Anonymous Author Research Articles

Exchanged Languages and Anachronistic Translations The Case of Descripción del virreinato del Perú, en particular de Lima

Descripción del virreinato del Perú, en particular de Lima was written in Spanish during the first half of the 17th century by an unknown author. The manuscript was found in Paris and presented by Riva Agüero in 1914. Underlying the 2009 and 2013 editions is the thesis that the anonymous author would have been a Portuguese New Christian who travelled through the Spanish empire during the period of union between the Iberian thrones in parallel with the established legal separation. Just as Pratt used the Andean manuscript of Guaman Poma de Ayala in applying the concepts of “contact zone”, this article utilises her theories to try to understand why this supposed Portuguese individual used the Spanish language in his description of the territory of ancient Peru.

Funeral Hymns of Lithuanians and Vilnius Region Poles’: General Features and Trends of the Repertoire

The article discusses the key features and trends of the repertoire of Catholic funeral hymns, functioning in Lithuania in both Polish and Lithuanian; at the same time attempts are made to grasp the possible causes of mutual interactions and influences. In combining literary and ethnological approaches, field research data, historical sources, printed and manuscript hymns are analysed and interpreted, related scientific literature is examined. The conclusion is reached that the similarity and commonalities of the Lithuanian and Vilnius Region Poles’ folk piety funeral repertoire were, and still are, a result of similar cultural conditions. The basis of the old repertoire is primarily determined by trends, influences, and themes coming from Poland, while the areas of the modern repertoire’s influence are much broader: both general international trends and a broad mutual influence can be noted.In Lithuania’s villages and cities it is still common practice to invite a group of hymn-singers to a funeral wake and burial ceremony. Singing of funeral hymns is an old tradition, likely coming from the 17th c., from Poland, slowly covering also the territory of modern-day Lithuania and gradually settling down, gaining distinct regional features. However, we do not have any accounts as to whether a folk piety funeral repertoire existed in Lithuanian – it likely formed later.The texts of funeral songs can be divided into several groups according to their origin and function: some are adapted from church liturgies and are traditional church hymns, while others were created at different times by either anonymous local authors or well-known songwriters. Some hymns, for a long time, functioned as part of the liturgy of death and funerals, they established themselves in the practice of folk piety, while others became part of the funeral repertoire when they came into it from various thematically-fitting church calendar holidays or they were created by known or (more often) anonymous songwriters, then spreading among the people.The similarities of the repertoire of Lithuanian and Polish funeral songs are first of all a result of close cultural conditions. The texts of the oldest repertoire of funeral hymns were usually translated from Polish to Lithuanian, with the former taking root in the practices of folk piety much earlier. The melodies of hymns also mostly came from Poland; many are of liturgical origin, although over the centuries they grew into the local musical environment and gained a distinctive tone.The trends of the formation of the new hymns (from the beginning of 20th c. until now), on the one hand, are a continuation of the previous ones; however, on the other hand, local (Lithuanian) features, resulting from the faster and wider spread of information, become clearer, as well as various international influences. A certain group of hymns exists only in Lithuania, we can clearly see the influence of the Lithuanian environment on the poetry and melodics of Polish-language funeral hymns. This repertoire spreads only through writing down by hand the texts, while melodies are learned by ear; they are not published in any hymnals approved by the Church.

The Album de Colbert: The Image of Shipbuilding

The Album de Colbert compiled by an anonymous author in the second half of the seventeenth century is among the most important illustrated testimonies of the art of shipbuilding. Probably commissioned by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Minister of Finance of the Kingdom of France, it was compiled with the aim of making Louis XIV understand the complexity of shipbuilding. The Album was made to support the creation of a navy with the ambition of being competitive with the Royal Navy and with the intent of modernizing and expanding the French shipbuilding industry. The fifty plates that make up this illustrated treatise unravel the story of the construction of a first-rank 80-gun line vessel, from the laying of the keel to the launch. It is a unique document that has no contemporaries or precursors because it is not a didactic collection of boats, like the previous treaties that had a completely different methodological approach, more technical-descriptive than illustrative, but wants to go beyond the scientific treatise. Its purpose is instead to measure itself with representation, showing through the strength of drawing and images the peculiar aspects of the reality of shipbuilding, using iconography as a means of transmitting knowledge related to the world of shipyards and shipbuilding in the 17th century.

