Analysis Of Survey Data Research Articles

"It's a Thing": What Nurse Elders Believe Novice Nurses Need to Know About Managing Emotional Labour.

Emotional labour (EL) can take a significant toll on nurses' mental health and well-being and has serious implications for the retention of nurses in the workforce. Nurse educators have struggled to prepare novices to manage EL or find serviceable resources with which to do so within the body of nursing literature, which is dominated by essentially unhelpful narratives and is absent of the practical, real-world wisdom of elder nurses. This exploratory research study illuminated elder nurses' experiential knowledge and beliefs of what is important for novices to learn about EL. Conventional Content Analysis (CCA) of qualitative survey data from 688 nurses with 20+ years of experience. CCA generated descriptive categories and sub-categories: What the elders themselves learned as student nurses, and their advice to novices in the individual realm, ("It's a Thing," healthy disengagement, supporting mental and physical well-being, reframing self-reproach), team realm (peer support, mentors), and institutional realm (structural barriers to mentors' support of novices, building novices' capacities for self-advocacy, resources to support health and well-being). The elders' data confronted and reframed legacy individuated narratives in the literature by supporting and contextualizing nurses' emotional work. Elders advised novices that EL is a reality requiring concrete strategies to manage it throughout their practices. Elders extended their focus for management of EL beyond the individual to include peer support, mentorship, and the structural conditions in which nurses perform their EL, highlighting the need to empower nurses by building their capacity for self-advocacy of their workers' rights.

Middle School Teachers’ Implementation and Perceptions of Automated Writing Evaluation

Despite research supporting the efficacy of Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE) in improving writing outcomes, inconsistent implementation by teachers raises concerns about the efficacy of these systems in practice. However, little is known about what factors influence teachers’ implementation and perceptions of AWE. This study examined the relationship between teachers’ implementation and perceptions of the MI Write AWE system, seeking to identify actionable factors that could enhance AWE implementation and acceptance in the future. A mixed-methods design was utilized, combining quantitative analysis of usage logs and survey data with qualitative insights from focus groups and interviews with 19 teachers who participated in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) testing the efficacy of MI Write on students’ writing outcomes. Quantitative data were subjected to descriptive and non-parametric statistical analyses, while qualitative data underwent a deductive coding process, offering an integrated view of MI Write's use and educators’ perceptions. Teachers implemented MI Write variably and not to the extent expected of them within the RCT, but they did report generally positive attitudes towards MI Write. Findings indicated that positive perceptions of system usability and usefulness may be insufficient to promote effective implementation. Instead, ecological factors such as curricular alignment and the challenge of incorporating AWE into existing workload, administrative support, and broader social and educational policy appeared as factors influencing implementation. Findings emphasize that teachers’ implementation and perceptions of AWE are dependent on a range of contextual elements beyond mere system functionality, suggesting that successful adoption requires addressing broader ecological considerations.

Evaluating the Impact of a Peer Support Program on Participants' Well-Being: Finding Belongingness Through the Women Veterans Network.

Loss of belongingness may be particularly pronounced for women veterans, representing a threat to long-term well-being. Improvements in social support through engagement in a structured peer support program may mitigate the negative effects of loss of belongingness on well-being. We assessed the impact of participation in a peer-led, structured, social support group-based network on outcomes related to well-being [i.e., belongingness, social support, quality of life, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression]. Subgroup analyses examined relative impact among those who completed the intervention and those reporting clinical levels of PTSD and depression symptoms. We analyzed survey data consisting of reliable and valid measures collected at baseline, postgroup and 3-month follow-up among 393 participants in the Woven Veterans Network's (WoVeN) group program. We observed improvements in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over time. We observed additional benefits among those who received an adequate dose of the intervention (significant improvements on PTSD, belongingness) and those with clinical levels of mental health symptoms (significant improvements on PTSD, depression, belongingness, quality of life). Impacts on social support may have been masked due to ceiling effects given wide dispersion baseline social support in this sample. This social support network had particularly profound impacts on well-being for those veterans who suffered from conditions for which isolation and loneliness are particularly salient.

