Anti-aircraft Gun Research Articles

Path Planning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using a Mix-Strategy-Based Gravitational Search Algorithm

Path planning is a global optimization problem aims to program the optimal flight path for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that has short length and suffers from low threat. In this paper, we present a Mixed-Strategy based Gravitational Search Algorithm (MSGSA) for the path planning. In MSGSA, an adaptive adjustment strategy for the gravitational constant attenuation factor alpha ( $\alpha$ ) is presented firstly, in which the value of $\alpha $ is adjusted based on the evolutionary state of the particles. This helps to adaptively balance the exploration and exploitation of the algorithm. In addition, to further alleviate the premature convergence problem, a Cauchy mutation strategy is developed for MSGSA. In this strategy, only when the global best particle cannot be further improved for several times the mutation is executed. In the MSGSA based path planning procedure, we construct an objective function using the flight length cost, threat area cost, and turning angle constraint to decrease the flight risk and obtain the smoother path. For performance evaluation, the MSGSA is applied to two typical simulated flight missions with complex flight environments, including user-defined forbidden flying areas, Radar, missile, artillery and anti-aircraft gun. The obtained flight paths are compared with that of the standard Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) and two improved variants of GSA, i.e. gbest -guided GSA (GGSA), and hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and GSA (PSOGSA). The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the MSGSA based method in terms of the solution quality, robustness, as well as the constraint-handling ability.

Analysis of firing after shortest distance between target and anti-aircraft gun

In order to make full use of the performance of high-muzzle-velocity anti-aircraft weapon, make full use of the target firing segments on the entire route of the target, fully grasp all the firing opportunities, and reduce the possibility of a target breaking through the defense, the original pre-navigation firing (firing before shortest distance between target and anti-aircraft gun) method based on a muzzle velocity below 3ma cannot meet the needs mentioned above. Based on the establishment of high-muzzle velocity projectiles, this paper aims at the current situation of less post-navigation firing (firing after shortest distance between target and anti-aircraft gun), verifies the feasibility of post-navigation firings by analyzing the relative remained velocity required to penetrate the target, and verifies that with the gradual increase in projectile muzzle velocity, its firing range and timing can increase simultaneously. It provides a theoretical basis for post-navigation firing, increases the firing opportunities for the target on the entire route, and provides a reference for the demonstration, design and testing of the new anti-aircraft fire control system.

Feasibility analysis and simulation study of shooting after shortest distance between target and projectiles

In order to make full use of the performance of high-muzzle-velocity anti-aircraft weapon, make full use of the target firing segments on the entire route of the target, fully grasp all the firing opportunities, and reduce the possibility of a target breaking through the defense, the original pre-navigation firing (firing before shortest distance between target and anti-aircraft gun) method based on a muzzle velocity below 3ma cannot meet the needs mentioned above. Based on the establishment of high-muzzle velocity projectiles, this paper aims at the current situation of less post-navigation firing (firing after shortest distance between target and anti-aircraft gun), verifies the feasibility of post-navigation firings by analyzing the relative remained velocity required to penetrate the target, and verifies that with the gradual increase in projectile muzzle velocity, its firing range and timing can increase simultaneously. It provides a theoretical basis for post-navigation firing, increases the firing opportunities for the target on the entire route, and provides a reference for the demonstration, design and testing of the new anti-aircraft fire control system.

Research on joint simulation technology of fire dynamics and servo control of self-propelled antiaircraft gun during moving

Taking self-propelled anti-aircraft gun as the research object, this paper presents a joint simulation method of shooting dynamics and servo control during the course of self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. Aiming at the matching between structural parameters and servo control parameters of self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, an evaluation and optimization design method is proposed. The platform of the joint simulation system of dynamics and servo control is mainly composed of road-body-turret dynamics model, fire control module, elevation control compensation module, azimuth control compensation module and motor module. The control compensation module realizes the control strategy by PID (Proportional-Integral-Differential) control of position and speed loop. The motor module achieves the system control torque output through the current loop and the motor. These modules constitute the joint simulation design model of dynamics and servo control. By comparing the output of the simulation system with the actual firing test results of self-propelled antiaircraft gun, the effectiveness of the method is verified by the firing line error analysis under different experimental conditions. This method can be used to evaluate the tracking accuracy of the system at the design stage, which is helpful to reduce the development cost and shorten the development period.

ADAPTATION OF 100 MM ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUN KS-19 BOTTOM CARRIAGE FOR M120 “RAK” BALLISTIC STAND

The paper analyses some possibilities for adaptation of a bottom carriage of 100 mm antiaircraft gun KS-19 to the requirements of M120 “RAK” ballistic stand. The adaptation is aimed to increase testing-researching capacities of the stand by its greater mobility for deployment at various testing ranges. KS-19 gun system and initial calculations of its stability and immobility during a shot are presented. Conclusions received from the results of the stand firing tests and perspectives of the carriage application for another weapon systems are formulated.

