Anti-inflammatory Activity Of Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Quantification of phytochemical and antioxidant properties of aqueous apple extracts from the high atlas mountains in Morocco and their anti-inflammatory effect on Wistar rats

Apples are a valuable source of health-promoting polyphenols. However, a considerable variation in the polyphenol contents and bioactivities may exist among different apples from different origins. As the apples derived from traditional agriculture in the Moroccan High Atlas Mountains (above 2000 m of altitude) are less explored. This study aimed to investigate the polyphenol contents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extracts derived from five varieties of apples from the High Atlas Mountains in Morocco compared to two imported European varieties of apples. The content of phenol acids, flavonoids, tannins, and reducing sugars were spectrophotometrically measured. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), radical scavenging activity (RSA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed in vitro. The anti-inflammatory activity was conducted using paw edema induced by sub-plantar injection of formalin (0.05 mL, 4%) in rats. The results showed that local apples, particularly the Imilchil extract, contained the highest content of polyphenols (9.11 ± 0.36 GAE mg/gE), flavonoids (7.59 ± 0.23 RE mg/gE), and tannins (2.94 ± 0.05 CE mg/gE) but lower content of reducing sugars. Among all the tested extracts, Imilchil also exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl RSA (IC50= 1.12 ± 0.02 mg/mL), FRAP (110.55 ± 1.55 Fe2+E mMol/gE) and TAC (731.48 ± 3.02 AAE µg/gE) when compared with imported apples (Alpe and Golden), that have the lowest antioxidant activities in RSA (IC50 3.46 ± 0.12 and 3.92 ± 0.10 mg/ml), FRAP (18.30 ±.08 and 21.27 ± 0.99 Fe2+E mMol/gE) and TAC assays (133.22 ± 6.42 and 225.06 ± 2.88 AAE µg/gE), respectively. The administration of a single dose (500 mg/kg BW) of local apple extracts significantly inhibited about 54.77% of paw edema, while the imported apples produced about 30.60%. It is concluded that apples from the Moroccan High Atlas Mountains could be a rich source of natural polyphenols with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentialities.

Evaluation of the Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Aqueous Fruit Pulp Extract of Terminalia bellirica

Many fatal diseases have inflammation and fever as clinical symptoms. NSAIDs are the drug of choice for both of these symptoms. But they cause numerous adverse drug reactions including the gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular systems. Herbal medicines are known for their efficacy and lack of adverse reactions. So the search for herbal remedies is always on. Terminalia bellirica fruit pulp is used to alleviate a lot of health conditions. Hence this study looked at the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia bellirica fruit pulp in rodents. The carrageenan-induced paw edema model was utilized to test the plant's acute and subacute anti-inflammatory properties. Baker's yeast-induced pyrexia model was utilized to assess the plant's antipyretic activity. Three different groups were administered the extraction (9 mg/kg, 18 mg/kg, and 36 mg/kg). Positive control and negative control for the anti-inflammatory model were Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and Gum acacia suspension (3 ml/kg of 1 percent) respectively. Positive control and negative control for the anti-pyretic model were Paracetamol 100 mg/kg and 10 ml/kg of 1 percent Gum acacia suspension, respectively. 18 and 36 mg/kg dose of extraction showed substantial minimization of edema (P≤0.01) in tests of acute anti-inflammatory action. 36 mg/kg dose showed substantial minimization of edema in tests of subacute anti-inflammatory action (P≤0.01). The rectal temperature decreased significantly (P≤0.0001) in all experimental groups in Baker's yeast-induced pyrexia tests. Results revealed that the test drug has considerable action against inflammation and pyrexia in rodents.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПРОТИВОВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ ВОДНОГО ЭКСТРАКТА ЛИСТЬЕВ CIRSIUM HETEROPHYLLUM (L.) HILL

