Anti-elastase Activity Research Articles

Anti-Inflammatory, Barrier-Protective, and Antiwrinkle Properties of Agastache rugosa Kuntze in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes.

This work aimed to assess the skin-beneficial properties of Agastache rugosa Kuntze, an herbal medication used to treat different types of disorders in traditional folk medicine. The total phenolic compounds and total antiradical, nitrite scavenging, superoxide scavenging, antielastase, and antihyaluronidase activities of a hot water extract of A. rugosa Kuntze leaves (ARE) were spectrophotometrically determined. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was fluorometrically quantitated using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and filaggrin were evaluated using Western analysis. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure filaggrin mRNA. Caspase-14 activity was determined using a fluorogenic substrate. ARE contained the total phenolic content of 38.9 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and exhibited 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide radical, and nitrite scavenging activities with the SC50 values of 2.9, 1.4, and 1.7 mg/mL, respectively. ARE exerted suppressive activities on nitric oxide (NO) and ROS levels elevated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in HaCaT keratinocytes. It attenuated the LPS-stimulated expression of iNOS. ARE augmented the UV-B-reduced filaggrin expression on both protein and mRNA levels and was capable of upregulating the UV-B-reduced caspase-14 activity. ARE inhibited in vitro elastase and hyaluronidase activities associated with the wrinkling process. ARE, at the concentrations used, did not interfere with the viability of HaCaT keratinocytes. These findings preliminarily imply that the leaves of A. rugosa possess desirable cosmetic potentials, such as anti-inflammatory, barrier protective, and antiwrinkle activities, which infers their skin healing potentials.

Optimization of the Antioxidant Activities of Mixtures of Melastomataceae Leaves Species (M. malabathricum Linn Smith, M. decemfidum, and M. hirta) Using a Simplex Centroid Design and Their Anti-Collagenase and Elastase Properties

In this study, a simplex-centroid mixture design (SCMD) approach was used to select the optimal proportions of three different Melastomataceae leaves species (M. malabathricum, M. decemfidum, and M. hirta) extracts to determine the optimum antioxidant activities of total phenolic compound (TPC) and ABTS (2, 2′-azino-bis (ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical-scavenging activities. Twelve experimental designs were set up, consisting of points that were equally weighted mixtures of 0 to 1 components, which were pure blends (1, 0, …, 0), binary blends (1/2, 1/2, 0, …, 0), tertiary blends (1/3, 1/3, 1/3, 0, …, 0), and a control point. The in vitro anti-elastase and collagenase activities were evaluated in order to determine the anti-aging efficacy of the optimized mixture extracts. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was employed to identify the flavonoid content (rutin and quercetin) present in the optimized mixture extracts. The results showed that the best proportions of the optimum phenolic compounds and ABTS activity corresponded to 30%, 40%, and 30% of M. malabathricum, M. hirta, and M. decemfidum leaf extracts, respectively. The in vitro anti-collagenase and elastase activity evaluation of the optimized mixture extracts showed 70% inhibition against both elastase and collagenase enzymes. The HPLC analysis revealed two flavonoids (rutin and quercetin) at retention time 7.770 and 8.769 min, respectively, in the mixture extracts. This study suggests the potential exploitation of mixtures of Melastomataceae leaves (M. malabathricum, M. decemfidum, and M. hirta) as cosmetic ingredients for antioxidant and anti-wrinkles applications.

Anti-aging Effects of Mangosteen Peel Extract and Its Phytochemical Compounds: Antioxidant Activity, Enzyme Inhibition and Molecular Docking Simulation.

