Dynamic Series Analysis Research Articles

Health profiling of conscripts from the Orenburg region drafted to serve in the Armed Forces of Russia

Relevance. Amid international unrest, Russia’s top priority is to augment its defense capacities. The President of Russia decided to increase the army and navy corps by 30 %. To fulfill this task, physically strong and healthy conscripts are required to man the military units.The objective is to analyze medical examination data of drafted young men aged 17 to assess the health profile of conscripts from the Orenburg region.Methods. The study relied on Rosstat statistics for the Orenburg region, as well as reports and records of the Military Medical Expertise Center at the Federal Budgetary Institution “Military Commissariat of the Orenburg Region” collected over a decade’s timespan from 2014 to 2023. Conscripts were split into the following categories labelled by letters of the Russian alphabet: ‘A’ for fit for military service, ‘B’ for fit for military service with minor restrictions, ‘V’ for fit for military service with limitations, ‘G’ for temporarily unfit for military service, ‘D’ for unfit for military service. In addition, conjoined analysis of A & B categories of conscripts fit for military service vs V & D ‘unfit or fit for military service with limitations’ was performed for peace-time settings. The incidence of diseases in conscripts was correlated with relevant chapters of the International Classification of Diseases and Behavioral Disorders (ICD-10); calculations per 1000 conscripts (‰) were carried out. The obtained dynamics across different indicators was studied using dynamic series analysis and second-order polynomial trend; the determination coefficient was calculated as well.Results and discussion. Within the last decade, the number of conscripts in the Orenburg region has not shown any sig nificant dynamics and is likely to remain unchanged in the coming years. The results showed that every 1,000 of examined conscripts included 761 those who were fit for military service, 98 needed treatment or rehabilitation, and 141 were unfit or fit with limitations. The annual disease incidence rate among B & D category conscripts was (141.6 ± 2.6) ‰, standing for 14.1% of all the examined conscripts. In terms of significance, rank 1 was assigned to musculoskeletal and connective tissue (ICD-10, Chapter XIII), rank 2 to mental and behavioral disorders (Chapter V), rank 3 to circulatory diseases (Chapter IX), rank 4 to diseases of the eye and adnexa (Chapter VII), rank 5 to nervous system disorders (Chapter VI). Among all military service exemption causes in conscripts, cumulative specific contribution of these diseases was 61.9%. In 2014-2023, the average of 8.3% of conscripts needed conservative treatment, with treatment provided to 87.1% of those in need of treatment; 1.5% needed surgical treatment (treatment received by 79.4%) and 48.3% needed oral cavity sanitation (79.4% treated accordingly). Conscripts with eye-sight disorders underwent vision correction.Conclusion. Follow-up observation, medical and healthcare initiatives, and extensive promotion of healthy lifestyles allowed to improve the conscripts’ health status. The undertaken measures increased in the overall fitness for military service, allowing to sustainably deliver on Russia’s conscription demands.

Structural and dynamic analysis of green investments in Russia

«Green» investments are an important tool for solving environmental problems, increasing the competitiveness of the economy and improving the quality of life. One of the key aspects in the study of «green» investments is structural and dynamic analysis, which allows you to get a description of the space-time aspect of «green» investments. The findings play an important role in shaping the targeted state investment policy. This aspect determines the relevance of this study, which purpose is to conduct a structural and dynamic analysis of green investments in Russia. The practical significance of the findings is determined by a comprehensive approach to assessing the homogeneity of the green investments’ distribution in Russia. The article studied the concentration of «green» investments in federal districts and by areas of their use in order to identify the causes of inequality in the distribution of «green» investments. Analysis of structural differences in the volume of «green» investments in dynamics for the period from 2013 to 2022 was carried out in the article. Special statistical methods are used in the article, such as typological groupings, index method, construction and analysis of structural series, analysis of dynamic series, comparison of parallel series, etc. The results obtained during the study are also significant in matters of international cooperation in the field of ecology and sustainable development of the country. Managing a green investment structure allows a country to meet international standards and requirements.