The biological activity of extracts from Cirsium heterophyllum leaves is of interest. Traditional medicine and preliminary studies indicate that this raw material may have the potential for anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of an aqueous extract of Cirsium heterophyllum leaves. We studied the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts of Cirsium heterophyllum leaves harvested in Vasilyevka village, Perm district, Perm territory (kray), Russia. The extracts were standardized for the content of flavonoids in terms of cynaroside. To study the anti-inflammatory activity, we used carrageenan-induced paw edema model in outbred ICR (CD-1) mice and outbred Wistar rats. Diclofenac was used as a reference drug. The test substances were dissolved in a 2% starch solution and injected intraperitoneally to the animals. The paw volume was measured hydrometrically and photometrically. The study has shown that the aqueous extracts of Cirsium heterophyllum have a mild effect compared to diclofenac. In mice, the percentage of inhibition of edema at the 4th hour was 19% (p-value = 0.0310) and 20% (p-value = 0.0130) for photometry and hydrometry, respectively. In rats, the percentage of edema inhibition was 47% (p-value = 0.0300) at the 1st hour and 28.7% (p-value = 0.0170) at 3 hours for hydrometry; photometry did not confirm these results. The results suggest that the aqueous extract of Cirsium heterophyllum has a mild activity in comparison with diclofenac, which may be due to the mutual action of the extract substances when applied intraperitoneally, as well as the presence of polysaccharides in the aqueous extract. Further research is required to determine whether the anti-inflammatory activity of its aqueous extract might be better combined with wound healing effects when applied topically.

Pharmacological investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract from Mitracarpus frigidus (Rubiaceae).

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of aqueous extract from Mitracarpus frigidus aerial parts (MFAq) in the treatment of inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as to characterize its chemical constituents. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined, and phytoconstituents were detected by ultra-fast liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-QTOF-MS). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, TAC and β-carotene/linoleic acid assays. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity, cell viability and cell cycle were performed in J774A.1 cell line. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by two ear oedema assays (croton oil and phenol). Chlorogenic acid, clarinoside, quercetin-hexosylpentoside, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-rhamnosylhexoside, quercetin-pentosylrhamnosylhexoside, harounoside, 2-azaanthraquinone and sucrose were identified by UFLC-QTOF-MS. MFAq showed antioxidant activity, which was positively correlated to the content of phenolic compounds. MFAq significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide, did not decrease viability in MTT assay (all concentrations) and showed no changes in membrane permeability and cell cycle of J774A.1 cell line. Furthermore, MFAq showed a reduction in ear oedema in all tested doses. MFAq was effective in some antioxidant and inflammatory parameters, in the experimental conditions that were used in the study. This is the first report of chemical composition and bioactivities from this extract.

ANTI-PYRETIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OFSOLANUM XANTHOCARPUM BERRIES IN SUITABLE ANIMAL MODELS

Background: Use of traditional medicines for treating various diseases have become a topic of global importance because of their safety, less side effects and cost-effectiveness. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum berries (SXB) in suitable animal models. Methods: Anti-pyretic activity was assessed by dried yeast induced pyrexia in rats. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats. Three doses of the plant extract (500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg) prepared by dissolving the drugs in 2% gum acacia were used. Paracetamol 33 mg/kg and aspirin 100 mg/kg were used as standard drugs for anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activity respectively. Vehicle served as a control drug. Results: Acute toxicity study results demonstrated no mortality of animals after 24 hours. The aqueous extract of the plant significantly decreased the rectal temperature of the rats and significantly prevented increase in volume of paw oedema. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum berries exerts its anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activity activity. However, further studies with the plant are required to evaluate the dose dependent activity and also to determine the active principle responsible for exact mechanism for both antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity.

In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity of Aqueous Extract of Carthamus caeruleus L Rhizome Against Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation in Mice

In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity of Aqueous Extract of Carthamus caeruleus L Rhizome Against Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation in Mice

Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Flueggea virosa (Phyllanthaceae) Used in the Traditional Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Mali

Worldwide, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in men over the age of 50. Hence there is a phytotherapy for BPH. In Mali, many medicinal plants are used in the traditional treatment of BPH. The current work aimed to characterize secondary metabolites and anti-radical constituents, to determine the acute toxicity and to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extracts from the leaves and stems of <i>Flueggea virosa</i>. Colour and precipitation reactions in tubes were performed to characterize the chemical constituents of the extracts. Anti-radical substances were determined through the free radical reduction method of 1,1 diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl radical. The acute toxicity was performed <i>in vivo</i> using female mice. <i>In vivo</i> analgesic activity was determined through inhibition of induced pain in mice using 0.6% acetic acid. <i>In vivo</i> anti-inflammatory activity was determined by inhibiting inflammation caused with carrageenan in mice. The main chemical constituents of aqueous extracts were flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Polar extracts contained anti-radical substances. These extracts exhibited analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The decoction extracts administered orally in mice at the dose of 2000 mg/kg did not provoke toxic effects and mortality. The stem extract at 100 mg / kg exhibited the best analgesic activity with 64.82% inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity with 59.07% inhibition. These first results justify the traditional use of the plant in the medical management of BPH and will help to make data for the development of a new improved traditional medicine (ITM) based on the stems of <i>Flueggea virosa</i>.