Skin aging is a complex natural process characterised by gradual diminishment of structural integrity and physiological imbalance of the skin tissue. Since the oxidative stress is tightly corelated to the skin aging process, the usage of antioxidant may serve as favourable strategies for slowing down the skin aging process. Mangosteen is an important fruit commodity and its extract had been extensively studied and revealing various biological activities. Present study aimed to assess the antioxidant and antiaging activity of mangosteen peel extract (MPE) and its phytochemical compounds. MPE and its compounds were subjected to ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroperoxide (H2O2) scavenging, anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-hyaluronidase and anti-tyrosinase assay. MPE has the highest FRAP 116.31 ± 0.60 μM Fe(II) μg−1 extract, IC50 of MPE on H2O2 scavenging activity was 54.61 μg mL−1. MPE also has the highest anti elastase activity at IC50 7.40 μg mL−1. Alpha-mangostin showed potent anti-collagenase activity (IC50 9.75 μg mL−1). While gamma-mangostin showed potent anti-hyaluronidase (IC50 23.85 μg mL−1) and anti-tyrosinase (IC50 50.35 μg mL−1). MPE and its compounds were evaluated in vitro for antioxidant and antiaging activities. Current findings may provide scientific evidence for possible usage of mangosteen extract and its compounds as antioxidant and antiaging agent.

Inhibitory effects of skin permeable glucitol-core containing gallotannins from red maple leaves on elastase and their protective effects on human keratinocytes

• Gallotannins inhibit elastase activity. • Gallotannins with more galloyls have enhanced inhibitory effects. • Red maple glucitol-core containing gallotannin (GCGs) are skin permeable. • GCGs protect human keratinocytes against oxidative stress. Glucitol-core containing gallotannins (GCGs) from the red maple ( Acer rubrum ) species have been reported to exhibit skin beneficial activities but their inhibitory effects on elastase remain unclear. Herein, we evaluated a series of GCGs for their anti-elastase activity, skin permeability, and cytoprotective effects in human keratinocytes HaCaT cells. GCGs’ anti-elastase effects were enhanced as their number of galloyl groups increased, which may be attributed to the formation of more stable protein–ligand complexes. In addition, GCGs were predicted to have moderate skin permeability and ginnalin A (GA) showed favorable permeability in the PAMPA model and cell uptake assay. Moreover, GA, ginnalin B, and maplexin F (at 50 µM) reduced H 2 O 2 -induced reactive oxygen species in HaCaT cells by 70.8, 92.8, and 84.6%, respectively. In conclusion, red maple GCGs are skin permeable elastase inhibitors with antioxidant activity, which may contribute to their overall skin beneficial effects and support their potential for cosmeceutical applications.

Tannic acid, a promising anti-photoaging agent: Evidences of its antioxidant and anti-wrinkle potentials, and its ability to prevent photodamage and MMP-1 expression in L929 fibroblasts exposed to UVB

Chronic and unprotect UV exposure leads to skin oxidative stress, following accumulation of damaged cellular components and downstream activation of specific signaling pathways, culminating in premature skin aging (photoaging). In this concern, polyphenols have been proposed for the prevention of skin disorders UV-generated. In the present study, we compared gallic acid (GA) and tannic acid (TA) regarding their potentials in prevent photoaging, using cell-free assays. The most promising compound was further investigated for its photoprotection abilities in UVB-irradiated L929 fibroblasts. TA was more efficient in scavenging radicals DPPH•, superoxide anion, peroxyl, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, and to reduce ferric ions. Although GA and TA exhibited similar inhibitory activity towards collagenase, TA was more potent in inhibit elastase. In addition, TA presented a broader UV absorption spectrum. Furthermore, TA treatment in UVB-irradiated cells attenuated redox imbalance, as observed by its ability to inhibit ROS production, NADPH oxidase activation and depletion of endogenous antioxidant defense system. Moreover, TA treatment prevented cellular photodamage and subsequently photoaging, by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, depolarization of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, DNA damage, and MMP-1 expression, a protein closely related to the structural degeneration of the dermis extracellular matrix. In conclusion, the results indicate the potential of TA in act as anti-photoaging agent, due to its potent antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities, and UV-absorption effects, and its ability in prevent oxidative stress, oxidative damages and MMP-1 induction in UVB-irradiated L929 fibroblasts.

