Analysis Of User Experiences Research Articles

Enhancing Student Engagement in Learning Management Systems through Exploration of Avatars in Virtual Classrooms: A Systematic Review

The rise of online education has highlighted the crucial need to comprehend student participation in virtual learning environments. With the evolution of online learning platforms, understanding the impact of technological components, especially interactive avatars, on student engagement has become imperative. This study aims to investigate the influence of avatars on student participation in virtual classrooms. Specifically, it seeks to understand the impact of avatars on student interactions, engagement, and involvement within online learning environments. Three primary research questions guide the inquiry: the impact of avatars on student participation, the extent of technology-mediated interaction's effect on engagement, and the nuanced ways in which avatars contribute to or hinder student involvement. The study conducts a comprehensive review of existing literature, delving into the design, integration, and influence of avatars in virtual learning environments. It critically assesses technological advancements, focusing on interactive avatars, and their implications for student engagement. The methodology involves an in-depth analysis of scholarly works, educational platforms, and user experiences to gather valuable insights. The study uncovers the multifaceted impact of avatars in virtual classrooms. Interactive avatars significantly enhance student engagement and participation, fostering interactions between students and teachers as well as among peers. The customization and interactivity of avatars create a more immersive learning experience, positively influencing student involvement. Future research endeavours could explore the integration of avatars with emerging technologies like augmented reality and artificial intelligence, enhancing the depth and scope of virtual classroom interactions. Continued research in this area is essential for refining virtual learning environments and ensuring optimal student participation in the digital educational landscape.

A comparative analysis of game experience in treadmill running applications

Despite the growing popularity of treadmill running apps, comparative analyses between exergames and traditional running simulators in terms of user experience are scarce. This study aims to fill this gap by examining user experiences across three different treadmill running apps: Zwift (a running simulator), Ring Fit Adventure (a Nintendo Switch game), and Fitoon (a mobile-specific treadmill game). Using unique interaction mechanisms-pedometer, leg-mounted controller with Ring-Con, and smartwatch, respectively, each app is evaluated through the In-Game version of the Game Experience Questionnaire. Results indicate that exergames, particularly Fitoon, significantly improve Competence, Immersion, and game flow compared to traditional treadmill running activities. However, contrary to expectations, the use of a smartwatch for interaction did not significantly decrease levels of Negative Affect. This finding underscores the complexity of the relationship between interaction mechanisms and their impact on user emotions within treadmill running applications. By providing a comprehensive analysis of user experiences, this study provides insight into the potential benefits and limitations of different interaction systems and platforms, providing valuable information for the development of more emotionally engaging and rewarding treadmill running apps. crucial.

ChatGPT as a coping mechanism for social isolation: An analysis of user experiences and perceptions of social support

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between social isolation, ChatGPT usage, and social support perceptions among older adults. A sample of 65 participants aged 50 and above completed self-report questionnaires assessing social isolation, ChatGPT usage, and social support perceptions. The results indicated that social isolation is moderately prevalent among older adults, and ChatGPT usage is significantly related to social support perceptions, independent of age, gender, education, and employment status. The findings suggest that ChatGPT may be a useful tool for addressing social isolation among older adults. The study provides insight into the potential benefits of using ChatGPT as an alternative source of social support for older adults experiencing social isolation.