In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Albizia lebbeck leaf (l.)

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth is an important traditional tree found throughout India. All part of this tree is considered as folk medicine and used for treatment of various disease. Current research work was carried out to identify the bioactive compound by phytochemical screening and to evaluate anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous leaf extract of A. lebbeck. The phytochemical screening of the leaf of A. lebbeck shows the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, phenol, saponin, glycoside and free amino acid. The maximum inhibition of protein denaturation was found to be 78.06±0.5% at 500 µg/mL concentration and its IC₅₀ was 330 µg/mL concentration. The maximum inhibition in membrane stabilization was found to be 74.09±0.33% at 500 µg/mL concentration and its IC₅₀ was 440 µg/mL concentration. The maximum protection in hypotonicity induced haemolysis shows about 69.34±0.38% at 500 µg/mL concentration and its IC₅₀ was 400 µg/mL concentration. In vitro assay shows the moderate activity of anti-inflammatory in aqueous extract of A. lebbeck, when compared with the standard.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Bubonium graveolens

Introduction: Bubonium graveolens is used in traditional pharmacopoeia against imbalances of the gastrointestinal tract, cephalic pains, and bronchitis, and as an anti-inflammatory agent.&#x0D; Methods: We have investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Bubonium graveolens in male mice of strain NMRI Albinos, weighing between 22 g and 38 g. Acetic acid was used to induce writhes in the mice and inflammation of paw edema.&#x0D; Results: Evaluation of the analgesic activity showed that the aqueous extract at 150 mg/kg of the plant induced a decrease in the number of abdominal cramps caused by 1% acetic acid. The aqueous extract of the plant had an analgesic effect almost equal to that of Diclofenac; in fact, the latter caused a pain inhibition of 49 ± 1.1% while Bubonium graveolens caused a pain inhibition of 49.6 ± 2.1%, at the concentration of 150 mg/kg. Evaluation of the percentage of inhibition showed that the aqueous extract of Bubonium graveolens had a better anti-inflammatory activity compared to Diclofenac sodium during the treatment duration (69.57% — 56.52% at 60 min; 71.43% — 50.00% at 120 min, and 75.00% — 66.67% at 180 min).&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that Bubonium graveolens inhibits inflammation and could explain its effective use in traditional medicine.

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of an aqueous extract of blended leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Psidium guajava

BackgroundTo investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of a blended mixture of dried leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Psidium guajava, a traditional analgesic drug polyherbal (TADP) used as a remedy for pain-related conditions.MethodsAntinociceptive activity of TADP (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was evaluated in the hot plate test and acetic acid-induced nociception in mice while the anti-inflammatory was evaluated in carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. Levels of nitrite, myeloperoxidase, glutathione and malondialdehyde were assayed in carrageenan-induced paw tissue.ResultsTADP (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly prolong the latency time in the hot-plate test. TADP (100–400 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent significant inhibition of the acetic-acid induced abdominal constriction. The antinociceptive activity of TADP in the presence of naloxone and atropine was not reversed whereas yohimbine and glibenclamide significantly reversed it. TADP (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced the swelling in the carrageenan-induced oedema model and also produced a reduction in the nitrite and myeloperoxidase level. TADP (400 mg/kg) significantly reduced malondialdehyde concentration and increase glutathione level in the carrageenan-induced rat paw. TADP significantly decrease the number of cellular infiltrates in the histopathological assessment.ConclusionThese results indicate that polyherbal product containing blended leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Psidium guajava possess antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, hence represents a promising alternative remedy in inflammation-induced pain.