Associations Between Interpersonal Trauma and Intolerance of Uncertainty in an International Multi-Site Sample

AbstractPrior psychologically traumatic experiences have been linked to increased risk for mental health conditions. However, there remain questions about the relationship between prior interpersonal trauma, particularly that of neglect and abuse, and transdiagnostic dimensions such as intolerance of uncertainty (IU: the tendency to find uncertainty aversive). To address this gap, we conducted a secondary analysis of survey data from an international multi-site sample (n = 2510). Questionnaires included: Interpersonal trauma by type (e.g. emotional neglect, physical abuse, psychological abuse, sexual abuse) and IU. The findings revealed that: (1) experiencing different forms of interpersonal trauma was associated with higher IU, and (2) experiencing multiple forms of neglect and abuse was associated with higher IU. When comparing across the interpersonal trauma types and IU, emotional neglect compared to the other types of abuse, was specifically related to higher IU. These effects remained when controlling for broader negative beliefs about the self and others. However, the observed relationships and overall amount of variance explained by IU was rather small. Overall, these findings demonstrate that interpersonal trauma, particularly emotional neglect, is associated with IU. Future longitudinal research is required to examine if, how, and when after adversity, higher IU may emerge.

Who stays? Australian alcohol and other drug work and worker characteristics predicting regional, rural and remote job retention

AbstractIntroductionThe Australian alcohol and other drug (AOD) regional, rural and remote (RRR) workforce experiences chronic workforce retention challenges. However, little is known about the characteristics of RRR AOD workers nationally, or factors associated with retention.ObjectiveTo examine the personal and professional characteristics of RRR AOD workers and identify factors that predict intent to remain in the workforce.DesignSecondary analysis of Australian National AOD Workforce Survey data, a cross‐sectional online survey of AOD workers (N = 1506).ParticipantsAOD workers employed in RRR Australia (N = 447).Main Outcome MeasuresDemographic and professional characteristics; intent to remain in current job for the next year.ResultsThe majority of RRR AOD workers were female (72%) and worked full time (65%) in the NGO sector (58%). Most (56%) intended to stay in their job. There were not only high rates of poor job engagement (33%) and high burnout (42%) but also high job satisfaction (80%). Significant predictors (p < 0.05) of retention intention were job satisfaction, low burnout, employment security and respect in the workplace.ConclusionsWorkforce initiatives and benefits tailored to the current composition of the RRR AOD workforce are needed. Retention of workers may be facilitated by increasing job satisfaction, security and respect, and decreasing burnout.

Early Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Benefits Recipients

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted employment, housing, and food security for low-income public benefits recipients. The present study seeks to understand public recipients’ self-reported critical and ongoing needs at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses logistic regression to analyze survey data gathered on 10,089 public benefits recipients in the early stage of the pandemic to better understand their self-reported critical and ongoing needs. We also explored variations in need among different racial/ethnic groups and public benefits receipt status. Our research found that respondents from most racial/ethnic minority groups indicated a significant need for food, housing, and back-rent, with variation among different racial/ethnic groups in expressing specific needs for finding employment and help with applying for public benefits. Our findings also identify SNAP/CalFresh recipients as a particularly vulnerable group, and they were more likely to need help with food insecurity, finding employment, applying for public benefits, and paying backrent. While numerous federal, state, and local programs and initiatives were created to address widespread need, this study identifies potential gaps in these efforts and increases understanding of how to target aid for low-income populations in times of crisis.

Employees’ Intention to Comply with Information Security Policies: The Impacts of Loafing and Commitment

Drawing upon the attitude theory, this study theorizes that commitment affects loafing behaviors and ISP compliance. Further, drawing upon the transfer theory, this study adopts the concepts of loafing and commitment transfer in order to explore whether social loafing will enhance employee cyberloafing and whether organizational commitment can enhance ISP commitment, both of which, in turn, influence ISP compliance intention. This study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze survey data collected in July 2023 from 361 Taiwanese individuals affiliated with organizations or companies. The results show that social loafing has a strong positive effect on cyberloafing, which, in turn, has a strong negative effect on ISP compliance intention. Organizational commitment has a strong positive effect on ISP commitment, which, in turn, has a strong positive effect on ISP compliance intention. In addition, distortion of consequences moderates the relationship between social loafing and cyberloafing. Advantageous comparison moderates the relationship between cyberloafing and ISP compliance intention.