Study on simulation method of intercept probability for ultra-low-altitude targets by antiaircraft gun TV tracking system

针对高炮电视跟踪系统目前无法通过实装试验方式对超低空目标截获概率进行考核的问题，分析了影响截获概率的因素，如地面图像和目标同时处于光电系统视场中对光电系统图像处理的影响，通过搭建软件和硬件环境，建立了一种基于三维虚拟试验场的仿真试验方法。构建了典型的测试用例，利用仿真系统采集视频，将图像输入到视频跟踪器中进行处理，通过对输出数据进行处理，可定性或定量判定是否可以截获目标。该方法应用于某型轮式弹炮结合防空武器系统试验，验证了该方法的有效性。

SA-DPSO-based Weapon-target Assignment for Cooperative Air Defense with Anti-aircraft Gun-Missile Weapons

For the weapon-target assignment problem of anti-aircraft gun-missile weapon formation air defense, a weapon-target assignment model was developed for anti-aircraft gun-missile weapon formation according to the different fire characteristics of anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft gun system. The model gave sufficient consideration to the damage zone of anti-aircraft gun and missile as well as the weapon-target join point, and the assignment result allows anti-aircraft gun-missile weapons to fire missiles and anti-aircraft guns at the right moment. On this basis, the method of Simulated Annealing-Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (SA-DPSO) was proposed to solve the weapon-target assignment for formation anti-aircraft. The simulation result showed good rate of convergence and global searching ability of the algorithm.

Doris Miller, Pearl Harbor, and the Birth of the Civil Rights Movement by Thomas W. Cutrer

Reviewed by: Doris Miller, Pearl Harbor, and the Birth of the Civil Rights Movement by Thomas W. Cutrer Alex Macaulay Doris Miller, Pearl Harbor, and the Birth of the Civil Rights Movement. By Thomas W. Cutrer and T. Michael Parrish. Williams-Ford Texas A&M University Military History Series. (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2018. Pp. xviii, 140. $24.95, ISBN 978-1-62349-602-9.) This brief, briskly paced work tells the story of Doris Miller, an African American sailor in the U.S. Navy who garnered national attention for his heroic actions manning an antiaircraft gun and saving the lives of several fellow seamen during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Born in 1919 near Waco, Texas, Miller grew up in a place and time marked by deep and dangerous racial tensions. Joining the navy in 1939 to help his family financially and to see the world, he served as a messman, the only position available to African American sailors at the time. Stationed aboard the USS West Virginia, he trained to pass ammunition to the ship's Browning machine guns but not to operate them. Nevertheless, on December 7, 1941, Miller jumped into the seat of an unmanned gun and began firing at Japanese bombers. After spending all his ammunition, Miller helped rescue drowning and injured sailors before abandoning ship himself and swimming to safety. News of the heroic, but unnamed, black sailor spread rapidly. The editor of the Pittsburgh Courier identified Miller publicly and began a concerted effort to have him honored and rewarded for his actions. Several congressmen and black leaders pushed for Miller to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor, something navy officials refused to do, eventually awarding him the Navy Cross instead. The fight continued, with the black press promoting Miller as a direct refutation of the Jim Crow mind-set that denied black soldiers and sailors equal access to the armed forces. In the process, Miller emerged as a hero within the black community, rivaling boxer Joe Louis as the most popular African American member of the U.S. military. After completing a war bond tour, Miller returned to duty as a cook on the USS Liscome Bay. On November 24, 1943, he was one of hundreds of casualties when that ship was sunk by a Japanese torpedo off the coast of Butaritari Island. In about a hundred pages of text, Thomas W. Cutrer and T. Michael Parrish address several key historical developments, including discrimination within the U.S. Navy, the emergence of the Double V campaign, and, most notably, the influence and activism of the black press. Indeed, African American newspapers, the Pittsburgh Courier in particular, kept Miller's story in the public eye, using it to demand recognition of the wartime contributions made by all [End Page 1049] African American service personnel and to challenge segregation in military and civil society. Their efforts resulted in successes, setbacks, and stagnation, with Miller serving more as a symbolic icon whose deeds appeared in poems and song lyrics and whose name came to adorn buildings, parks, memorials, and schools. In their concluding chapter, the authors quote Miller's father, who saw no signs of racial progress soon after the war ended, and they note that racist naval policies survived into the 1970s. The magnitude of Miller's heroism combined with the limited impact it had on the lives of African Americans, including his immediate family, mark this episode as an inspiring and frustrating tale of the modern civil rights movement. Alex Macaulay Western Carolina University Copyright © 2018 The Southern Historical Association

System analysis of the problem of using standard frequencies of radar stations of battery fighting vehicles

One of the parameters that ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of fighting vehicles of modern anti-aircraft missile and gun systems, when they are operating as a part of the battery, is the standard frequency of the multifunctional radio station and the target locator of each fighting vehicle. A mathematical model of the optimal distribution of standard frequencies has been built with account for fighting vehicles location, the available frequency setting, compatibility restrictions and limits on distribution uniformity in a given frequency range with a view to enemy’s directional jamming. The considered method has been tested on the example of different arrangements of fighting vehicles, depending on the standard frequency setting and the number of fighting vehicles of the battery.