Pharmacological study of anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts of Mikania glomerata (Spreng.) and Mikania laevigata (Sch. Bip. ex Baker)

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMikania glomerata Spreng. (MG) and Mikania laevigata Sch. Bip. ex Baker (ML), popularly known as guaco, are medicinal plants similar in morphology, chemical composition and medicinal uses. Both species are often used and sold without distinction; however, it is believed that their chemical composition is different. AimThus, the aim of this study is to investigate if the aqueous extract of MG and ML present similar anti-inflammatory activity to the point of being used interchangeably. Material and methodsDifferent doses of both extracts and coumarin were given to rats in different experimental models to assess the anti-inflammatory activity between these two species. For this, the animals were submitted to paw edema, pleurisy and degranulation of peritoneal mast cell and the extracts were also characterized by Ultra High Efficiency Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). ResultsThe chromatographic method showed that ML presents ten times more coumarin than MG. Oral administration of MG, ML and coumarin inhibited paw edema induced by carrageenan (400 mg/kg, 55% inhibition; 400 mg/kg, 57% inhibition; 75 mg/kg, 38% inhibition; p < 0.05, respectively). MG, ML and coumarin treatment also inhibited the edema induced by compound 48/80 (400 mg/kg, 56% inhibition; 400 mg/kg, 69% inhibition; 75 mg/kg, 40% inhibition; p < 0.05, respectively). MG, ML and coumarin did not prevent mast cell degranulation and the consequent histamine release in Wistar rat peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48/80. MG did not inhibit cell infiltration in pleurisy nor the highest dose tested, while ML decreased the leukocyte migration (200 and 400 mg/kg, 23% and 30% inhibition; p < 0.001, respectively) and, to a lesser extent, coumarin also reduced cell infiltration (10, 50 and 75 mg/kg; 15%, 16% and 17% inhibition; p < 0.001, respectively). ConclusionThe variation of the results of the anti-inflammatory activity found in M. glomerata and M. laevigata demonstrates that these two species should not be used interchangeably. Coumarin, as already proven, has anti-inflammatory action however, we have suggested that it probably is not the only component responsible for this therapeutic effect in the extracts.

Development and evaluation of anti‑inflammatory ointment using aqueous extract of Coccinia grandis L.

Background: According to global burden of disease study that was measured in disability-adjusted life years, skin diseases contribute to 1.79% of the global burden when compared to other serious diseases. Coccinia grandis (C.G.) is used in folk medicine to treat various skin disorders and diseases. The present study was carried to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of C.G. and to formulate an ointment to treat the skin inflammation. Materials and Methods: The aqueous leaf extract of this plant was assessed for their in vitro antioxidant by 2, 2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays and anti-inflammatory activity by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. The ointment formulations containing extract of the above-mentioned herb were formulated and their physical parameters such as color, odor, pH, spreadability, consistency, diffusion, solubility, washability, and stability were evaluated. Results: The membrane stabilization anti-inflammatory test showed that the aqueous leaf extract exhibited similar membrane stabilizing activity of 90.14 ± 0.942% compared to that of standard indomethacin which exhibited 93.63 ± 0.910% at 10 mg/ml concentration, respectively. Conclusion: The physical evaluation of ointment indicated that the formulation C.G IV showed better suitability than other formulations and their effectiveness should be explored further in harnessing the potential of the plant for treating skin inflammatory diseases. Clinical Impact: At present, there is no effective cure for skin inflammatory diseases, but it can be controlled by various treatments, namely topical, drugs, and biological. However, most of these therapies are of higher cost, causing a number of side effects that include organ toxicity, carcinogenicity, and immunosuppression and are effective only for short term. The present study shows that the C.G. ointment will be useful for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases.

In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Teucrium polium against carrageenan-induced inflammation in experimental models

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Teucrium polium (TP). Rats were divided into four groups: group 1 controls received standard diet; group 2 inflamed by carrageenan (Carr) (1% Carr); group 3 as reference inflamed with Carr and treated with Indometacine (Ind) (150 mg/kg bw) and group 4 inflamed with Carr and pre0treated with TP (5 g/L). Oedema volume was measured 1 h to 5 h after injection. Administration of TP or Ind decreased the levels of hematology parameters relative to Carr and reduced the volume of rats induced by Carr. TP reduced levels of CRP, fibrinogen compared to treated, a decrease in oxidative stress (LP) and AOPP with an increase in the levels of SOD, CAT, GPx and Vit C in skin and erythrocytes. Carr increased the levels of lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of antioxidant enzymatic and Vit C. Our results were confirmed by histological sections of skin.