A Workshop and Toolkit to Support Late-Career Transitions for Faculty.

Twenty percent of medical school faculty are 60 years or older. These senior-career academic faculty often find a paucity of support for decision-making about late-career transitions. To help fill this professional development gap, we developed and tested an interactive workshop to facilitate deliberation and discussion among mid- and late-career faculty in various stages of career transition planning. The workshop included individual and small-group activities and a takeaway packet/toolkit for career transition planning. We conducted mixed methods analyses of postworkshop survey data to evaluate the workshop content, methods, and toolkit. The workshop was implemented six times, at four national conferences, one state-level conference, and one single institution, for a total of 207 participants. Evaluations were completed by 60% of participants. Thirty-one percent were thinking generally about transition, 40% were making specific plans for transition within 1-5 years, 15% were currently in transition, and 10% had fully transitioned. Perception of workshop objectives met received a median ranking of 4 (rated on a 5-point Likert scale). Participants reported positive outcomes, including taking time to think/reflect, finding starting points for transition planning, and sharing conversations. This highly rated, interactive workshop provides support and practical tools for faculty considering late-career transitions. In addition to providing resources for individual faculty, this workshop has value for an institution to support their senior-level faculty. We encourage the incorporation of this workshop into institutional faculty development programming to ensure a career lifespan approach to faculty development.

Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in Thailand: Determinants and variation across socioeconomic status

ObjectivesReducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is a primary public health goal in Thailand, but information on the characteristics of SSB consumers remains limited. This study aims to gain knowledge about the characteristics of SSB consumers in Thailand. Study designSecondary analysis of survey data. MethodsThe study used data from the Health Behaviour of Population Survey conducted by Thailand's National Statistics Office between February and May 2021. SSB consumption was sourced from a survey question about the consumption of prepackaged sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages. The influence of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural, habitual, and health factors on mean daily intake and daily consumption was assessed using a two-part model and logistic regression analysis, respectively. Decomposition analysis was conducted to understand how the impact of these factors affecting SSB consumption varied across socioeconomic groups. ResultsFrequent SSB consumers exhibited various unhealthy behaviours, including smoking, unhealthy food consumption, low physical activity, and making food selections driven by appetitive motivations. Although higher socioeconomic status was associated with greater consumption of SSBs, it stabilised at elevated income levels. Increased SSB consumption in higher socioeconomic groups was linked to mixed eating habits, being overweight, and occasional drinking, while in lower socioeconomic groups, it was associated with unhealthy behaviours like smoking, regular alcohol drinking, appetitive food choices, and low physical activity. ConclusionsSSB consumption in Thailand is multifactorial, varying by socioeconomic status. These insights are crucial for policy formation aimed at reducing SSB consumption in the country. Policymakers should explore interventions that address overall unhealthy behaviours alongside those targeting overconsumption of SSBs.

Association of lifetime lactation and characteristics of menopause: a longitudinal cohort study.

