Abstract
Antibiotics, nowadays, are not only used for the treatment of human diseases but also used in animal and poultry farming to increase production. Overuse of antibiotics leads to their circulation in the food chain due to unmanaged discharge. These circulating antibiotics and their residues are a major cause of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), so comprehensive and multifaceted measures aligning with the One Health approach are crucial to curb the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance through the food chain. Different chromatographic techniques and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are being widely used for the separation and detection of antibiotics and their residues from food samples. However, the matrix present in food samples interferes with the proper detection of the antibiotics, which are present in trace concentrations. This review is focused on the scientific literature published in the last decade devoted to the detection of antibiotics in food products. Various extraction methods are employed for the enrichment of antibiotics from a wide variety of food samples; however, solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques are often used for the extraction of antibiotics from food products and biological samples. In addition, this review has scrutinized how changing instrumental composition, organization, and working parameters in the chromatography and CE can greatly impact the identification and quantification of antibiotic residues. This review also summarized recent advancements in other detection methods such as immunological assays, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based assays, and biosensors which have emerged as rapid, sensitive, and selective tools for accurate detection and quantification of traces of antibiotics.
Highlights
The use of antibiotics in animals can result in antibiotic residues in food products such as milk, meat, and eggs
The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values are found to depend on the antibiotics and the method employed for their detection, and these values are found to be lower than their maximum residue limits (MRLs)
Mass spectrometry is a highly sensitive and selective technique, but the instrument is expensive, bulky, and consumes high power; the recent research is more focused on developing an alternative
Summary
The structures of different classes of antibiotics are contamination of the surrounding environment have been significantly linked with the shown, and the examples of antibiotics belonging to the different classes are emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Old-fashioned screening techniques, such as paper-based devices as μPAD, are simple and affordable, but their sensitivity is not enough to capture antibiotic traces in food samples This need has led to the research and development of highly sensitive and selective analytical tools for the detection and quantification of antibiotic residues in complex matrices [18,19]. They are affordable, simple to install, and can be operated by personnel with minimal training [29,30]
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