METEOROLOGICAL MESSAGES FOR ANTI-AIRCRAFT ARTILLERY

Impact of meteorological conditions on projectile trajectory has been subjected to scientific research since the beginning of 20th century. During this time different standards and methods of taking meteorological conditions into account in calculations of firing angles were established. This paper presents a number of widely used methods and the results of their application basing on an example of KDA 35 mm antiaircraft gun.

自行高炮双CAN总线采集系统设计与实现

在某自行高炮作战试验鉴定过程中，针对需要实时记录车辆内部两路总线数据的问题，设计了一种基于双CAN总线的自动测试系统。该系统采用飞思卡尔MC9S12XEP100MAL单片机作为处理芯片，通过外接GPS授时芯片提高了数据测量精度，提出了主核与辅核XGATE数据共享方法以及双缓冲区周期交换策略，实现了双CAN口数据的不间断采集。应用表明，该系统能够适用于该自行高炮武器系统总线数据的实时采集、存储及传输任务，解决了作战试验鉴定过程中数据采集的问题。 Test system based on dual CAN bus is designed in order to solve the problem of real-time recording of two bus data in the vehicle during the battle test of a self propelled antiaircraft gun. The system uses Freescale Carle MC9S12XEP100MAL chip as the processing chip, and improves the data measurement accuracy through the external GPS timing chip. The method of data sharing between main core and auxiliary kernel XGATE and double buffer cycle switching strategy are proposed, and the uninterrupted data acquisition of double CAN port is realized. The application shows that the system can be applied to the real-time acquisition, storage and transmission of the bus data of the self-propelled antiaircraft gun weapon system. It is easy to use and solves the problem of data acquisition in the process of operational test identification.

A Closed Form Ballistic Solution for Ground and Anti-Aircraft Gun Fire Control System

A Closed Form Ballistic Solution for Ground and Anti-Aircraft Gun Fire Control System

고발사율 대공포 발사에 따른 체계자세 연구

비행기 방어용 대공포는 저고도 방어체계로 사용되고 있으며, 방어능력 극대화를 위해 대부분 고발사율 대공포를 두개 이상 탑재하여 교전 시 명중률을 높이고 있다. 고 발사율 대공포의 경우, 포열진동 및 탄의 불균형 분산은 정확한 조준사격 및 명중률에 아주 결정적인 영향을 미치게 된다. 따라서 사격 진동 및 충격량을 감소하는 구조는 대공포 체계에서는 주요 설계 대상이다. 본 연구에서는 차량의 현가장치 특성에 따라 고발사율 대공포 체계에서 발사시스템의 진동충격으로부터 차단하는 능력을 향상시키고, Recurdyn 과 Adams 를 이용한 동적 거동해석과 실 사격 시험결과를 비교하여 명중률에 영향을 미치는 현가 형태, 위치 및 수량에 따른 체계 자세 흔들림을 예측하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 대공포에 적합한 현가장치와 포 스프링 등과 같은 구성품을 선정할 수 있는 기초연구를 수행하였다.

Solution to the Anti-aircraft Fire Control Problem on a Naval Platform Using the Direct Geometric Model

To find the kinematic model in applications different from robotics, the free-body diagram and coordinateconversion using Euler angles is frequently used. In robotics the Khalil-Kleinfinger (1986) method is used(and others), which allows coordinate conversions over several joints. In this paper a new application ofthis method to solve the fire control problem of a naval anti aircraft gun is proposed. To demonstrate theapplication a virtual model is built using Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) and controlledby Matlab Simulink®. From the direct geometric model the solution of the problem is found, includingthe detection system, platform, gun and flight of the missile. This model serves as a tool for the design,testing and integration of controllers for the gun and detection system. The prediction algorithms ofthe trajectory of the target and the missile in flight models can also be integrated. The results show thatthe geometric model of complex systems with many degrees of freedom can be constructed in a precise,methodical and easy to understand manner.