Lactation has many established benefits for women's long-term health; however, its influence on menopause is less clear. This study investigated the association between lifetime duration of lactation and the timing and type of menopause in midlife women. We analyzed survey data on 19,783 parous women aged 40 to 65 years at enrollment in the Alberta's Tomorrow Project (2000-2022), a prospective community-based cohort study in Alberta, Canada. Duration of lifetime lactation across all births was categorized as: <1 month (reference group; 19.8% of women), 1-3 months (12.1%), 4-6 months (11.7%), 7-12 months (18.8%), and ≥ 13 months (37.7%). Women were classified as premenopause, natural menopause (age at 1 year after the final menstrual period), surgical menopause (age at bilateral oophorectomy), or indeterminate menopause (age at premenopausal hysterectomy with ovarian preservation). Flexible parametric survival analysis and multinomial logistic regression were used to analyze menopause timing and type, respectively, according to lactation status and controlling for birth year, education, parity, hormonal contraceptive use, and smoking. In a dose-response manner, longer lactation was associated with reduced risk of natural menopause before age 50 (for ≥ 13 months of lactation, adjusted hazard ratio at age 45: 0.68, 95% CI 0.59-0.78), surgical menopause before age 55 (age 45: 0.56, 0.50-0.63), and indeterminate menopause before age 50 (age 45: 0.75, 0.69-0.82). Longer lactation was associated with lower odds of surgical (adjusted odds ratio 0.54, 95% CI 0.45-0.66) and indeterminate menopause (0.63, 0.55-0.73), compared to natural menopause. Optimizing the timing of natural menopause and reducing risks of early surgical and indeterminate menopause may be novel maternal benefits of breastfeeding.

The Effect of Teaching Strategies on English Language Learning in Libya

This study examines the impact of teaching strategies on English language learning in Libya, focusing on the challenges Libyan teachers face in secondary schools. The research investigates the effectiveness of different teaching methods and explores innovative strategies, including interactive technologies, in the classroom. The primary aim is to assess how these strategies influence student engagement, language proficiency, and overall learning outcomes. A mixed-method approach was employed, incorporating a quantitative analysis of survey data from ten high school English instructors in Hoon. The results indicate that educators frequently employ supportive techniques, including offering comments and encouraging task completion. The study reveals substantial deficiencies in self-assessment and contemporary evaluation techniques, suggesting a dependence on conventional pedagogical methods. The absence of modern methodologies, such as student reflection and peer assessment, may restrict students' active engagement and impede their linguistic advancement. This research paper also identifies differences in teaching practices based on teacher demographics, including gender and years of experience. More experienced teachers were found to employ a broader range of strategies, suggesting the need for mentorship and professional development for newer educators. The study emphasizes integrating technology-enhanced tools and reflective assessment techniques to foster a more effective and engaging learning environment. The conclusions drawn from this research paper recommend that targeted professional development programs be implemented to support teachers in adopting more reflective and modern teaching methods. These programs should focus on enhancing teachers' skills in self-assessment techniques, peer evaluation, and technology integration in the classroom. By doing so, English language instruction in Libya can be significantly improved, contributing to better student outcomes and excellent English proficiency. Overall, the study underscores the need for a dynamic and adaptable approach to teaching English, where traditional methods are supplemented by innovative strategies that actively engage students and equip them with the necessary skills to succeed in a globalized world.

Exploring Cybernetics Students' Perceptions of AI in Education: A Comprehensive Analytical Study

This study investigates the multifaceted perceptions of cybernetics students toward integrating artificial intelligence (AI) in educational environments. This research uncovers the students' knowledge levels, preferred sources of information, perceived benefits, and significant students through a comprehensive analysis of survey data combined with recent scholarly insights. Detailed visual analyses underscore key trends, offering a clear perspective on how these students view the future of AI in their academic journey. The findings suggest that while students appreciate AI’s utiAI, they express valid concerns about job security and the potential reduction in human engagement. This study contributes critical insights for educators and policymakers aiming to align AI practices with student needs and expectations.

Estimation of Crop Residue Cover Utilizing Multiple Ground Truth Survey Techniques and Multi-Satellite Regression Models