“Fijo eres de rey”: ambigüedad en el Libro de Alexandre

This article deals with the ambiguity of the stanzas 19-20 of the Libro de Alexandre, which refer to the rumor that the protagonist is a bastard. In spite of some prestigious critics’ opinion, the anonymous author neither affirms nor denies the rumor. He is much more interested in it than French poets and mentions it many times to create artistic ambiguity and to enrich his own narrative.

Do obrazu Holandii w wieku XVII: Opisanie Holandrów z sylwy Andrzeja Lubienieckiego

This paper presents an anonymous and unknown poem from the manuscript written by a PolishArian, Andrzej Lubieniecki (Remonstrants’ Library in Rotterdam, MS 527). It is the first truly comprehensive poetic description of the Netherlands. The composition of the poem is ruled by rhetoric– the laudatory topic of a place and a person. The anonymous author’s opinion is confronted withthat expressed by Jakub Kazimierz Haur in his poem O holenderskich krainach z narodem (partof Haur’s Mercurius… MS 191 Library of the University of Warsaw MS 191). The anonymousdescription is written from the Arian point of view; its author admires the spirit of liberty and thedynamism observed in Holland.

Sobre estrategias de caracterización: la Vida de Espiridón de Teodoro de Pafo y su metáfrasis

This study analyzes the characterization techniques employed by Theodore of Paphos (7th century), as compared with those in the re-elaborated version by the anonymous 11th century author, in order to establish similarities, differences and particular intentions. The same basic strategies are used by both authors, but the metaphrast modifies them to underscore different qualities and to fit them to a different time period.

The catalogue of manuscripts of the "Curioso Andaluz": a bibliographic mystery solved.

El Catálogo de manuscritos especiales de España, anteriores al año 1600, que logró juntar en la mayor parte un curioso andaluz, es el largo título de una obra anónima y sin fecha, que se ha considerado tradicionalmente un inventario hecho en 1804 de una misteriosa biblioteca de la que nada se ha podido averiguar, aunque se cree que tras ese “curioso andaluz” se esconde el sevillano Argote de Molina. En las líneas que siguen, demostraremos que el Catálogo no pasa de ser un simple listado de títulos de manuscritos que su anónimo autor sacó de diversas fuentes escritas, algunas de las cuales damos a conocer.

HUÉRFANOS DE LOS JESUITAS. LA DESPEDIDA DE LA COMPAÑÍA DE JESÚS AL REYNO Y CIUDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE EN TIEMPOS DE LA EXPULSIÓN (1767)

Por medio de un documento escrito por un autor anónimo –posiblemente jesuita– analizamos la llegada del decreto de extrañamiento de la Compañía de Jesús en 1767 realizado por el rey Carlos III. El texto compuesto de una endecha inicial y un epitafio relata el dolor y el lamento de los jesuitas ante la sensación de injusticia y la inconmensurabilidad del futuro exilio, está marcado por la apologética de su historia, la metaforización del dolor y el miedo al futuro. El documento anónimo funciona como una despedida de su lugar específico en el mundo, pero, al mismo tiempo, es un registro-monumento de su transitar histórico en Chile que apela también a su tradición secular en el orbe católico.

Образ автора в рамочных компонентах и конвенциях японского реинкарнационного фэнтези

The paper aims to reveal the author’s image in the Japanese reincarnation fantasy - the literary genre of the early 2010s that originated as web novels and achieved high popularity in the Japanese mass culture. Frame components of literary works and their basic conventions are considered taking into account the author’s image representation. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that analysing frame components and conventions, the researcher highlights the image of an anonymous author of the modern Japanese fantasy. The research findings are as follows: specificity of the author’s image representation in the Japanese reincarnation fantasy is revealed. The identified peculiarities represent the tendency for self-identification both at the national and personal levels.