Product Design Interaction and Experience Based on Virtual Reality Technology

Artificial intelligence involves imitating human thought, consciousness, and other aspects. This is similar to having machine with human brain that can think, produce independently. However, unlike human brain, it has a speed, memory advantage. A virtual reality interactive glove is built using a nine-axis inertial sensor, an artificial intelligence deep learning algorithm. In this research work, Product Design Interaction and Experience Based on Virtual Reality Technology (PDIE-VRT-SCGAN) were proposed. Initially, input gestures data are gathered from the Virtual Reality Experiences (VRE) dataset. The input gestures data is then pre-processed using Multi-Window Savitzky-Golay Filter (MWSGF) to reduce noises, increase overall quality of the gestures data. In order to improving overall user engagement in product design interactions on virtual reality (VR) technology, the pre-processed gestures data are then fed into an adversarial network called a Semi-Cycled Generative Adversarial Network (SCGAN). In general, SCGAN does not express some adaption of optimization strategies for determining optimal parameters to promise exact to improving overall user engagement in product design interactions using VR technology. Therefore, FOX-inspired Optimization (FIO) is proposed to enhance weight parameter of SCGAN method, which precisely improving the user experience in product design interaction. The efficacy of PDIE-VRT-SCGAN method is assessed using a number of performance criteria, including tracking accuracy, frame rate, latency, rendering time, error rate, and user error. The proposed PDIE-VRT-SCGAN method attains 22.36%, 25.42% and 18.17% higher tracking accuracy, 21.26%, 15.42% and 19.27% higher latency, 28.36%, 25.32% and 28.27% higher frame rate compared with existing methods, such as design and implementation of virtual reality interactive product software depend on artificial intelligence deep learning algorithm(DVRI-PS-AI-DL), virtual evaluation system for product designing utilizing virtual reality (VES-PD-VR), and analysis of unsatisfying user experiences with unmet psychological needs for virtual reality exergames utilizing deep learning approach (AUUE-UP-VRE-DLA) respectively.

Perception of Gen Z Customers towards Chatbots as Service Agents

Rapid advancement in Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed the dynamics of interaction between organizations and consumers. The rapid emergence and adoption of AI chatbots have ushered in a new era of convenient and efficient customer service. This paper addresses the gap of how Gen Z perceives chatbots as an alternative for service interaction, considering that this sample of the population is relatively more tech savvy and understands technology better. Utilizing semi-structured interviews for in-depth interaction, a thematic analysis reveals six key themes: trust and reliability, nature of interaction, perceived usefulness/ease of use, advantages, disadvantages, and areas of improvement. Gen Z generally views chatbots as limited in handling complex queries, highlighting the importance of human intervention and database expansion. The identified themes provide valuable insights for organizations to highlight strengths and address weaknesses in AI chatbots’ interactions with customers. The findings assist managers responsible for technology implementation in understanding customer pain points, fostering enhanced value for both users and organizations leveraging chatbots. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of user experiences to illuminate the advantages and shortcomings of chatbots as service agents.

Determinantes de la satisfacción del usuario en plataformas de pago en línea

The objective of this study was to examine the factors influencing user satisfaction with digital payment methods in emerging contexts. Data were collected through 258 surveys conducted with Mexican users and were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results indicate that security and privacy, customer service, convenient payment, and information quality are factors that determine user satisfaction with online payment methods. This research contributes to the analysis of user experiences of online payment services for the acquisition of products and services over the internet.

When Tech Goes Sour: A Directed Qualitative Content Analysis of Negative User Experiences in Food and Beverage Mobile Apps

When Tech Goes Sour: A Directed Qualitative Content Analysis of Negative User Experiences in Food and Beverage Mobile Apps

When Tech Goes Sour: A Directed Qualitative Content Analysis of Negative User Experiences in Food and Beverage Mobile Apps

In the past decades, there have been a growing number of food and beverage brand marketers who have extended their offerings via mobile apps. However, despite the increasing interest and investment in the mobile app market, there is still room for improvement in food and beverage mobile app retention. This study aims to explore why customers are disappointed with their food and beverage mobile apps. Specific attention is given to the role of customers’ negative food and beverage mobile app usage experiences. Based on the directed qualitative content analysis method, 3,866 valid user reviews from the top 5 Malaysian food and beverage mobile apps in the Google Play Store were collected and analyzed using NVivo version 12. Drawing from Delone and McLean information system success model and expectancy-disconfirmation model, the study found that customers’ negative food and beverage mobile app usage experience is complex and multidimensional. They can be categorized as performance expectancy disconfirmation and effort expectancy disconfirmation. Theoretically, the study extends the current understanding of mobile app usage retention mechanisms. In terms of practical implications, the study could provide valuable insights into improving consumers’ emotional experiences with food and beverage mobile apps, thereby enhancing user retention strategies. Researchers should consider the limitations of the study as opportunities for future research.