Soil erosion within agricultural landscapes has significant environmental and economic impacts and is strongly driven by reduced residue cover in agricultural fields. Large-area soil erosion models such as the Daily Erosion Project are important tools for understanding the patterns of soil erosion, but they rely on the accurate estimation of crop residue cover over large regions to infer the tillage practices, an erosion model input. Remote sensing analyses are becoming accepted as a reliable way to estimate crop residue cover, but most use localized training datasets that may not scale well outside small study areas. An alternative source of training data may be commonly conducted tillage surveys that capture information via rapid “windshield” surveys. In this study, we utilized the Google Earth Engine to assess the utility of three crop residue survey types (windshield tillage surveys, windshield binned residue surveys, and photo analysis surveys) and one synthetic survey (retroactively binned photo analysis data) as sources of training data for crop residue cover regressions. We found that neither windshield-based survey method was able to produce reliable regressions but that they can produce reasonable distinctions between low-residue and high-residue fields. On the other hand, both photo analysis and retroactively binned photo analysis survey data were able to produce reliable regressions with r2 values of 0.57 and 0.56, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrates that photo analysis surveys are the most reliable dataset to use when creating crop residue cover models, but we also acknowledge that these surveys are expensive to conduct and suggest some ways these surveys could be made more efficient in the future.

Association of METS-IR index with Type 2 Diabetes: A cross-sectional analysis of national health and nutrition examination survey data from 2009 to 2018.

With rising global diabetes prevalence, precise early identification and management of diabetes risk are critical research areas. The metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), a novel non-insulin-based tool, is gaining attention for quantifying insulin resistance using multiple metabolic parameters. Despite its potential in predicting diabetes and its precursors, evidence on its specific relationship with diabetes is limited, especially in large-scale population validation and mechanistic exploration. This study aims to analyze the association between METS-IR and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in American adults. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2009 to 2018. Participants aged 20 years and above were included, excluding individuals with missing data on BMI, fasting blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol glycated hemoglobin and diabetes status. Logistic regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to assess the association between METS-IR and T2DM, controlling for potential confounding factors. After adjusting for age, gender, race, education level, smoking status, drinking habits, depression, physical activity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, we found a positive association between METS-IR and the risk of T2DM. Specifically, each unit increase in METS-IR was associated with a 7% increase in the risk of T2DM (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.08). Subgroup analysis showed that the association between METS-IR and T2DM incidence was significantly positive in the highest quartile group, particularly among Mexican Americans over 40 years old and those diagnosed with depression, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. Our study revealed a significant positive association between METS-IR and the prevalence of T2DM, indicating that this relationship persists even after controlling for various confounding factors. Therefore, monitoring METS-IR may provide a valuable tool for the early identification of individuals at risk of glucose metabolism disorders. Further research should focus on the applicability of METS-IR in different populations and its potential impact on clinical practice.

Mixed method evaluation of factors influencing the adoption of organic participatory guarantee system certification among Vietnamese vegetable farmers

AbstractIn markets where vegetables are commonly cultivated with heavy use of synthetic pesticides, it is particularly important for consumers to be able to identify genuine organic produce. Organic Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) certification offers smallholder farmers an affordable way to build trust among consumers and secure premium prices for their organic produce. In Vietnam, the demand for vegetables with no, or low, pesticide residues is growing. The attractiveness of PGS certification should increase accordingly, but the number of organic PGS certified farmers in Vietnam are stagnating or even decreasing. The aim of this study is to explain this paradox by investigating the factors that influence the adoption of organic PGS certification among Vietnamese vegetable farmers. We follow a mixed methods approach, combining a qualitative analysis of farmer interviews (n = 62) and a quantitative analysis of a farm survey data (n = 434) using a sample selection model that estimates adoption contingent on farmers’ awareness of PGS certification. Drawing on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, we found that social relationships and positive attitudes towards farming and the environment drive the adoption of organic PGS. Barriers include insufficient knowledge of organic farming techniques, labour shortages, and ageing farmers. At the systemic level, support by (non-)governmental institutions facilitates adoption, but challenges such as lower yields and limited access to premium markets remain. To promote organic PGS among Vietnamese vegetable farmers, efforts should focus on disseminating organic farming techniques that boost yields, alleviate labour demands, and ensure secure markets for premium-priced organic vegetables.

