Anonymous Author Research Articles

A Éamainn, An Agad Féin!: Dán Cointinne Agus Dán Ómóis In Éineacht

This article provides an edition of a poem beginning A Éamainn, an agad féin! which is preserved today in National Library of Scotland MS Adv. 72.1.42. The focus of its anonymous author is twofold, namely (i) to praise Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill (ob. 1649), nephew of Aodh Ó Néill, second Earl of Tyrone, for his extraordinary martial abilities, particularly throughout the 1640s following his return to Ireland from Spanish Flanders in July 1642; (ii) to upbraid the audacity of ‘Éamann’ for his criticism of Piaras Feiritéar, poet and military leader from the Dingle Peninsula, Co. Kerry, who himself composed a poem in support of Ó Néill’s auspicious military credentials.

«История крымских ханов» анонимного автора. Часть 1

Among the rare materials of the Department of Manuscripts of the National Library of France (Bibliotheque nationale de France. Departement des Manuscrits. Supplement turc 515) there is a small chronicle of the anonymous author dating back to the era of the Crimean Khanate. The manuscript is provided with a description: “The history of the Crimean khans from 880 to 1191 from the Hegira (1475–1777), without a title and without the name of the author. The epigraph read on the front side of the first page is not a title, but a summary of the content of this work, which is not of particular importance. Dating: 1786–1800”. Although this chronicle is known thanks to the researches of a number of orientalists, nevertheless, for its full introduction into scientific circulation, its translation into Russian is of the uttermost necessity. The text processing will serve as the basis for the literary and artistic analysis of “The History of the Crimean Khans”.

Traces de l’influence de Cyrille d’Alexandrie sur le De Trinitate du Pseudo-Didyme

This article further examines the literary relationship between the De Trinitate falsely attributed to Didymus the Blind and the works of Cyril of Alexandria, aside from their common philosophical citations. The highlighted similarities of these two authors cannot be explained by a common source; on the contrary, they indicate a direct dependence of one author upon the other. Their analysis shows that words, turns of phrase and ideas which are typical of Cyril and often occur in his writings are each used only once by Pseudo-Didymus. This evidence weighs heavily in favour of Cyril’s antecedence. In fact, the anonymous author of the De Trinitate has been influenced, in addition to fourth-century doctrinal treatises, by Cyril’s De sancta Trinitate dialogi, an anti-Arian work dating from the 420s. He also assimilated several other Cyrillian features, and was even inspired by Cyril’s anti-Arian Christology in his doctrine on the Holy Spirit. Cyril of Alexandria, therefore, has priority over Pseudo-Didymus, both chronologically and theologically.

The Misleading Historical Roots of an Appeal to Martyrdom in the Virgilian Cento De Ecclesia

In the Virgilian Christian cento De Ecclesia, the anonymous author introduces an exhortation to martyrdom. Although the presence of this custom may advocate for an early dating proposal, this appeal to martyrdom is anachronistic. Instead of being a contemporary representation of the historical background of the cento, it works as a metaliterary tool which aims to fortify symbolically the political framework of the new leading force of the empire.

A Song of the Siege of Acre (1189–1191): Depictions of Conrad of Montferrat and theCarmen de Accone oppugnatione

In the midst of the Third Crusade (1187–1192), an anonymous author composed a poetic account of the Siege of Acre. This Latin poem, the Carmen de Accone oppugnatione, has been largely overlooked in modern scholarship, but it offers a crucial perspective of the first three years of the crusade. An examination of the Carmen’s origins and perspectives reveals both the speed with which crusade authors attempted to explain the actions of prominent figures within coherent, elevated narratives, as well as the power which such narratives have had in shaping modern perceptions of crusaders such as Conrad of Montferrat.