Gorgias’ Περὶ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος and Its Relation to Skepticism

Abstract The paper examines whether Gorgias’ On What Is Not should be considered an instance of skepticism. It begins with an analysis of the work as reported by the two sources, Sextus Empiricus and the anonymous author of On Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias. It is then argued that the Pyrrhonian skeptics did not regard On What Is Not as skeptical. Nonetheless, it is possible to read the work as offering counter-arguments to Parmenides, with a view to inducing suspension of judgment in Pyrrhonian fashion. However, it is also possible to regard it as skeptical in a sense current in modern philosophy: that is, as posing challenges to our understanding of things with a view to forcing philosophers to come up with better theories. In this light, it can be seen as an important stimulus to the philosophical breakthroughs apparent in Plato’s Sophist.

« Un gouffre d’où il était illusoire d’essayer de sortir » Sociopoétique de la ville de Naples dans L’Amie prodigieuse d’Elena Ferrante

This article is a sociopoetic analysis of My Brilliant Friend (2011), a novel by anonymous Italian author Elena Ferrante. By examining Ferrante’s representation of the city of Naples, this article will look at how the perspective of the narrator, Elena Greco, enables us to understand her neighbourhood (the Italian "rione"). The rione is represented as "an abyss from which it was impossible to escape". To illustrate this concept of the rione as an "abyss", this article will first highlight the literary and intellectual evolution of Elena Greco by exploring the novel’s references to Virgilian literature. These intertexts in fact reveal certain aspects of Neapolitan history and, more particularly, the idea that rione represents all the negative aspects of Naples, a city that exists in mythology as a doomed city. Second, the article will investigate the symbolic division of Elena’s identity: on the one hand, she comes from a violent, vulgar environment governed by the mafia and, on the other hand, she is an educated young woman inspired by literature and history. This dual identity mirrors her perception that the city is also divided in two: the rione in which she lives is impoverished and laden with violence, which contradicts the “miraculous” progress that exists outside of the neighbourhood. This “miraculous beyond” is associated with the beach, education, the Italian language and the nation’s socio-economic progress in the middle of the 20th century. The city that flourishes beyond the rione predicts the fact that, in later novels, Elena escapes from the “abyss”.

AN EPISODE FROM THE BIOGRAPHY OF THE SUFI SHEIKH MAJD AD-DIN AL-BAGHDADI AND THE KHWAREZMIAN RULER TERKEN-HATUN

Sheikh Majd ad-Din al-Baghdadi was a prominent figure of the Kubrawiya Sufi order, and possessed not only religious authority, but also certain political influence. Amidst the rapid strengthening of Khwarezm, which by the beginning of the 13th century becomes the largest political formation in the Islamic East, Majd ad-Din al-Baghdadi gets close to Terken-Khatun, the mother of the Khwarezmshah ‘Ala’ al-Din Muhammad. Given the struggle between the court groups that unfolded in Khwarezm on the eve of the Mongol invasion, the alliance between the Sufi sheikh and Terken-Khatun was regarded a threat. As a result, the ruler of Khwarezm accused Majd ad-Din al-Baghdadi of romantic relations with the mother of Khwarezmshah, and ordered the sheikh to be executed. The contemporaries of this event considered the Mongol invasion and the fall of Khwarezm as retribution of ‘Ala’ ad-Din Muhammad for this act. The present paper does not aim to analyze the entire biography of Majd ad-Din al-Baghdadi, but pays special attention to the circumstances of his death and its description in medieval Arab-Persian historical sources. It is worth noting that a detailed account of it is mentioned in an anonymous Persian work of the 14th century, which has not yet been published fully, but only in separate fragments of its original text. In this paper we attempt not only to analyze the account of an anonymous author, but also to compare it with the information from other Arabic-Persian historical works. The existing views on this issue in the framework of Russian and foreign historiography, both in relation to the anonymous Persian historical work of the 14th century, and the information contained in it regarding the biography of the Sufi sheikh Majd ad-Din al-Baghdadi are also taken into account. The article may attract attention of our colleagues to this written monument, which undoubtedly needs to be published fully.