Are Users of Digital Archives Ready for the AI Era? Obstacles to the Application of Computational Research Methods and New Opportunities

Innovative technologies are improving the accessibility, preservation, and searchability of born-digital and digitised records. In particular, Artificial Intelligence is opening new opportunities for archivists and researchers. However, the experience of scholars (particularly humanities scholars) and other users remain understudied. This article asks how and why researchers and general users are, or are not, using computational methods. This research is informed by an open-call survey, completed by 22 individuals, and semi-structured interviews with 33 professionals, including archivists, librarians, digital humanists, literary scholars, historians, and computer scientists. Drawing on these results, this article offers an analysis of user experiences of computational research methods applied to digitised and born-digital archives. With a focus on humanities and social science researchers, this article also discusses users who resist this kind of research, perhaps because they lack the skills necessary to engage with these materials at scale, or because they prefer to use more traditional methods, such as close reading and historical analysis. Here, we explore the uses of computational and more “traditional” research methodologies applied to digital records. We also make a series of recommendations to elevate users’ computational skills but also to improve the digital infrastructure to make archives more accessible and usable.

Comparing Usability of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality for Creating Virtual Bounding Boxes of Real Objects

This study conducts a comparative analysis of user experiences of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) headsets during an interactive semantic mapping task. This task entails the placement of virtual objects onto real-world counterparts. Our investigation focuses on discerning the distinctive features of each headset and their respective advantages within a semantic mapping context. The experiment employs a user interface enabling the creation, manipulation, and labeling of virtual 3D holograms. To ensure parity between the headsets, the VR headset mimics AR by relaying its camera feed to the user. A comprehensive user study, encompassing 12 participants tasked with mapping six tabletop objects, compares interface usability and performance between the headsets. The study participants’ evaluations highlight that the VR headset offers enhanced user-friendliness and responsiveness compared to the AR headset. Nonetheless, the AR headset excels in augmenting environmental perception and interpretation, surpassing VR in this aspect. Consequently, the study underscores that current handheld motion controllers for interacting with virtual environments outperform existing hand gesture interfaces. Furthermore, it suggests potential improvements for VR devices, including an upgraded camera feed integration. Significantly, this experiment unveils the feasibility of leveraging VR headsets for AR applications without compromising user experience. However, it also points to the necessity of future research addressing prolonged usage scenarios for both types of headsets in various interactive tasks.

First- and last-mile connections to public transport in Dublin: analysis of pre-covid19 mobility patterns and user experiences

Access and egress trips to and from public transport play a crucial role in determining mobility patterns and mode choice. In order to promote more sustainable forms of urban transport, and in particular public transport instead of private motorised vehicles for longer journeys, it is vital to focus on seamless and attractive options when accessing and egressing public transport. This analysis focuses on determining pre-covid19 mobility patterns and user experiences in the Greater Dublin Area to understand issues and possible drivers for mode shifts to more sustainable alternatives away from private cars.

Assessing the Topics and Motivating Factors Behind Human-Social Chatbot Interactions: Thematic Analysis of User Experiences.

BackgroundAlthough social chatbot usage is expected to increase as language models and artificial intelligence improve, very little is known about the dynamics of human-social chatbot interactions. Specifically, there is a paucity of research examining why human-social chatbot interactions are initiated and the topics that are discussed.ObjectiveWe sought to identify the motivating factors behind initiating contact with Replika, a popular social chatbot, and the topics discussed in these interactions.MethodsA sample of Replika users completed a survey that included open-ended questions pertaining to the reasons why they initiated contact with Replika and the topics they typically discuss. Thematic analyses were then used to extract themes and subthemes regarding the motivational factors behind Replika use and the types of discussions that take place in conversations with Replika.ResultsUsers initiated contact with Replika out of interest, in search of social support, and to cope with mental and physical health conditions. Users engaged in a wide variety of discussion topics with their Replika, including intellectual topics, life and work, recreation, mental health, connection, Replika, current events, and other people.ConclusionsGiven the wide range of motivational factors and discussion topics that were reported, our results imply that multifaceted support can be provided by a single social chatbot. While previous research already established that social chatbots can effectively help address mental and physical health issues, these capabilities have been dispersed across several different social chatbots instead of deriving from a single one. Our results also highlight a motivating factor of human-social chatbot usage that has received less attention than other motivating factors: interest. Users most frequently reported using Replika out of interest and sought to explore its capabilities and learn more about artificial intelligence. Thus, while developers and researchers study human-social chatbot interactions with the efficacy of the social chatbot and its targeted user base in mind, it is equally important to consider how its usage can shape public perceptions and support for social chatbots and artificial agents in general.