Działalność warszawskiego Towarzystwa Zachęty Sztuk Pięknych i Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Sztuk Pięknych w Krakowie z perspektywy Kalisza w świetle doniesień w „Kaliszaninie”

The Activity of the Warsaw Society for the Encouragment of Fine Arts and Society of Friends of Fine Arts in Cracow From the Perspective of Kalisz According to Reports in “Kaliszanin” Article analyzes press reports in available annuals of “Kaliszanin” from years 1870- 1892 about the activity of the TZSP and TPSP. Most of the texts include information about: selling of the stocks – subscriptions of society by booksellers in Kalisz, reproduction of artworks intended for bonuses for people who pay the membership subscriptions, results of the draws of artworks bought by Zachęta, especially if they were given to the residents of Kalisz and close areas. Additionally, Author analyses longer texts about the judgement of the TZSP committee, artistical judgements of the artworks that were exhibited and purchased by the society. Significant part is devoted to texts on functioning of Zachęta in reference to members of society who are living in the provinces and cannot benefit from amenities guaranteed by the metropolitan areas. Most of them includes the critical judgement of the activity of the TZSP. Matters discussed in the pages of Kalisz press are reflecting the significant problems of the society and indicate good orientation of the anonymous authors in the life of the society. Possibilities of fast information transfer, which has been created by the local press, enabled the fuller participation of the habitants from the provinces in the life of TZSP and were one of the factors of civilization, modernization of the city.

Санскритский перевод одного тибетского текста

Introduction. Sanskrit was always perceived by followers of Tibetan Buddhism as the language of sutras and shastras, language of knowledge and culture. This resulted in that Sanskrit used to be extensively studied and taught. Tibetan clerical scholars could not only read Sanskrit but would make repeated attempts of composing original texts in this language. The to be examined Hundred Deities of Tushita guru yoga, a liturgical address to Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), is a rare phenomenon in Tibetan Buddhist literature — Tibetan-to-Sanskrit translation. This anonymous text was created approximately in 18th–19th centuries to further be transmitted in a number of xylographic editions across Mongolia and Buryatia up to the early 20th century. Goals. The article seeks to show the Tibetan-to-Sanskrit translation pattern and introduce it into scientific discourse along with due analysis. Materials. The study explores one xylographic Tibetan-to-Sanskrit edition of Hundred Deities of Tushita from Buryatia submitted by A. Kocharov. Results. The work concludes the Tibetan-to-Sanskrit guru yoga text contains multiple grammatical mistakes and inaccuracies when viewed from the perspective of standard Sanskrit. In some sentences the anonymous author does follow rules of Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit, while in others observes no established Sanskrit declension and conjugation norms.

Whose Science? A Preliminary Study on Kevâkib-i Seb‘a and the Scholar’s Rhetoric

The primary aim of this article is to date the treatise known as Kevâkib-i Seb‘a, which describes the Ottoman sciences for a French audience, to 1739 by examining the letters of Charles de Peyssonnel, secretary to the French ambassador in Istanbul, Marquis de Villeneuve. It also draws attention to a remark by the anonymous author of the treatise on the science of geometry and geography. In order to interpret it, the present study seeks to understand how the author of the treatise presents “ilm”, i.e. science/knowledge, and argues that the remark constitutes a contradictory statement to his previous descriptions and reasoning. It comes to the conclusion that this remark can be regarded as a strategy by the author to defend the imagined prestige of the Ottoman Muslim identity.

Gorgias' Revising of Ancient Epistemology: on Non-Being by Gorgias and its Paraphrases

The philosophical nature of the two versions of paraphrasing the Gorgias’ treatise On Non-Being — the skeptical version by Sextus Empiricus and the peripatetic version by an anonymous author — are discussed. The paper gives a comparative analysis of the arguments upheld by the informants enunciating Gorgias’ thoughts, demonstrates the range of philosophical problems, which Gorgias considered, judging by the reports of his speech, and shows how both versions add to and clarify each other in terms of philosophical issues. The work provides insights as to how Gorgias modernizes and transforms the initial attitudes of Parmenides, shifting the reasoning plan: from how thought can be directed to an object and the qualities of this object to how thought can be directed to the non-existent. Accordingly, the problems of intentionality in the Gorgias’ teaching are considered as well as the privileged status of any of mental states, the nature of word or speech as an autonomous way to develop knowledge about external objects, the issue of meaning as a reference, and inter-subjectivity in cognition. A conclusion is reached that giving preference to one of the paraphrasing versions impoverishes our understanding of the Gorgias’ teaching considerably, while the joint analysis of both versions demonstrates the engagement of the sophistic issues raised by Gorgias, in the philosophical and, particularly, the epistemological paradigm of the ancient as well as modern philosophy.