In Vitro Antiaging Analysis of Topical Pharmaceutical Preparation Containing Mixture of Strawberry Fruit, Pomelo Peel, and Langsat Fruit Extracts

The previous research has discovered that strawberry fruit, pomelo peel and langsat fruit peel have antioxidant activity. This research aimed to put the extract combination into several formula of gel and cream. Extract will be formulated into two gels with Natrium Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose as gelling agent for Formula 1 and Synthalen for Formula 2. Whereas there are three cream formulations with Glyceril Mono Stearat as surfactant for Formula 3, Polawax for Formula 4, and Simulsol 165 for Formula 5. Natrosol HBr was added to Formula 3 as thickening agent and Keltrol CG-SFT added to Formula 5. After five formulas being made, their stability was tested using climatic chamber within 30 days. Physical stability parameters were spreadability, stickiness, pH, viscosity, separation degree, and syneresis test. The chemical properties evaluation of the formula was done by measuring radical 2,2-difenyl-1-pikrylhidrazil (DPPH) scavenging activity percentage, anti-collagenase activity, anti-tyrosinase activity, and anti-elastase activity. The results showed that all of formulas have good activity in scavenging DPPH radical, anti-elastase, anti-collagenase and anti-tyrosinase as well. In addition, all formulas have good stability. There is no change in appearance after three times freeze-thaw cycle. Therefore, it was concluded that all formula can be developed as topical preparation for antiaging.

Determination of antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase, and antielastase activities and aroma, essential oil, fatty acid, phenolic, and terpenoid-phytosterol contents of Salvia poculata

In this study, the essential oil, aroma, fatty acid, terpeneoid and phenolic contents of Salvia poculata were investigated. Additionally, antioxidant, toxic-cytotoxic activities of essential oil and the ethanol extracts were determined. Moreover, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase and antielastase enzymes inhibition activities of the extracts were examined. In GC–MS studies, germacrene D (20.07 %), caryophyllene (17.57 %) and tricosanoic acid (17.01 %) were determined as the major components for essential oil, aroma and fatty acid compositions, respectively. Besides, according to the GC–MS and LC–MS/MS results, this species was determined to contain considerable amounts of ferruginol (9292.9 μg analyte/g extract) and rosmarinic acid (15612.08 μg analyte/g extract). In parallel with the high total phenolic and rosmarinic content of the species, its ethanol extract has a high antioxidant potential. It was determined that the species was not active against acetylcholinesterase enzyme, however, the root ethanol extract showed good activity (Inhibition%: 63.01 ± 1.12) against butyrylcholinesterase enzyme. All extracts of the species were found to have fairly high anti-urease activity (Inhibition%: 89.67 ± 0.72), however, all extracts of S. poculata showed moderate and similar activities in anti-tyrosinase and antielastase activity assays. It can be deducted that the species has potential in food preservative and pharmaceutical industry due to its total phenolic and rosmarinic acid content, antioxidant capacity, antiurease and antibutyrylcholinesterase enzymes activity.

Glycosaminoglycans as Multifunctional Anti-Elastase and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease.

Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a major protease in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) that activates airway inflammation by several mechanisms. NE stimulates epithelial toll like receptors (TLR) resulting in cytokine upregulation and release, upregulates MUC5AC, a major airway mucin, degrades both phagocytic receptors and opsonins resulting in both neutrophil and macrophage phagocytic failure, generates oxidative stress via extracellular generation and uptake of heme free iron, and activates other proteases. Altogether, these mechanisms create a significant inflammatory challenge that impairs innate immune function and results in airway remodeling. Currently, a major gap in our therapeutic approach to CF lung disease is the lack of an effective therapeutic strategy targeting active NE and its downstream pro-inflammatory sequelae. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are potent anti-elastase drugs that have additional anti-inflammatory properties. Heparin is a prototype of a glycosaminoglycan with both anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory properties. Heparin inhibits NE in an allosteric manner with high potency. Heparin also inhibits cathepsin G, blocks P-selectin and L-selectin, hinders ligand binding to the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, and impedes histone acetyltransferase activity which dampens cytokine transcription and High Mobility Group Box 1 release. Furthermore, nebulized heparin treatment improves outcomes for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, acute lung injury and smoke inhalation. However, the anticoagulant activity of heparin is a potential contraindication for this therapy to be developed for CF lung disease. Therefore, modified heparins and other GAGs are being developed that retain the anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory qualities of heparin with minimal to no anticoagulant activity. The modified heparin, 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin (ODSH), maintains anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo, and has little residual anticoagulant activity. Heparan sulfate with O-sulfate residues but not N-sulfate residues blocks allergic asthmatic inflammation in a murine model. Polysulfated hyaluronic acid abrogates allergen- triggered rhinosinusitis in a murine model. Finally, nonsaccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetics with specific sulfate modifications can be designed to inhibit NE activity. Altogether, these novel GAGs or GAG mimetics hold significant promise to address the unmet need for inhaled anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory therapy for patients with CF.