Evaluation of anti - inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of leaves of hibiscus sabdariffa in albino rats

Background: Inflammation continues to be an area of great interest for research, probably due to the non-availability of a safer and more effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. This has led to increase in demand for natural products with anti-inflammatory activity having fewer side effects. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin are used in the treatment of inflammation, fever and pain. However, NSAIDs cause gastric damage as a major adverse reaction. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract H. sabdariffa Linn was studied using carrageenan and formalin for acute and chronic inflammation respectively in albino rats.Methods: In this study, anti-inflammatory activity of H. sabdariffa was studied and compared with standard drug, indomethacin. Aqueous extract of leaves of H. sabdariffa (200mg/kg or 400mg/kg) and indomethacin (25mg/kg) were used to separate groups of rats and paw edema was measured by plethysmometer and compared with control group.Results: H. sabdariffa did not show any significant reduction of paw edema (P &gt;0.05) in both the models of inflammation i.e. carrageenan induced acute model and formalin induced chronic model of inflammation.Conclusions: H. sabdariffa didn’t show any significant anti-inflammatory activity.

An experimental study to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of moringa oleifera leaves in animal models

Background: Inflammatory diseases are a major cause of morbidity and disability of work force throughout the world. The treatment of inflammation with standard steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs shares the risk of toxicity on various organ systems. Moringa oleifera, an herbal plant has been claimed to be effective in the treatment of various types of inflammatory conditions. However, there is lack of scientific studies to ratify these claims. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Moringa oleifera (AEMO) in experimentally induced inflammation in albino rats.Methods: The study was commenced after obtaining approval from Institutional Animal Ethical Committee using AEMO leaves in Albino wistar rats (150-200 gm) of either sex. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced paw edema model, cotton pellet induced granuloma method and formaldehyde induced paw edema method. For each set of experiment, animals were divided in three groups of six animals each. In each experiment, 1st group was given normal saline (5 ml/kg/day), 2nd group was given standard anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg/day) and 3rd group was given Moringa oleifera (200 mg/kg/day).Results: Aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves at dose of 200 mg/kg, p.o. exhibited the significant anti-inflammatory effect in all the models used in this study.Conclusions: It can be concluded from our study that aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves possess anti-inflammatory activity.

Anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of the aerial part of Rubia cordifolia

BackgroundIn Shaanxi province, China, the aqueous extract of Rubia cordifolia’s aerial part (AERCAP) is traditionally used to manage diarrhea. However, there is no scientific evidence to verify the safety and efficacy of its use. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory effects of AERCAP by using a rodent model.MethodsThe anti-diarrheal effects were studied by senna leaf-induced diarrheal and intestinal transit experiments in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colonic inflammation in rats.ResultsThe results indicated that AERCAP delayed the onset of semi-solid feces, reduced the evacuation index (EI) in senna leaf-induced diarrheal in mice, and inhibited the propulsive movement in castor oil-induced intestinal transit but not in the normal intestinal transit test. The results were compared with the standard anti-diarrheal drug loperamide. Additionally, oral treatment with AERCAP significantly decreased the macroscopic damage area, improved the microscopic structure, and reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, IL-1β and TNF-α levels in colonic tissue compared with the TNBS control group in rats.ConclusionsAERCAP exhibited anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory activities in a rodent model. The study validated the traditional use of the plant in Chinese herbal medicine as a valuable natural remedy for the treatment of diarrhea.

The anti-inflammatory effect of Sonchus oleraceus aqueous extract on lipopolysaccharide stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and mice

Context: Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae) (SO) is a dietary and traditional medicinal plant in China. However, its underlying mechanism of action as an anti-inflammatory agent is not known.Objective: This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of SO.Materials and methods: The extract of SO was used to treat RAW 264.7 cells (in the working concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.3 and 15.6 μg/mL) for 24 h. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators produced in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were assessed. Meanwhile, the expression level of TLR-4, COX-2, pSTATs and NF-κB was tested. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract in vivo was assessed using xylene-induced mouse ear oedema model and the anti-inflammatory compounds in the extracts were analyzed by HPLC-MS.Results: SO extract significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators at gene and protein levels with the concentration of 31.3 μg/mL, and suppressed the expression of TLR-4, COX-2, NF-κB and pSTAT in RAW 264.7 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of SO in vivo has significant anti-inflammatory effects with the concentration of 250 and 125 mg/kg, and less side effect on the weights of the mice at the concentration of 250 mg/kg. Moreover, HPLC-MS analysis revealed that the anti-inflammatory compounds in the extract were identified as villosol, ferulaic acid, β-sitosterol, ursolic acid and rutin.Discussion and conclusion: This study indicated that SO extract has anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo, which will be further developed as novel pharmacological strategies in order to defeat inflammatory diseases.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Arbutus unedo aqueous extract