Perspectives of Patients Receiving Telemedicine Services for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment: A Qualitative Analysis of User Experiences.

Telemedicine for opioid use disorder (tele-OUD) has the potential to increase access to medications for OUD (MOUD). Fully virtual tele-OUD services, in which all care is provided via telemedicine, are increasingly common, yet few studies document the experiences of patients who use such services. Understanding patient perspectives is one of multiple considerations to inform the regulation and reimbursement of tele-OUD services. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 adults receiving care from one fully virtual tele-OUD service who had received 3 to 5 weeks of treatment. Analyses were conducted using an inductive and deductive approach informed by the modified Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model. Over three quarters of patients with past experience receiving in-person MOUD treatment described tele-OUD as more advantageous with its key strength being more patient centered. Over three quarters of patients said they felt tele-OUD helped to ameliorate social barriers to seeking treatment, and nearly all said they appreciated the speed at which they were able to initiate MOUD treatment via tele-OUD. Surprisingly, the pandemic was not among the factors that influenced patient interest in tele-OUD. Patients engaged in one fully virtual tele-OUD service described unique advantages of tele-OUD. More research is needed to determine the appropriateness of tele-OUD for people in various stages of recovery, and data on long-term treatment outcomes are needed to inform decisions regarding the regulation and reimbursement of fully virtual and hybrid care models for OUD.

The Usability and Impact of a Low-Cost Pet Robot for Older Adults and People With Dementia: Qualitative Content Analysis of User Experiences and Perceptions on Consumer Websites.

BackgroundWorldwide, populations are aging exponentially. Older adults and people with dementia are especially at risk of social isolation and loneliness. Social robots, including robotic pets, have had positive impacts on older adults and people with dementia by providing companionship, improving mood, reducing agitation, and facilitating social interaction. Nevertheless, the issue of affordability can hinder technology access. The Joy for All (JfA) robotic pets have showed promise as examples of low-cost alternatives. However, there has been no research that investigated the usability and impact of such low-cost robotic pets based on perceptions and experiences of its use with older adults and people with dementia.ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to explore the usability and impact of the JfA robotic cat, as an example of a low-cost robot, based on perceptions and experiences of using the JfA cat for older adults and people with dementia.MethodsWe used a novel methodology of analyzing a large volume of information that was uploaded by reviewers of the JfA cat onto online consumer review sites. Data were collected from 15 consumer websites. This provided a total of 2445 reviews. Next, all reviews were screened. A total of 1327 reviews that contained information about use of the JfA cat for older adults or people with dementia were included for analysis. These were reviews that contained terms relating to “older adults,” “dementia,” and “institutional care” and were published in the English language. Descriptive statistics was used to characterize available demographic information, and textual data were qualitatively analyzed using inductive content analysis.ResultsMost reviews were derived from consumer sites in the United States, and most reviewers were family members of users (ie, older adults and people with dementia). Based on the qualitative content analysis, 5 key themes were generated: prior expectations, perceptions, meaningful activities, impacts, and practicalities. Reviewers had prior expectations of the JfA cat, which included circumstantial reasons that prompted them to purchase this technology. Their perceptions evolved after using the technology, where most reported positive perceptions about their appearance and interactivity. The use of the robot provided opportunities for users to care for it and incorporate it into their routine. Finally, reviewers also shared information about the impacts of device and practicalities related to its use.ConclusionsThis study provides useful knowledge about the usability and impact of a low-cost pet robot, based on experiences and perceptions of its use. These findings can help researchers, robot developers, and clinicians understand the viability of using low-cost robotic pets to benefit older adults and people with dementia. Future research should consider evaluating design preferences for robotic pets, and compare the effects of low-cost robotic pets with other more technologically advanced robotic pets.

The 4 Youth By Youth mHealth Photo Verification App for HIV Self-testing in Nigeria: Qualitative Analysis of User Experiences.