Potential application of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) stem extracts in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries: Valorization of a by-product

Wastes from the wine industry can cause sustainably problems, thus requiring their reuse. Thus, new products can be generated through these wastes, giving environmental, social, and economic advantages. In this sense, the objective of this work was to determine the phenolic composition of six varieties of grape stem extracts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and to evaluate their biological activities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging). The results showed that grape stem extracts confirm to be a potential source of phenolic compounds, with catechin being the most abundant compound in all varieties (0.44 ± 0.02–2.03 ± 0.08 mg/g dry weight). The grape stem extracts also presented antioxidant activity, reaching values up to 0.84 ± 0.06, 0.64 ± 0.05, and 1.03 ± 0.06 mmol Trolox/g dry weight for ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays, respectively. Concerning antimicrobial activity, the extracts presented high efficacy against foot wound ulcers Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, the extracts presented anti-inflammatory capacity exhibiting inhibitions of Nitric Oxid production, by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, up to 35.25 %, and revealed, for the first time, anti-aging effect by inhibiting anti-tyrosinase (∼54 %) and anti-elastase (∼98 %) activities. Therefore, grape stem has demonstrated its biological potential, being of interest for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.

Polyphenols-Loaded Sericin Self-Assembling Nanoparticles: A Slow-Release for Regeneration by Tissue-Resident Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells.

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a therapeutic target to promote tissue regeneration, mainly when oxidative stress-mediated damage is involved in disease pathogenesis. Here, slow-release silk sericin nanoparticles (SNPs) loaded with natural antioxidant polyphenols were developed to sustain regeneration by tissue-resident MSCs. SNPs were prepared by exploiting a self-assembly method with poloxamer and were loaded with proanthocyanidins (P), quercetin (Q) or epigallocatechin gallate (E). SNPs, with a diameter less than 150 nm, were able to encapsulate both hydrophilic (P and E) and hydrophobic (Q) drugs. A slow and controlled release was obtained from SNPs for all the actives in PBS, while in EtOH, Q and E showed a burst release but P did not. Kinetic models revealed lower diffusion of P than other biomolecules, probably due to the higher steric hindrance of P. The in vitro anti-oxidant, anti-elastase and anti-tyrosinase properties of SNPs were assessed: loading the P and E into SNPs preserved the in vitro biological activities whereas for Q, the anti-elastase activity was strongly improved. Moreover, all formulations promoted MSC metabolic activity over 72 h. Finally, SNPs exhibited a strong ability to protect MSCs from oxidative stress, which supports their potential use for regenerative purposes mediated by tissue-resident MSCs.

The Role of Bioactive Compounds and other Metabolites from Mushrooms against Skin Disorders- A Systematic Review Assessing their Cosmeceutical and Nutricosmetic Outcomes.