Encyclopedias as tools of modernization: Stalinist versions of agrarian knowledge

The article considers directions of the agrarian modernization as presented in the four editions of the Soviet agricultural encyclopedia from the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s. On the basis of some historical examples and theoretical concepts, the author explains the scientific, ideological and political significance of encyclopedias in the formation of social knowledge and ideology; shows how during the Stalinist period, the Soviet agricultural encyclopedias passed through several successive great leaps in the representation of agrarian knowledge under the accelerated Soviet modernization; stresses the manipulative way of managing agrarian knowledge and human capital in agriculture - on behalf of the leader and ruling party. The article describes the transition from the first Soviet encyclopedia of the 1920s, which focused on the modernization of peasant Russia, to the encyclopedia of the early 1930s, which denied the importance of the peasantry and praised the projects of large-scale industrial-agricultural production; many authors of the first peasant encyclopedia were repressed. The encyclopedia of the late 1930s reflects the fight against the authors of the previous encyclopedia of the great leap and the purges in the name of the ideology of the planning-management approach in the further modernization of Soviet agriculture. The encyclopedia of the late 1940s - early 1950s reflects the victory of the technocratic-bureaucratic worldview and personnel approach to the agrarian sphere, which prevailed in the agriculture of the USSR until the very end of the Soviet era. The author focuses on the influence of the subjective factor (political leaders, editors-in-chief and anonymous authors) on the ideology, topics and style of encyclopedic articles. In conclusion, the author notes that the strong ideological control and volatile political situation distorted knowledge in the Soviet agrarian encyclopedias, which negatively affected the quality of rural human capital and largely predetermined the stagnation of rural development in the late USSR.

Contesting Reformation: Truth-Telling, the Female Voice, and the Gendering of Political Polemic in Early Modern Scotland

Complaining women overheard in conversation was a trope deployed in Renaissance literature to criticize public figures and hold them to account. This essay discusses why, and with what effect, an anonymous author used a female persona known to readers of the popular sixteenth-century satirist Robert Sempill in order to comment on the political crisis generated in Scotland by demonstrations against the imposition of the Prayer Book in 1637 and the signing of the 1638 National Covenant. Drawing on interdisciplinary studies of the polemical battle over the reputation of Mary, Queen of Scots, the essay will show how presbyterians appropriated the figure of the lowborn female truth-teller to propagate a partisan narrative about the meaning and interpretation of Scotland’s Reformation.

Joseph Smith, Thomas Paine, and Matthew 27:51b–53

Joseph Smith, Thomas Paine, and Matthew 27:51b–53

Traducción feminista transnacional: instrumentalización y manipulación de la recepción transnacional del relato autobiográfico sobre violencia sexual

Abstract Transnational feminist translation studies stand for activism, cooperation and solidarity in connecting feminist thinking developed in all parts of the world (Alvarez et al. 2014, Castro/Ergun 2017, Flotow/ Farahzad 2017, Flotow 2019). One of the important issues is wartime sexual violence, which is the focus of this article, and constitutes a feminist, transnational phenomenon. The account of wartime sexual violence by female victims faces instrumentalization and manipulation by the agents involved in the publication process, including the translators, who are an active part of the patriarchal literary system, with the purpose “to make them fit in with the dominant, or one of the dominant ideological and poetical currents of their time” (Lefevere 1992: 8). The transnational reception, thus, is driven by ideological and commercial interests that agents in a literary system negotiate. The aim of this article is to analyse the transnational reception process, examined under the perspective of transnational feminist translation, and based on questions as who rewrites and how is the wartime sexual violence account rewritten. Undertaking a case study, the diary ‘Eine Fau in Berlin’ of an anonymous female author, Anonyma, who describes rape, prostitution and the gender relations in the context of Second World War, an analytical framework is developed to shed light on the question how women’s writing on wartime sexual violence and its transnational reception are determined by mechanisms of instrumentalization and manipulation that are due to the conceptions and moral values that prevail over wartime sexual violence in two different political and historical eras. We conclude that transnational feminist translation enables activism and solidarity about wartime sexual violence beyond geographical limitations. This leads to the empowerment of the victims on a transnational level.