The role of information flows in trust-based management

PurposeThis paper explores the role of work-related information flows in trust-based management in public sector organizations. Whereas the relationship that trust affects information sharing between employees as such is well known, the opposite relationship where information flows that facilitate access to and sharing of work-related information affect trust is less studied.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyses survey data from 481 employees at lower hierarchical levels in home care and schools in the City of Oslo four years after the City Council decided to implement trust-based management, using structural equation modelling (SEM).FindingsThe results from the path models indicate that work-related information flows mediate the impact of trust-based management, contribute to the development of trust in managers and increase employee autonomy.Practical implicationsA practical implication is that work-related information flows seem to be an important design variable in trust reforms. Organizations that plan to implement more trust-based management should therefore pay close attention to how changes in management systems and leadership practices impact work-related information flows.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the public management literature and research on trust reforms by identifying the role of work-related information flows as a mediator in trust-based management. The paper provides new insights into the relationship between information flows, trust and autonomy by combining perspectives from public management, information studies and organizational behaviour.

Validating a cassava production spatial disaggregation model in sub-Saharan Africa.

Cassava is a staple in the diet of millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa, as it can grow in poor soils with limited inputs and can withstand a wide range of environmental conditions, including drought. Previous studies have shown that the distribution of rural populations is an important predictor of cassava density in sub-Saharan Africa's landscape. Our aim is to explore relationships between the distribution of cassava from the cassava production disaggregation models (CassavaMap and MapSPAM) and rural population density, looking at potential differences between countries and regions. We analysed various properties of cassava cultivations collected from surveys at 69 locations in Côte d'Ivoire and 87 locations in Uganda conducted between February and March 2018. The relationships between the proportion of surveyed land under cassava cultivation and rural population and settlement data were examined using a set of generalized additive models within each country. Information on rural settlements was aggregated around the survey locations at 2, 5 and 10 km circular buffers. The analysis of the original survey data showed no significant correlation between rural population and cassava production in both MapSPAM and CassavaMap. However, as we aggregate settlement buffers around the survey locations using CassavaMap, we find that at a large scale this model does capture large-scale variations in cassava production. Moreover, through our analyses, we discovered country-specific spatial trends linked to areas of higher cassava production. These analyses are useful for validating disaggregation models of cassava production. As the certainty that existing cassava production maps increases, analyses that rely on the disaggregation maps, such as models of disease spread, nutrient availability from cassava with respect to population in a region, etc. can be performed with increased confidence. These benefit social and natural scientists, policymakers and the population in general by ensuring that cassava production estimates are increasingly reliable.

Trends in Toddler Diet Quality in the United States: 1999 to 2018.

Diet quality has improved over time for US adults and youth aged ≥2 years. Trends over time and disparities in the diet quality of toddlers 12 through 23 months old have not been documented. Our objective was to investigate the direction and magnitude of toddler diet quality trends from 1999 to 2018 overall and by household socioeconomic status. This serial cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data was performed with 2541 toddlers from 10 NHANES cycles from 1999 to 2018. Dietary intake was measured by NHANES study staff using proxy-reported 24-hour recalls. Healthy Eating Index-Toddlers-2020 total scores (0-100 points, higher scores indicate healthier diets) and component scores were calculated from the 24-hour dietary recalls using the population ratio method. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the association between time in years (measured as the midpoint of each NHANES cycle) and diet quality. Toddler diet quality improved significantly from 1999 to 2018 (P < .001), from 63.7 points on average in 1999-2000 to 67.7 points in 2017-2018. A significant positive linear trend in total diet quality was observed for all socioeconomic status groups (P < .05). Several dietary component scores improved, as follows: Whole Fruits (P < .001), Whole Grains (P = .016), Fatty Acids (P = .002), Refined Grains (P = .009), and Added Sugars (P < .001). Scores did not significantly change for Total Fruit, Total Vegetables, Greens and Beans, Dairy, Total Protein Foods, Seafood and Plant Proteins, Sodium, or Saturated Fats. From 1999 to 2018, toddler diet quality improved significantly, but mean scores still fell short of dietary guidance.

The American Headache Society First Contact-Headache in Primary Care program: Current metrics, knowledge assessments, and direction for future initiatives.