Bioactive compounds derived from mushrooms have been shown to present promising potential as cosmeceutical or nutricosmetic ingredients. Scientific data reviewed herein showed that extracts prepared from medicinal and edible mushrooms and their individual metabolites presented antiinflammatory, antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase, and anticollagenase activities. These metabolites can be utilised as ingredients to suppress the severity of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, offer photoprotection to the skin, and correct Hyperpigmentation. However, studies regarding the molecular mechanism behind the mentioned bioactivities are still lacking. Challenges associated with the use of mushroom extracts and their associated metabolites as cosmeceutical and nutricosmetic ingredients include several steps from the fruiting bodies to the final product: extraction optimization, estimation of the efficacy and safety claims, the use of micro and nanocarriers to allow for controlled release and the pros and cons associated with the use of extracts vs individual compounds. This systematic review highlights that mushrooms contain diverse biomolecules that can be sustainably used in the development of nutricosmetic and cosmeceutical formulations. Reports regarding stability, compatibility, and safety assessment, but also toxicological studies are still needed to be considered. Furthermore, some of the constraints and limitations hindering the development of this type of ingredients still require long-term studies to achieve major breakthroughs.

Anti-elastase, Antioxidant, Total phenolic and Total Flavonoid Content of Macassar Kernels (Rhus javanica L) from Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Tourism Park- Indonesia

Background: Phytochemicals are present as important substances in natural resources and therefore, have aided in invention of the anti-oxidant, and anti-elastase properties of polyphenol compounds present in Indonesian herbs such as Macassar Kernels ( Rhus javanica L). Objective: This research aimed to investigate anti-elastase, and antioxidant properties. Methods: Ethanolic extract of Rhus Leaves (RL), Rhus Stem (RS), Rhus Greenish Fruit (RGF), and Rhus Blackish-grey Fruit (RBF) were prepared individually by solvent extraction method. Anti-elastase activity was carried out with elastase from porcine pancreas. For quantitative phytochemical screening, DPPH radical scavenging assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP), Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of Rhus javanica were estimated. Result: RS showed highest anti-elastase activity (45.30%±0.087), compared with RL (12.30%±0.004), and there were no activities in RGF and RBF. In DPPH assay, RS had lowest activity (IC50 561.05 μg/ml), compared with RBF (IC50 239.28 μg /ml), RGF (IC50 189.3I μg/ml), and RL (IC50 157.81 μg/ml). RS also has lowest FRAP activity (% inhibition = 26.60%±0.002), and TPC value (28.50±0.03 mgGAE/g dry weight). Conclusion: Test extracts showed anti-aging properties in different mechanisms. RS possessed the highest anti-elastase activity but had the weakest antioxidant activity.

Development and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Eruca Sativa Oil Nanoemulgel with Determination of the Oil Antioxidant, Sun Protection Factor and Elastase Inhibition.

This project aims to develop a bio-natural nano-product with Cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications. E. sativa oil was evaluated for its anti-oxidant, sun protection factor and elastase inhibition. Then, nanoemulgel formulations were prepared for E. sativa oil through the combination of nanoemulsion with hydrogel. E. sativa nanoemulsion formulations were prepared by the help of a selfemulsification technique. After this, the optimum formulation was mixed with Carbopol to produce the nanoemulgel. Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities were evaluated. Nanoemulsion occurred when the size of the droplets was 195.29 nm with the lowest polydispersibility index 0.207. The results of antioxidant, anti-elastase and SPF activities for E. sativa oil were 2.10 µg/ml, 25.1 µg/ml and an SPF value of 5.57, respectively. In addition, in the anti-bacterial test for Staphylococcus aureus, it was found that nanoemulgel has an inhibition zone of 2.1 cm in diameter. According to the MRSA, the inhibition zone was 1.5 cm. E. Sativa oil could be a promising candidate in cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical preparations.