Poe's “Eureka,” Erasmus Darwin, and Discourses of Radical Science in Britain and America, 1770–1850

Poe's “Eureka,” Erasmus Darwin, and Discourses of Radical Science in Britain and America, 1770–1850

The Doomsday Scenario Depicted by Frau Ava: The Question of Sources

The present article explores an excerpt depicting the scenario of the last days in the poem Das Jüngste Gericht (Eng. The Last Judgement), written by the first-named German female writer Frau Ava (circa 1060–1127). The study addresses the question of sources used in the depiction of the end times in the excerpt under consideration (lines 1–160). The study does not question the affinity between the scenes of the last days illustrated in the excerpt and the apocalyptic plot of the Latin texts of Pseudo-Beda (the turn of the 12th century) and Petrus Daminanus (1006–1072); however, it is assumed that Frau Ava may have drawn not only on the aforementioned Latin sources but also on the apocalyptic song Muspilli, written by an anonymous author circa 870. The analysis of the excerpt suggests that the apocalyptic narrative of Muspilli may have shaped the scene of the fifteenth day illustrated in the poem The Last Judgement. Moreover, Frau Ava, unlike Pseudo-Beda and Petrus Daminanus, does not refer to St. Jerome as a source of information but to wisten (Eng. wise men). As no evidence of other German apocalyptic texts referring to wise men, except for Muspilli, can be found, the study concludes that depicting the scenario of the last days in her poem, in addition to the Latin texts, Frau Ava used the song Muspilli as her source.

A Lost Fight Book: Alfred Lister and the Noble Art of Self-Defence in China

In 1874 an anonymous author published a partial English language translation and discussion of a now lost Southern Chinese martial arts manual originally titled Tearing Down Techniques of Hero Boxing. This was a critical period in the development of the modern Chinese martial arts. Many of the best known Southern Chinese fighting systems (Hung Gar, Choy Li Fut, Wing Chun, White Crane, etc.) were just starting to assume a recognisable form. Yet it is also a poorly understood era. Just as importantly, it was during the mid- and late nineteenth century that Western soldiers, administrators and adventurers first began to encounter and describe the Chinese martial arts. For better or worse, their records would help shape the perception of China in the popular imagination. This chapter begins by identifying Alfred Lister, a civil servant in Hong Kong, as the previously unknown author of this English language work. It then attempts to reconstruct the structure and contents of the now lost fight book which he encountered. Lastly it investigates the consequences of the misreading of this text.

‘Thare is na leid on life of lordship hym like’: linguistic means of depicting king arthur in the poem Golagros and Gawain

It has recently been marked that the figure of king Arthur in Scottish literature is rather controversial: on the one hand, Arthur is a noble and valiant knight; on the other hand, he is an arrogant invader whose aim is to conquer the whole world. The contradictory nature of the figure of the legendary king results from the differences between English and Scottish political mythology: in Scotland by the late Middle Ages there had been developed its own legendary history, and the historical myth about Arthur as a king of the whole Britain had been interpreted as a threat to the national sovereignty. The paper focuses on the analysis of linguistic means of depicting king Arthur in one of the two surviving Scottish Arthurian romances, Golagros and Gawain written in the XVth century by an anonymous author. Golagros and Gawain continues the tradition of Middle English alliterative revival in Scotland in a local variety of the English language; the diction and style of this tradition are characterized by the use of substantive epithets, formulas, attributive complexes with alliterating elements. The research has shown that in Golagros and Gawainking Arthur is depicted as an honorable and generous, almost ideal ruler who returns to Golagros the independence he had earlier been deprived of. Kings dignity and nobility are emphasized in the poem with the help of traditional linguistic means of alliterative poetry: the qualities expressed in attributes are repeated several times with variations in poetic formulas and fixed in substantive epithets.