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Arbutus unedo (A. unedo) leaves. MethodsIn this context, the in vitro antioxidant activity was demonstrated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical and H2O2 radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating, ferric reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and by the protection against peroxidation of β-carotene-linoleic acid in emulsion. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated first by studying the membrane of human red blood cells against different hypotonic concentrations of NaCl and against heat, inhibiting the denaturation of albumin. ResultsTotal phenolic and flavonoid content were found respectively [(207.84 ± 15.03) mg gallic acid equivalent/g, and (13.070 ± 0.096) mg quercetin equivalent/g]. The extract displayed significant scavenging activity of some radicals such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [IC50 at (7.956 ± 0.278) μg/mL], OH [IC50 = (1015.74 ± 46.35 μg/mL)], H2O2 [IC50 = (114.77 ± 16.86) μg/mL] and showed a good antioxidant activity through ferrous ion chelating activity [IC50 = (1014.30 ± 36.21) μg/mL], ferric reducing power [IC50 = (156.55 ± 17.40) μg/mL], total antioxidant capacity [IC50 = (461.67 ± 4.16) μg/mL] and β-carotene-linoleic acid protection against peroxidation [I% = (87.04 ± 1.21)% at 1000 μg/mL]. ConclusionsA. unedo showed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the heat induced albumin denaturation and red blood cells membrane stabilization. Our results show that aqueous leaf extract of A. unedo has good antioxidant activity and interesting anti-inflammatory properties. A. unedo aqueous extract can be used to prevent oxidative and inflammatory processes.

Evaluation of Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Aqueous Extract of &lt;I&gt;Leptadenia Reticulata&lt;/I&gt; in Animal Models

&lt;strong&gt;Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; To study the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of the Aqueous Extract of &lt;em&gt;Leptadenia Reticulata&lt;/em&gt; (AELR) in different animal models. &lt;strong&gt;Materials and Methods&lt;/strong&gt;: Acute toxicity studies were performed and extract was found to be safe upto 2000 mg/kg. Two doses were selected for the "evaluation of antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of &lt;em&gt;Leptadenia reticulata&lt;/em&gt; in animal models" i.e 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b. w. Antipyretic activity was evaluated using baker's yeast induced pyrexia in albino rats and cow milk induced pyrexia in albino rabbits. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced paw edema and turpentine oil induced paw edema in albino rats. &lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: In all the animal models AELR at the dose of 200 mg/kg b.w and 400 mg/kg b.w showed significant (P&amp;lt;0.01) antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: These finding could justify the inclusion of aqueous extract of &lt;em&gt;Leptadenia reticulata&lt;/em&gt; in the management of pyrexia and inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract and bioactive compounds identified from the fruits of Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae).

BackgroundHancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae), popularly known as “mangabeira,” has been used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders, hypertension, dermatitis, diabetes, liver diseases and gastric disorders. Although the ethnobotany indicates that its fruits can be used for the treatment of ulcers and inflammatory disorders, only few studies have been conducted to prove such biological activities. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous extract of the fruits of H. speciosa Gomes as well as its bioactive compounds using in vivo experimental models.MethodsThe bioactive compounds were identified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The anti-inflammatory properties were investigated through in vivo tests, which comprised xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced peritonitis and zymosan-induced air pouch. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α were determined using ELISA.ResultsRutin and chlorogenic acid were identified in the extract as the main secondary metabolites. In addition, the extract as well as rutin and chlorogenic acid significantly inhibited the xilol-induced ear edema and also reduced the cell migration in both carrageenan-induced peritonitis and zymosan-induced air pouch models. Reduced levels of cytokines were also observed.ConclusionThis is the first study that demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of H. speciosa fruits against different inflammatory agents in animal models, suggesting that its bioactive molecules, especially rutin and chlorogenic acid are, at least in part, responsible for such activity. These findings support the widespread use of Hancornia speciosa in popular medicine and demonstrate that its aqueous extract has therapeutical potential for the development of herbal drugs with anti-inflammatory properties.