and plant microbial fuel cells. It is recommended to create local treatment facilities built into the landscape directly on farms, and at the same time generate electricity..

Antibiotics in Livestock and Their Effects on the Human Health: Mini Review

An increase in livestock then led to unsanitary conditions and disease in the animals, prompting producers to administer constant low doses of antibiotics to their animals as a prophylactic to prevent disease. However, the use of antibiotics in food production also led to the spread and development of antimicrobial resistance. Likewise, extensive antibiotic resistance has been reported for bacteria, including human pathogens, from farmed fish and market shrimp. Some of the antibiotic resistance genes identified in food bacteria have also been identified in humans, providing indirect evidence for transfer by food handling and/or consumption. However, therapeutic uses of antibiotics may cause an adverse effect on normal human microflora. Antibiotics can decrease the number of bacteria and sometimes kill the beneficial bacterial species. Basically, broad-spectrum antibiotics may have a potential adverse effect on wide range of gut flora resulting gastrointestinal disturbance. In developed countries, an assortment of systems and programs to monitor antibiotic use, as well as antibiotics resistance in food animals, food products, and humans have been implemented. Such initiatives have led to the substantial decrease of antibiotic consumption and rates of resistance in these settings. This review provides updated information on the antibiotics resistance in livestock and human health.

Isolation and partial characterization of Salmonella Gallinarum bacteriophage

Infections caused by Salmonella remain a major public health problem worldwide. Animal food products, including poultry meat and eggs, are considered essential components in the individual’s daily nutrition. However, chicken continues to be the main reservoir for Salmonella spp.Poultry farmers use several types of antibiotics to treat pathogens. This can pose a health risk as pathogens can build antibiotic resistance in addition to the possibility of accumulation of these antibiotics in food products. The use of phages in treating poultry pathogens is increasing worldwide due to its potential use as an effective alternative to antibiotics. Phages have several advantages over antibiotics; phages are very specific to target bacteria, less chances of developing secondary infections, and they only replicate at the site of infection.Here we report the isolation of a bacteriophage from chicken feces. The isolated bacteriophage hosts on Salmonella Gallinarum, a common zoonotic infection that causes fowl typhoid, known to cause major losses to poultry sector. The isolated bacteriophage was partially characterized as a DNA virus resistant to RNase digestion with approximately 20 Kb genome. SDS-PAGE analysis of total viral proteins showed at least five major bands (21, 28, 42, 55 and 68 kDa), indicating that this virus is relatively small compared to other known poultry phages. The isolated bacteriophage has the potential to be an alternative to antibiotics and possibly reducing antibiotic resistance in poultry farms.

Determination of antibiotic residues in animal products

Antibiotics are widely used for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in medicine and veterinary medicine, as well as growth stimulants in animal husbandry. The presence of residual traces of antibiotics in animal products, and further in food products derived from it, poses a danger to both humans and the environment as a whole. The irrational use of antibiotics in agriculture stimulates the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that can cause infectious diseases in humans and animals that cannot be treated with modern medicines. Due to the potential risk to human health in many countries, the maximum permissible limits for the content of residual traces of antibiotics are regulated. Therefore, the development of new highly sensitive, accurate, simple and cost-effective methods for their determination remains an urgent task. This review is aimed at analyzing recent work in the field of identification of residual traces of antibiotics in food products.

Development of a Generic Ultra-High-Pressure Gradient Liquid-Chromatography Methodology for the Analysis of Residual Multi-Class Antibiotics in Food Products

Development of a Generic Ultra-High-Pressure Gradient Liquid-Chromatography Methodology for the Analysis of Residual Multi-Class Antibiotics in Food Products

Technological Advancements for the Detection of Antibiotics in Food Products

Antibiotics, nowadays, are not only used for the treatment of human diseases but also used in animal and poultry farming to increase production. Overuse of antibiotics leads to their circulation in the food chain due to unmanaged discharge. These circulating antibiotics and their residues are a major cause of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), so comprehensive and multifaceted measures aligning with the One Health approach are crucial to curb the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance through the food chain. Different chromatographic techniques and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are being widely used for the separation and detection of antibiotics and their residues from food samples. However, the matrix present in food samples interferes with the proper detection of the antibiotics, which are present in trace concentrations. This review is focused on the scientific literature published in the last decade devoted to the detection of antibiotics in food products. Various extraction methods are employed for the enrichment of antibiotics from a wide variety of food samples; however, solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques are often used for the extraction of antibiotics from food products and biological samples. In addition, this review has scrutinized how changing instrumental composition, organization, and working parameters in the chromatography and CE can greatly impact the identification and quantification of antibiotic residues. This review also summarized recent advancements in other detection methods such as immunological assays, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based assays, and biosensors which have emerged as rapid, sensitive, and selective tools for accurate detection and quantification of traces of antibiotics.