The Two Different Endings of Sefer haMiddot

The final chapter of Sefer haMiddot – a popular ethical work by an anonymous late medieval author, and called Orḥot Tzaddikim in its printed versions – is Sha‘ar Yir’at Shamayim. An early manuscript restores the original conclusion to this chapter, followed by an epitome called Simmanei Sefer haMiddot. This material was lost for well over five centuries. Sha‘ar Yir’at Shamayim asserts a dualism in which the soul animates the body like God animates the cosmos. The soul takes clear precedence over the body. To appreciate this dualism leads to fear of heaven, which is God’s greatest treasure. This chapter, devoted to a theological doctrine, is unique within Sefer haMiddot. Simmanei Sefer ha-Middot is a natural continuation of Sha‘ar Yir’at Shamayim. It also sharpens a global theme throughout the book, which places middot (ethics) alongside mitzvot (commandments) as constituting the exoteric will of God in its fullness. This substitutes ethics for the older esoteric doctrine of the Ḥasidei Ashkenaz, and is what makes the book distinct in medieval Jewish thought. The substitution of ethics for esoteric doctrine does not depend upon the final chapter’s doctrine of the soul, and the book thus ends in two different ways. An Appendix presents the full conclusion to Sefer haMiddot – Sha‘ar Yir’at Shamayim followed by Simmanei Sefer haMiddot – in a Hebrew text based upon a full synopsis of the manuscripts and in an annotated English translation.

Wkład Alfonsa V Wspaniałomyślnego w upowszechnienie katalońskich zwyczajów kulinarnych w Królestwie Neapolu w XV wieku

Contribution of Alfonso V the Magnanimous to the Popularization of Catalan Culinary Customs in the Kingdom of Napl es in the 15th century 
 The wars for Naples ended in 1442 with the victory of Alfonso V the Magnanimous, the ruler of the Crown of Aragon (1416–1458). The emergence of foreign authority in southern Italy entailed the transfer of the Catalan culture, language and customs to the area of Italian Mezzogiorno. In this process, Catalan culinary traditions which developed at the end of the fourteenth century also occupied an important place. One of them was a separate sweet snack, referred to by the Catalan term col·lació (collatio in Latin). The organization and celebration of col·lació became an important form of ostentation for the Catalan ruling and financial elites. In this article, the author discusses excerpts from historical sources whose authors include, among others, Antonio Beccadelli, Jordi de Centelles, Vespasiano da Bisticci, Giovanni Pontano, as well as the ambassadors of Barcelona and Portugal and other anonymous authors writing about the times of Alfonso V the Magnanimous. The data provided by these sources clearly indicate that this ruler followed the custom of eating sweet colazione known in Italy at this time and gave it a new meaning at least as early as in the 1440s. Thanks to this ruler of Aragon and new Neapolitan king, the sweet snack became one of the instruments of the ostentation of wealth and prestige for the new rulers of the southern part of Italy and soon after also for other princes and lords of the area.