Adriaan Koerbagh, “An Excellent Mathematician but a Wicked Fellow”

Abstract In the spirit of the new naturalism, Adriaan Koerbagh defends in Een Ligt schijnende in duystere plaatsen (1668) the freedom to philosophize with a fundamental critique of religion and metaphysics. He links this criticism to the politically radical, anti-hierarchical idea of universal equality and freedom. Moreover, by writing in Dutch, he addresses a broad audience with this explosive mixture of ideas. At the very center of his naturalism is the idea of an indifferent God or nature. He criticizes, unmasks, and translates improper language that is aimed at deception and oppression, and leads to violence. His loanword dictionary Een Bloemhof van allerley lieflijkheyd sonder verdriet (1668) can be seen as the preparatory handwork to this critical project. Koerbagh thereby places himself in the line of the clandestine freethinkers such as Vanini, the anonymous authors of Theophrastus redivivus and De jure ecclesiasticorum, Spinoza, and the clandestine text written ‘in the spirit of Spinoza,’ Traité des trois imposteurs. I will illustrate this genealogical line and thus illuminate the significance of this (politically) subversive thinker for the radical Enlightenment.

‘Accuser of Brothers’: A Polish Anti-Demonological Tract and its Self-Defeating Rhetoric

ABSTRACT Polish historiography has celebrated the Czarownica powołana [The Denounced Witch] without studying it very closely, treating its author as a heroic, skeptical, enlightened voice crying out against the witch-trials of Poland-Lithuania. But the anonymous author was probably a Jesuit priest, and indubitably was a fervent proponent for Counter-Reformation. Although the author does condemn the cruel treatment of accused witches, his critique is aimed to return witch-trials to ecclesiastical courts – a step toward reasserting Catholic jurisdiction over all spiritual matters, including Protestant ‘heresy.’ It is probable that the very strategy which made the Denounced Witch so popular among certain factions of the Catholic church hierarchy rendered it anathema to noble or burgher reformers interested in ameliorating the plight of accused witches.

TOPICAL ISSUES OF EXPERT DIAGNOSTICS OF THE AUTHOR’S CONCEPTUAL CHARACTERISTICS

Within the school of forensic expertology, in the context of modern challenges of digitalization, the current problems of forensic and expert diagnostics are considered to establish the conceptual characteristics of the author of a speech product posted on the Internet, which has become a criminal environment. Based on the analysis of a number of provisions of traditional methods of author’s research of written speech (determining gender, age, profession, level of education, level of speech culture, native language of the author of an anonymous text), their inapplicability is revealed in the expert diagnosis of a modern language personality, which manifests itself mainly in a virtual environment. The author substantiates the need to develop a modern methodology for determining the conceptual characteristics of an anonymous author of a speech product within the competence of a speech expert based on the analysis of the corpus of modern web communication texts.

EmailDetective: An Email Authorship Identification And Verification Model

Abstract Emails are often used to illegal cybercrime today, so it is important to verify the identity of the email author. This paper proposes a general model for solving the problem of anonymous email author attribution, which can be used in email authorship identification and email authorship verification. The first situation is to find the author of an anonymous email among the many suspected targets. Another situation is to verify if an email was written by the sender. This paper extracts features from the email header and email body and analyzes the writing style and other behaviors of email authors. The behaviors of email authors are extracted through a statistical algorithm from email headers. Moreover, the author’s writing style in the email body is extracted by a sequence-to-sequence bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) algorithm. This model combines multiple factors to solve the problem of anonymous email author attribution. The experiments proved that the accuracy and other indicators of proposed model are better than other methods. In email authorship verification experiment, our average accuracy, average recall and average F1-score reached 89.9%. In email authorship identification experiment, our model’s accuracy rate is 98.9% for 10 authors, 92.9% for 25 authors and 89.5% for 50 authors.