Green extraction of Sambucus nigra L. for potential application in skin nanocarriers

Sambucus nigra L. is a well-known species with a wide range of medicinal properties. In this work, supercritical fluid extracts were obtained from fresh and dried elderberries of S. nigra L.: A (dried berries, ethanol (C2H5OH) absolute), B (dried berries, ethanol 96%), C (dried berries, ethanol 70%) and D (fresh berries, ethanol 96%). Evaluation of the in vitro enzymatic activities and antioxidant activity (AA) of the extracts and a preliminary assessment of their safety were carried out. The most promising extracts were selected for encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). All extracts demonstrated low to moderate AA, and they did not reveal any antimicrobial activity against the bacteria and yeasts tested. No toxic effect in the Artemia salina model was observed. Due to the moderate or good AA, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities, A and C extracts were selected and then successfully encapsulated into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) NPs. According to morphological analysis, empty PLGA NPs had a rounded irregular shape and seemed somewhat collapsed, while PLGA NPs loaded with extract A or C exhibited a spherical shape with a smooth surface. The encapsulation process produced a slight increase in the NP size. Further studies will include the optimization of extract conditions in order to improve the yield of extraction, as well as the in vivo evaluation of these nanocarriers.

Anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase activity of phosvitin isolated from hen egg yolk

ABSTRACT1. Phosvitin, a major phosphoprotein found in egg yolk, has strong antioxidant activity. Activation of elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase by reactive oxygen species are related to the degradation of ECM and skin aging. The objective of this study was to determine the anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase activity of phosvitin.2. Elastase from porcine pancreas and hyaluronidase from bovine testes were used to study the inhibitory activity of phosvitin. To elucidate the mechanism of enzyme inhibition, a Lineweaver-Burk plot was constructed.3. Phosvitin inhibited elastase and hyaluronidase activity in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 value of phosvitin was 31.6 μg/ml and 1,270 μg/ml against elastase and hyaluronidase, respectively. The analysis of elastase and hyaluronidase kinetics indicated that the apparent Michaelis constant (appKm) was increased by phosvitin but the Vmax value was not affected.4. In conclusion, phosvitin exhibited competitive inhibitory activity against elastase and hyaluronidase. Thus, phosvitin could be used as a natural anti-aging agent in the cosmetics industry.

Biological activity of hexane extract of Hemigraphis colorata, an indigenous wound healing plant

Hemigraphis colorata is an indigenous wound healing plant used by various tribes in India since time immortal. This study was aimed to evaluate antibacterial, antioxidant and antielastase effect of hexane extract of Hemigraphis colorata and to identify its bioactive principles. The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of hexane extract were analyzed using in-vitro DPPH scavenging assay and Agar well diffusion method respectively. The antielastase assay was conducted using porcine pancreatic elastase. Biological activity studies revealed that hexane extract of Hemigraphis colorata possess significant antibacterial, antioxidant and antielastase activity. The major phytochemical compound was found to be squalene by GC–MS analysis.

Bioprospecting of novel therapeutic agents from marine bacterium; Serratia marcescens

Bioprospecting is the searching of novel bioactive natural products from unexplored natural environment. The aim of the study was to isolate novel therapeutic agents from marine bacterium. The marine bacterium was identified as Serratia marcescens using molecular identification methods. The secondary metabolites were extracted and showed single spot on TLC at Rf of 0.74. The metabolite showed good antioxidant and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas sp, E. coli, Klebsiella sp, Salmonella paratyphi A. The antielastase activity was appreciable when compared to standard elastase inhibitor. The structural characterization of purified metabolite by GC-MS revealed 2,4-ditert butylphenol as major component.

In Vitro Evaluation of The Antioxidant and Anti-Skin Aging Properties of Green Algal Sulfated Polysaccharides