ESBL-Producing, Carbapenem- and Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Belgian and Dutch Broiler and Pig Farms: A Cross-Sectional and Cross-Border Study.

Background. The use of antibiotics in food production selects for resistant bacteria and may cause a threat to human and animal health. Belgium and the Netherlands have one of the highest densities of broilers and pigs in Europe, making active monitoring of antibiotic use and resistance in this region vital. Objectives. This study aimed to quantify ESBL-producing (ESBL-E. coli), carbapenem- and ciprofloxacin-resistant (CiproR) Escherichia coli in animal feces on broiler and pig farms with a history of high antibiotic use in Belgium and the Netherlands. Methods. A total of 779 broiler and 817 pig fecal samples, collected from 29 conventional broiler and 31 multiplier pig farms in the cross-border region of Belgium and the Netherlands, were screened for the presence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli using selective culturing. Results. Carbapenem-resistant E. coli were not detected. ESBL-E. coli were remarkably more prevalent in samples from Belgian than Dutch farms. However, CiproR-E. coli were highly prevalent in broilers of both countries. The percentage of samples with ESBL- and CiproR-E. coli was lower in pig compared to poultry farms and varied between farms. No clear association with the on-farm antibiotic use in the year preceding sampling was observed. Multidrug resistance was frequently observed in samples from both countries, but ESBL-production in combination with ciprofloxacin resistance was higher in samples from Belgium. Conclusions. This study demonstrated marked differences in antibiotic resistance between countries, farms and within farms. The observed variation cannot be explained straightforward by prior quantity of antibiotic use suggesting that it results from more complex interactions that warrant further investigation.

The use of antibiotics in food technology: the case study of products from Moscow stores

The global threat of the 21st century is the uncontrolled use of antibiotics. Many bacteria have developed resistance to antibacterial drugs, resulting in drug-resistant superbugs. The article presents the results of the case study of Russian food products from the stores in the city of Moscow and analyzes them for the presence of antibiotics. The object of the study is the Russian market of animal products. The subject of the study is detecting the presence of antibiotics in food products on the Russian market. As a result of studying of the range of food products of animal origin, it has been revealed that the amount of harmful substances (such as antibiotics) meets the MPC standards, according to the Russian GOST standards. The research results obtained in laboratory conditions are of interest for assessing the prevalence of antibiotic residues in meat and dairy products. Based on the monitoring studies, it has been found out that most of the residual antibiotics were present in poultry meat. In all three samples, the antibiotic enrofloxacin was found but the MPC of the antibiotic was not exceeded (the norm is not more than 100 μg / kg).

Обработка экспериментальных данных при разделении хроматографических сигналов антибиотиков тетрациклиновой группы методом математического моделирования

Antibiotics belonging to the classes of sulfonamides, amphenicols and tetracyclines, such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline, are used to control infectious diseases of honeybees. In addition, tetracycline group antibiotics can be added directly to plants during flowering. Contamination of the flower with high concentrations of antibiotics entails the risk of transferring antibiotic residues to honey. Consequently, these antibiotics persist as contaminants in honey, and the determination of these drugs in honey samples is of great importance. Tetracyclines have a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The basic structure of tetracyclines consists of a hydro-naphthacene framework containing four rings. Due to their possible toxic or allergic reactions and the possibility that pathogens may become resistant to these drugs, much attention has recently been paid to tetracyclines. For the detection of residual quantities of antibiotics in food products increasingly requires reliable analytical methods. The main method for determining tetracycline group antibiotics is the method of high-performance liquid chromatography, but the micro-quantities of their residual concentration and unsatisfactory chromatographic conditions, under which peaks may overlap, as well as insufficient sample preparation conditions, under which matrix components may overlap, make quantitative calculations difficult when using this method. This article describes a method for calculating the initial value of intesiveness and peak width using mathematical modeling. Based on the analysis of real chromatographic data, the applicability of this method for the quantitative determination of tetracycline group antibiotics is shown.

Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Antibiotic-Free Chicken Farms.

Rising concern about the use of antibiotics in food production has resulted in many studies on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in animal-associated bacterial communities. There are few baseline data on the abundance of ARGs on farms where chickens are intensively raised with little or no use of antibiotics. This study used a high-throughput quantitative PCR array to survey two antibiotic-free chicken farms for the occurrence of ARGs and mobile genetic elements known to enhance the spread of ARGs. No antibiotics had been used on the study farms for five years prior to this study. The results provide a baseline for the occurrence of resistance genes in the chicken production system without direct selective pressure.

МЕТОДЫ ОБНАРУЖЕНИЯ АНТИБИОТИКОВ В ПИЩЕВЫХ ПРОДУКТАХ

The article provides an overview of modern methods of analysis of antibacterial drugs in food products. The pros and cons of specific methods, as well as the methods used to control antibiotics in food products on the territory of the Russian Federation, are examined. Screening methods of analysis are suitable as methods for monitoring a large number of samples of food products, but confirmatory methods are needed for a more accurate study. Features of these techniques are also considered in the article.

The Fate of Bacteriophages in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)—Towards Developing Phage Therapy for RAS

Aquaculture production has increased tremendously during the last decades, and new techniques have been developed, e.g., recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). In RAS, the majority of water volume is circulated via mechanical and biological filters and reused in the tanks. However, the prevention and treatment of diseases in these systems are challenging, as the pathogens spread throughout the system, and the addition of chemicals and antibiotics disrupts the microbiome of the biofilters. The increasing antibiotic resistance has made phage therapy a relevant alternative for antibiotics in food production. Indeed, as host-specific and self-replicating agent they might be optimal for targeted pathogen eradication in RAS. We tested the survival and spread of Flavobacterium columnare -infecting phage FCL-2 in recirculating aquaculture fish farm with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a fully controlled study. After a single addition, phage persisted in water samples collected from tank, fixed bed, moving bed, and aeration unit up to 14 days, and in the water of rearing tanks, rainbow trout mucus, and bioreactor carrier media from the fixed and moving bed biofilters for 21 days. Furthermore, phage adsorbed preferentially to moving bed carrier media, which contained biofilm attached and from which higher phage numbers were recovered. This study shows phages as a potent strategy for maintaining biosecurity in RAS systems.

The impact of antibiotic exposure in water and zebrafish gut microbiomes: A 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomic analysis

In order to supply human demand for food, the aquaculture industry has been growing fast in the last years, being fish usually cultivated in overcrowded conditions. Hence, to prevent the rapidly disease spreading, antibiotics may be applied to both sick and healthy animals. Due to its broad spectrum, oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of the most used antibiotics in food-production. Yet, although useful to prevent infections, antibiotics may reshape aquatic animals' microbiome, disturbing hosts’ welfare. However, the impact of this exposure to the organism microbiome and its surrounding environment is poorly understood. Then, the objective of this study was to analyze in detail the long-term effect of OTC in both zebrafish gut and water microbiomes. Zebrafish adults were exposed, via water, for two months to three concentrations of OTC (0, 10 and 10000 μg/L). Total DNA was extracted from gut and water samples and the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16 S rRNA gene was sequenced using Illumina technology. Results of alpha and beta-diversity analyses revealed that long-term exposure to OTC impacted both zebrafish gut and water microbiomes. In water samples, effects were observed even at the lowest (10 μg/L) OTC concentration tested resulting in an increase in Deltaproteobacteria, namely the Myxococcales and Bdellovibrionales orders. On the other hand, effects on zebrafish gut were only observed at the highest concentration with the selection of Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria classes. Although these classes are common in fish gut, the increase of Actinobacteria may represent a health problem since some genera like Gordonia are linked to some human infection disease. Nevertheless, in both gut and water, it was observed a decrease in Gamaproteobacteria, probably due to OTC mode of action. In silico functional metagenomic analysis revealed that OTC exposure selected general detoxification mechanisms. In addition, the abundance of functional genes involved in Quorum Sensing (QS) increased under OTC exposure suggesting that QS may help bacteria to survive OTC stress. Thus, future studies should consider post-exposure scenarios for a deeper analysis of the water and zebrafish gut resistome, since bacteria may react differently after exposure ceased.