BackgroundDespite the global expansion of HIV self-testing (HIVST), many research studies still rely on self-reported outcomes. New HIVST verification methods are needed, especially in resource-limited settings.ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the user experience of a mobile health (mHealth) app to enhance HIVST result reporting and verification.MethodsSemistructured, in-depth interviews were used to evaluate the user experience of the 4 Youth By Youth mHealth photo verification app for HIVST. We used a think-aloud approach, and participants performed usability tasks and completed a qualitative exit interview. The app included HIV educational resources, step-by-step video instructions for performing HIVST, a 20-minute timer, a guide on interpreting results with linkages to care, an offline version, and a photo verification system. Demographic characteristics were reported by using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were analyzed by using thematic analysis.ResultsA total of 19 users—12 women and 7 men—with a mean age of 22 years, participated in the study. The users completed the usability tasks and successfully uploaded a photo of their test results by using the app without assistance. Four main themes were identified in the data. First, in terms of user-friendly design, the participants noted the user-friendly features of the offline version and the app’s low data use. However, some wanted the app to work in the background when using their mobile phone, and the font used should be more youth friendly. Second, in terms of ease of use, participants remarked that the app’s self-explanatory nature and instructions that guided them on how to use the app enhanced its use. Third, in terms of a user’s privacy, many participants reinforced the importance of privacy settings and tools that protect confidentiality among users. Finally, in terms of linkage to care, participants noted that the app’s linkage to care features were useful, particularly in relation to referrals to trained counselors upon the completion of the test. All the participants noted that the app provided a convenient and private means of verifying the HIV test results.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrated the importance of engaging end users in the development phase of health technology innovations that serve youth. Clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of using an mHealth app to verify HIVST results among young people.

Multispecies probiotics promote perceived human health and wellbeing: insights into the value of retrospective studies on user experiences.

When taking a broader perspective on the societal impact of probiotics, engagement of end-users is important to discover unmet needs, define relevant health benefits and identify key considerations for successful implementation in daily practice. This study therefore takes a retrospective approach and analyses a database of user experiences to review the effects of four multispecies probiotic formulations. The user experiences were analysed in a dependent sample manner (without control group) and complement previous randomised controlled trials that have been performed with the formulations. The database consisted of 584 evaluable user experiences regarding the impact of probiotic supplementation on perceived quality of life (QoL), gastrointestinal (GIT) symptoms and reported stool consistency after two weeks of consumption. Two different scales were used (n=344 in a 5-point scale; n=240 in a 10-point scale), which are presented as separate analyses. In the combined population of the 5-point-scale questionnaire, a significant increase in perceived QoL and a significant reduction in perceived GIT symptoms was observed. Descriptive summaries also indicate that diarrhoea- and constipation-like stool patterns are reduced following supplementation. Moreover, half of participants indicated that probiotic supplementation had a positive effect on their unmet medical need, and 64% of users were likely to continue using the product. Similar results were observed in the 10-point scale questionnaire. Considering the clinical relevance of probiotic supplementation in specific target groups, subgroup analyses were performed on participants who consumed the products for diarrhoea, constipation, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and antibiotic usage. Overall, findings support the potential of probiotics to advance perceived human health and support the daily wellbeing of users. This systematic analysis of user experiences thereby contributes to the external validity of studies evaluating clinical effects of probiotics and increases knowledge on their societal impact.

A Smartphone App to Support Adherence to Inhaled Corticosteroids in Young Adults With Asthma: Multi-Methods Feasibility Study.