Thermoelectrical Generator for a MEMS-Fuze

The structure of modern fuzes includes micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), which have such advanced devices as micro-accelerometers and micro-switches, being triggered at a specified level of setback. Independent power source (PS), as an inherent part of the MEMSfuze, charges an energy storage unit during the shot and triggers the fuze firing circuit when the shell encounters the target. Operating level of the control signal should be achieved within the time of remote arming, determined by the type of ammunition. The paper considers a possibility to develop PS as a thermoelectric generator (TEG) with aerodynamic heating of hot junctions due to friction of the projectile body on the incoming airflow. The initial temperature is determined by the driving band cutting into the rifling and friction during the movement of projectile through the tube bore. The paper presents a technique for calculating the temperature field along the body of the projectile from the critical point, located at the top of the shell head. The solution of the equation of heat balance reveals the temporal development of the projectile body temperature. The proposed mathematical model of the TEG describes the process of converting heat into electrical output signal (thermo-EMF). An example of calculation for a specific artillery system – 57-mm anti-aircraft gun S-60 is given. Calculation of the TEG output signal was limited by the time, which is necessary to reach the top of the projectile trajectory. It is shown that at high altitude the temperature difference may drop to zero, thus cutting off the TEG output signal. Selection of capacitive storage parameters can be based on the reliability test conditions of the fuze firing circuit actuators, taking into account the partial storage discharge on the trajectory before the projectile encounters the target.

Vietnam War Era Journeys: Recovering Histories of Internationalism

Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, Radicals on the Road: Internationalism, Orientalism, and Feminism during the Vietnam Era (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013), 346 pages, $26.95, paperback.The cover of Judy Tzu-Chun Wu's Radicals on the Road features a sepia-toned photograph of Eldridge Cleaver raising his fist in a Black Power salute behind three Vietnamese women in combat helmets, one of whom is kneeling behind an anti-aircraft gun. While you have probably seen a similar photograph of Jane Fonda from her North Vietnam trip in 1972, images like that of Cleaver are less common, if circulated at all. In this second book by Wu, she documents three sets of journeys, like Cleaver's, that have remained at the margins of both the scholarship and the popular memory of the antiwar movement.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Applied Technology in Effectiveness Assessment of Communication Equipment Based on ADC

The applied technology in effectiveness of weapons systems is the ability of weapons to complete the task in the offensive and defensive battle field environment. It is the ultimate goal pursued to develop and applied in the system, and is the most important indicator to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of weapon systems. In this paper, ADC method is proposed to assess weapons systems. The assessment method of the probability of service, hit probability, mobility and protection for a weapon is studied. Firstly, after the components level division of weapons systems, the solution process of system availability row vector is analyzed based on reliability and maintenance-related. Secondly, the characteristics of laser range finder is analyzed, the whole process of search target is simulated. At last, simulation statistics according to the process of antiaircraft gun burst firing to obtain the burst firing kill probabilities is proposed.

Control Precision Test Equipment Design of an Anti-Aircraft Gun Servo System

Control precision of the anti-aircraft gun servo system related directly to the artillery firing accuracy, and it is a very important item in performance test of the fire control system. In order to test the control precision of an anti-aircraft gun servo system and correct the firing data, the shaft angle conversion circuit and digital signal interface circuit are designed based on the industrial computer platform and the data acquisition module of PCI bus. In that way, software arithmetic of shaft angle conversion based on the general A/D is realized. In the practical application the arithmetic has a good performance.

Design of the Tracked Vehicle Based on the STM32

As the crawler vehicle with the excellent off-road performance, the battlefield survival ability, etc , are widely used in modern weapons systems In order to make teaching model close to the real equipment , designed a tracked vehicle of anti-aircraft gun based on the STM32F103 microcontroller, combined with the H-bridge motor circuit ,photoelectric encoder angle measurement and control principle of single lever operation, experimental results show that the tracked vehicle can complete forward, backward , turning and braking actions in accordance with the control command , with fast dynamic response , high control precision , to meet the design requirements.

Sensitivity analysis of design parameters of an anti-aircraft gun for hit probability enhancement

To design an anti-aircraft gun with high hit-probability, the effect of each design parameter on the hit-probability needs to be estimated. For this purpose, the sensitivity analysis is widely used. However, the whole firing process of the anti-aircraft gun is too complicated to use the traditional sensitivity analysis that uses partial derivatives of the output function regarding the specific design parameter. The inaccuracy of the parts of the anti-aircraft gun that exists at different stage of the firing process will result in decrease of hit-probability. In this paper, the firing process of the anti-aircraft gun is described and each step of the firing process is formulated with the equation that includes the inaccuracies of parts. The anti-aircraft gun is modeled using the transformation matrix from design parameter to the traverse and the elevation angle considering inaccuracy of design parameters. Then by disturbing the each design parameter with random numbers whose average and standard deviation are known and calculating the resultant hit performance, the sensitivity of the design parameter on the hit probability can be estimated.