Abstract Skin aging is a natural phenomenon witnessed by humans. However various intrinsic and extrinsic factors lead to early skin aging. There have been a variety of approaches to combat skin aging one approach uses antioxidants that are known to fight oxidative stress as well as combat problems of aging. In this study, the antioxidant and anti-skin aging properties of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from fresh water microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr) are evaluated. Sulfated polysaccharides were isolated by hot water extraction method and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The biochemical composition of the extract showed carbohydrate content of 785.07 mg/g, 324.26 mg/g of sulphate and 393.32 mg/g of uronic acid. These extracts which are enriched with SPs were further used for checking antioxidant and anti-skin aging properties. Cr-SPs showed Superoxide anion scavenging activity of 38-92% at 0.1-2 mg/mL, 51-89% of nitric oxide scavenging ability at 0.2-2 mg/mL, 10-58% of hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability at 1- 10 mg/mL, and 28-68% of ferric ion reducing potential at 0.5-5 mg/mL respectively. Furthermore, Cr-SPs showed 90% anti-elastase enzyme activity at 1 mg/mL, 83% and 89% anti-collagenase and anti-hyaluronidase activities at 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL respectively. These promising antioxidant and anti- skin aging properties of Cr-SPs pave way to explore the potential of Cr-SPs in cosmeceutic and pharmaceutical formulations as anti-skin aging agents in a cost-effective manner.

DENDROBENTHAMIDIA CAPITATA (WALL.) HUTCH. FRUIT (BHOMORA): AN OPULENT SOURCE OF POLYPHENOLS WITH ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-ELASTASE, ANTI-COLLAGENASE, AND ANTI-TYROSINASE ACTIVITIES FROM INDIAN HIMALAYAN REGION

Dendrobenthamidia capitata (Wall.) Hutch. fruit (Bhamora) is a popular yet underexplored wild edible fruit of Uttarakhand state of Indian Himalayan region. Therefore, the present study was aimed to analyze D. capitata fruit for its phenolic contents, antioxidant, anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-tyrosinase activities using in- vitro assays. Phenolics and flavonoids were extracted using 80 % aqueous acetone and acid acetone as solvents. Our analysis revealed high values of total phenolic contents of 4.38±0.08 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE). g-1 fruit weight and total flavonoid contents of 7.47±0.66 mg catechin equivalents (CE). g-1 fruit weight in the acid acetone fruit extracts of D. capitata. D. capitata fruit extracts demonstrated remarkable antioxidant activities (ABTS+, 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide anion, linoleate peroxyl radicals scavenging, and ferric reducing activities) and notable anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-tyrosinase activities. High resolution liquid chromatography– mass spectroscopy analysis revealed presence of six phenolic compounds, namely, dihydrorobinetin, dhydromyricetin, retusin dimethyl ether, rotenone, bergenin (C-glycoside of 4-O-methyl gallic acid) and peucenin in fruit extracts. This study recommends utilization of D.capitata fruit as functional food with prospective pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical properties.

DENDROBENTHAMIDIA CAPITATA (WALL.) HUTCH. FRUIT (BHOMORA): AN OPULENT SOURCE OF POLYPHENOLS WITH ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-ELASTASE, ANTI-COLLAGENASE, AND ANTI-TYROSINASE ACTIVITIES FROM INDIAN HIMALAYAN REGION

Dendrobenthamidia capitata (Wall.) Hutch. fruit (Bhamora) is a popular yet underexplored wild edible fruit of Uttarakhand state of Indian Himalayan region. Therefore, the present study was aimed to analyze D. capitata fruit for its phenolic contents, antioxidant, anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-tyrosinase activities using in- vitro assays. Phenolics and flavonoids were extracted using 80 % aqueous acetone and acid acetone as solvents. Our analysis revealed high values of total phenolic contents of 4.38±0.08 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE). g-1 fruit weight and total flavonoid contents of 7.47±0.66 mg catechin equivalents (CE). g-1 fruit weight in the acid acetone fruit extracts of D. capitata. D. capitata fruit extracts demonstrated remarkable antioxidant activities (ABTS+, 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide anion, linoleate peroxyl radicals scavenging, and ferric reducing activities) and notable anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-tyrosinase activities. High resolution liquid chromatography– mass spectroscopy analysis revealed presence of six phenolic compounds, namely, dihydrorobinetin, dhydromyricetin, retusin dimethyl ether, rotenone, bergenin (C-glycoside of 4-O-methyl gallic acid) and peucenin in fruit extracts. This study recommends utilization of D.capitata fruit as functional food with prospective pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical properties.