The Album De Colbert: The Image of Shipbuilding

The Album de Colbert compiled by an anonymous author in the second half of the seventeenth century is among the most important illustrated testimonies of the art of shipbuilding. Probably commissioned by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Minister of Finance and Minister of the Navy of the kingdom of France, the Album was composed to make Louis XIV understand the complexity of shipbuilding. It was also made to support the creation of a navy with the ambition of being competitive with the Royal Navy and with the intent of modernising and expanding the French shipbuilding industry. The fifty plates that make up this illustrated treatise unravel the story of the construction of a first-rank 80-gun line vessel, from the laying of the keel to the launch. It is a unique document that has no contemporaries or precursors because it is not a didactic collection of boats, like the previous treaties that had a completely different methodological approach, more technical-descriptive than illustrative, but it wants to go beyond the scientific treatise. Its purpose was instead to measure itself with representation, showing through the strength of drawing and images the peculiar aspects of the reality of shipbuilding, using iconography as a means of transmitting knowledge related to the world of shipyards and shipbuilding in the 17th century.

Communicating God’s war. Accounts of holy war in Polish medieval narrative sources

The authors of Polish medieval narrative accounts from and about Poland communicated episodes of Christian holy war and proto-crusades in a distinct and consistent way from the early twelfth century. In this article I will argue that the anonymous author of the Gesta principum Polonorum presented the Polish conquest of Pomerania as a holy war, and that a hundred years later, the learned Vincentius Bishop of Cracow in his Chronica Polonorum depicted three military campaigns against the Prussian pagans and apostates as crusading expeditions. I will also argue that the first Polish historian Jan Długosz, deliberately celebrated and highlighted these earlier accounts to his contemporary fifteenth century readership, using these histories to position Poland’s rulers as having a longstanding and consistent commitment to crusading, at a time when participation in crusades was a central concern of Poland’s ruling elites. This article will conclude that each of these written works was a commissioned text and part of a deliberate strategy by the rulers of Poland to communicate their engagement in Christian holy wars at the periphery of Christian Europe.

Ana María Laguna and John Beusterien, eds. Goodbye Eros: Recasting Forms and Norms of Love in the Age of Cervantes

Ana María Laguna and John Beusterien, eds. <i>Goodbye Eros: Recasting Forms and Norms of Love in the Age of Cervantes</i>

The The Contribution of “A Sister of Notre Dame” and the “Nun of Calabar” to Montessori Education in Scotland, Nigeria and Beyond

Although the English Montessori Movement was declining, two educators, trained in the Method in England in the 1920s, contributed significantly to the continuity of Montessori education. “A Sister of Notre Dame”, was the anonymous author of A Scottish Montessori School, published in1932. The “Nun of Calabar”, established Montessori schools between 1926 and 1934 in Nigeria. Their work is placed within the political, social, and cultural context of the time.

Plays within Songs: Sanqu Songs from Literary Refinement (ya) to Popular Appeal (su)

Abstract Through detailed analysis of several case studies, this essay investigates a special form of sanqu 散曲 song, namely, songs that embed references to dramas (quzhong daixi 曲中帶戲). A long song suite (changtao 長套) by Yuan author Sun Jichang 孫季昌 (fl. 14th century) is the best-known example of a pastiche of zaju play titles and dramatic protagonists intended to stimulate and guide readers' imagination. When late Ming dramatist Shen Jing 沈璟 (1553–1610) imitated Sun's pastiche song suite, he painstakingly sought to disrupt the obvious association between lyric and invoked play in an appeal to the literati aesthetic of lyrical indirection. Another, shorter song suite from the Ming, this one by an anonymous author, incorporates chuanqi play titles with little literary embellishment, catering to popular tastes. Finally, set to the tunes “Pipo yu” 劈破玉 and “Gua zhen'er” 掛真兒, popular songs featuring chuanqi play titles appear in three late Ming miscellanies. As these songs describe their source play's main protagonists and plot elements, they may be seen as expressing the voice of commoners and at the same time promoting ethical values. Taken together, these examples illustrate that it was not unusual for sanqu songs to incorporate dramatic references. This blending of song and drama can be traced to the arbitrary Yuan dynasty definition of yuefu 樂府 (literally, “Music Bureau songs”) and its relationship with sanqu songs. Thus the heterogeneous and inclusive nature characteristic of sanqu songs can be viewed in a new light.