This study examines the American Headache Society First Contact-Headache in Primary Care program metrics to date in order to assess the program's reach and provide direction for future initiatives. Approximately 4 million primary care office visits annually are headache-specific encounters. Therefore, it is important that primary care providers are knowledgeable about headache management. Recognizing the need, the American Headache Society First Contact designed the comprehensive First Contact-Headache in Primary Care program with input from an advisory board comprised of a diverse group of physicians and advanced practice providers with backgrounds in family and internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, and neurology. This is the first study to assess the reach of the program and critically examine how to best meet the needs of clinicians and patients going forward. We report descriptive statistics for the First Contact website metrics from October 2020 to June 2023 and grand rounds program data from May 2020 to December 2023. We also conducted a cross-sectional analysis of survey data from presentations conducted at two large national family medicine symposia, as well as a thematic analysis of the question: "Please indicate what areas of your practice could be enhanced or improved with additional education?" The First Contact program homepage was the second most visited page on the American Headache Society website (>100,000 views). A total of 20 podcast episodes were created for the program (>3500 plays). The First Contact program held 99 events (72 institutional grand rounds, 22 State-level meetings, and five national meetings), reaching >7000 clinicians. The institutional grand rounds and state-level meetings were held across 27 States and Washington D.C. Only 31.9% (30/94) of First Contact program events (excluding national meetings) occurred in the West census region, which has the fewest headache subspecialists and lowest headache subspecialist density in the United States. When examining survey data of participants who attended the two virtual national family medicine symposia (39.3% response rate, N = 636/1620), 85.7% (544/635) reported being "completely confident" or "veryconfident" in their ability to recognize and accurately diagnose patients presenting with a primary complaint of headache and 81.5% (517/634) reported being "completely confident" or "very confident" in their ability to develop evidence-based treatment plans that are tailored to the needs of individual patients. The use of diagnostic tools to recognize patients with migraine (60.4%, 384/636) and translating standards of care to the practice setting (42.5%, 270/636) were the most reported intended changes by participants. Most participants reported that program content was of clinical relevance and would improve their patients' outcomes (90.5% [571/631] and 90.6% [572/631], respectively). Over three-quarters (77.8%, 495/636) of participants reported areas of their practice that can be improved by additional education specifically regarding workflow, diagnosis, and management. This study evaluates one of the first national initiatives for primary care education. Data from the two First Contact Family Medicine national symposia indicate the program is generally well received with most participants reporting improved confidence and intention to implement key changes in practice to improve care for patients with headache; however, there remain areas of exploration for education that could further enhance participant experience and expand the reach of the initiatives. Areas for future programming include continued education on multifactorial approaches to headache treatment and suggestions for addressing cost, insurance, and time constraints. Also, future work may examine where the First Contact program might focus initiatives based on specific areas of need in headache care, such as geographic "desert" areas, racial and ethnic disparities, and uninsured/underinsured populations.

Perceived Access to HIV Prevention Services Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) and MSM Sex Workers in France, Russia, and Türkiye.

This study examined the association between self-identification as a sex worker (SW) and perceived access to pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic HIV prevention methods among MSM in France, Russia, and Türkiye amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Globally, 17,250 MSM recruited through a geosocial networking smartphone application completed the COVID-19 disparities survey, which was administered between October and November 2020. Approximately 38% of survey respondents were identified as living in France (n = 1269), Russia (n = 3882), and Türkiye (n = 3141) at the time of survey completion. Given the diverse sociodemographic factors and attitudes toward both MSM behavior and commercial sex work in these countries, we conducted a secondary analysis of survey data exploring the relationship between SW status and perceived access to pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic HIV prevention methods during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among respondents in Russia and France, MSM SW status was associated with a reduction in perceived access to condoms/lubricants (p = .001 in Russia, p < .001 in France). MSM SW in France were less likely to report never using PrEP as compared to non-SW peers (RR = 0.40, p = .005). Our findings highlight the disparities in access to HIV prevention for MSM SW living in these three countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on our findings, COVID-19 may have exacerbated pre-existing inequities in HIV prevention among populations experiencing intersecting stigmas.