BackgroundYoung adults with asthma often report low adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), leading to uncontrolled symptoms and poor disease outcomes. Technology-enabled digital supports such as mobile health (mHealth) asthma smartphone apps have the potential to support adherence to ICS and asthma self-management. There is a need for feasibility studies to determine the usability, acceptability, and feasibility of these interventions. In addition, it is essential to determine the feasibility of recruiting and retaining young adults to plan future efficacy and effectiveness trials and therefore, establish evidence-based asthma apps.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine (1) the feasibility of recruiting and retaining young adults to a trial and (2) the usability, acceptability, and feasibility of using the AsthmaMD app to support adherence to ICS in a population of young adults living with asthma.MethodsA multi-methods feasibility study was conducted. Young adults aged 18-30 years with asthma and current prescription for ICS were eligible and invited to take part through a university circular email, social media, and general practice sites. Participation involved completing a baseline self-report questionnaire, downloading and using the AsthmaMD app for 2 weeks, and completing the follow-up assessment, including self-report and open-ended questions about participants’ experience of using the app. Primary outcomes included participant recruitment and retention and the usability, acceptability, and feasibility of using AsthmaMD. Quantitative self-report data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative open-ended data were analyzed using inductive reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsA total of 122 young adults (females, n=101, 82.8%) with a mean age of 24.4 (SD 3.8) years were recruited and they completed baseline measures. Of the 122 young adults, 59 (48.4%) completed the study. The AsthmaMD app received a mean score of 63.1/100 (SD 20.1) on the System Usability Scale (ie, a standardized measure of usability for technology-based apps), and an overall user satisfaction score of 5.8/10 (SD 2.2). Of the 59 participants who completed the study, 49 (83%) participants used the app ≥1 day per week. Two main themes were identified in the qualitative analysis of user experiences: (1) learning how to use the app to suit the individual and (2) benefits and relevance of using the app.ConclusionsThe findings from this study indicate that it is feasible to recruit and retain young adults to examine efficacy and effectiveness in a future trial and that young adults living with asthma may find AsthmaMD to be usable, acceptable, and feasible to support adherence to ICS. Our findings also identified opportunities to further optimize the usability of AsthmaMD and similar apps. Based on our findings, we recommend providing more accessible information on how to use the app and replacing medical terminology with simplified language within the app to improve usability.Trial RegistrationISRCTN Registry ISRCTN11295269; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11295269

Analysis of User Experiences in Convergence IT Music Therapy Program for Old Adults*

Analysis of User Experiences in Convergence IT Music Therapy Program for Old Adults*

Text2Quit: An analysis of user experiences with a mobile smoking cessation program.

Studies have shown that Text2Quit and other mobile cessation programs increase quit rates in adult smokers, but the mechanism of effects and user experiences are not well understood. This study reports on participants' experiences with the program and explores aspects of the program that they liked and disliked. Self-reported experiences of the program were collected through a follow-up survey conducted one month after enrollment (n=185). Participant responses to open-ended items were dual coded by independent coders. Overall participants agreed that they liked the program (4.2/5), that the program was helpful (4.1/5) and that they would recommend the program to a friend (4.3/5). Top reasons for liking the program included that it served as a constant reminder of quitting (17.8%), the content (16.7%), the encouragement provided (13.3%), and the on-demand tools (12.2%). Top reasons for disliking the program were message frequency (20.5%), content (7.0%), and the lack of personal interaction (7.0%). The constancy of messaging was both liked as a reminder and disliked as an annoyance. Future programs might be improved by pre-testing and customizing the content based on user preferences, and by adding in human interactions, while keeping a supportive tone and offering on-demand tools.

Synthetic Cannabinoids (SCs) in Metaphors: a Metaphorical Analysis of User Experiences of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Two Countries

New psychoactive substances (NPS) remain a global public health and clinical challenge. Popular NPS include synthetic cannabinoids (SCs). A conceptual metaphorical analysis of user experiences of SCs was conducted in two European countries (Western and Central European). Metaphors are increasingly used to better understand drug user experiences and as medium to inform and guide clinical responses. Semi-structured interviews with 12 SC users were conducted in Hungary (n = 6) and Ireland (n = 6). Thematically segmented texts of SC usage (1) motivation, (2) effects, (3) consequences and (4) the setting were selected. A systematic analysis of conceptual metaphors was conducted on the selected texts. The conceptual target and source domains of the experiences of SC usage (motivation, effects, consequences) were analysed. Four conceptual source domains were found in all of the segmented and analysed narratives of psychological factors (motivations, effects, consequences): change in the vertical perception, perceiving that SC is everywhere, feeling disconnected, recognition of lack of control and identifying the SC as a destroying entity. The conceptual metaphors reflect how users perceive experiences of SC use, the discrepancy between the experience of embodiment and disembodiment. This study provides clinicians with an insight into the experiences of SC motivations, effects and consequences and can be used to inform and guide clinical and therapeutic responses in the support of those recovering from SC dependence.