Comparative analysis of the relationship between leukemia trends with forest fires and solar activity in different age groups

BACKGROUND: Studying the etiology of leukemia is necessary to develop measures to prevent this pathology. AIM: Conduct a comparative analysis of the relationship between trends in the incidence of leukemia with forest fires and solar activity in different age groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information on the incidence of leukemia in Russia in 1990–2019 was provided by the Moscow Research Oncological Institute named after P.A. Hertsen. Data on solar activity (Wolf numbers) and the number of forest fires were taken from open sources. A Pearson correlation analysis of dynamic series of environmental factors and the incidence of leukemia was carried out in 11 iterations with a time delay (lag) of 0–10 years. The obtained data was compared with similar information for the regions of Russia, the USA and Canada. RESULTS: A trend towards an increase in the incidence of leukemia in children and adults has been established in the populations of Russia, the USA and Canada. A relationship between the number of forest fires and the incidence of leukemia was found in 35 regions of Russia; the average correlation coefficient and lag were comparable to those previously identified in the Khabarovsk Territory. The correlation of Wolf numbers with the frequency of leukemia has been established in pediatric and full-age populations of Russia, Canada and the USA. In the full-age population of Russia, a tendency towards an increased connection between the frequency of leukemia and solar activity was revealed: in 1990–1999, the correlation was 0.697; in 2000–2009 it increased to 0.815; in 2010–2019 reached a very strong level (0.920), while the lag decreased from 6 to 4 years. CONCLUSION: Fluctuations in the incidence of leukemia in all age groups in Russia correlate with the number of forest fires and solar activity.

Phytomineral complexes as elements of functional nutrition to enhance the protective function of the lymphatic system in aging

Background: The problem of aging remains relevant in the modern world, with a notable connection between aging and nutrition. It is important to find a way to slow down aging. Integration lymphology with functional food theory (or phytodietics) is the most promising idea. Detection of lymphotropic properties in bioactive food ingredients will increase the lymphatic system activity in aging. Our task is to improve the protective status of lymph nodes by taking a phytomineral product in aging. Objective: The research purpose is to provide evidence of the use of a plant-mineral complex to activate the lymph system (lymph nodes) in aging. Participants in the experiment are 160 Wistar rats divided into groups of old and young animals. Half of the aging animals took an additional food plant-mineral complex "IQdetoxSORB". The basis of the food complex is physiologically acting substances such as flavonoids, trace elements, food fibers, and others.Methods: Different methods have been applied to study systems forming components of lymph nodes. The system of lymph node compartments was examined by a histological method. The liquid component of the organ is evaluated by a thermogravimetric method. Lymph node trace elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se) were determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis using synchrotron radiation (RFA SR). The StatPlus Pro license program and statistical analysis of dynamic series were used to process digital data.Results: We first presented data on the effect of functional nutrition on the lymphatic system and proved the lymphotropic properties of the plant-mineral complex. The bioactive ingredients of the complex (flavonoids, trace elements, food fibers) are useful and influence the lymphatic system, improving health in old age. The increase in lymphatic system activity occurs through the implementation of a lymphosanation mechanism due to the stimulating and protective effects of plant ingredients. Intake of the phytomineral complex accelerates lymph flow, modifies lymph node compartments, and restores trace element balance. The positive effect depends on the formation of an association of bioelements with lymphoid compartments. A plant-based diet corrects and increases the protective status of lymph nodes. The result is a slowdown in age-induced changes in peripheral lymphoid organs. Conclusion: As an element of functional nutrition, the plant-mineral complex contains bioactive ingredients - flavonoids, trace elements, and food fibers. These bioactive substances alter the existing status of the lymphatic system, increasing protective potential. Increased activity of the lymph system (lymph nodes) is an argument for slowing aging and preventing age-associated pathology. The information presented is the basis for recommending plant-mineral complexes for wellness programs of anti-aging.Keywords:lymphatic system; lymph nodes; compartments; trace elements; gerontology, phytotherapy, nutriciology.

Formation of the organisation's energy management system

The article considers the issues of forming the organization’s energy management system. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the elements of the energy management system and determine the relationships between them. Method (methodology). To achieve this goal, a number of general methods of scientific research were used: analysis and synthesis, abstract and logical, formalization. Results. Using the analysis of dynamic series, it is proved that there is a certain energy deficit in the provision of fuel and energy resources. The important role of energy management in solving energy saving issues is proved. Using the principles of construction, functioning and development of the management system, the composition of the elements of the energy management system is logically substantiated. The elements of the system include: energy policy and energy saving goals; energy plans; energy analysis; energy monitoring; organizational structure of energy management and distribution of powers; resources supporting the system; internal standards of corrective and preventive actions; subsystem of internal standards and documented methods and procedures. The elements of the energy management system are described. A model of the energy management system is proposed, which clearly defines the list of its elements, formalizes the relationships between them and is based on the Deming cycle through the processes of forming energy plans, conducting energy monitoring, and managing corrective and preventive actions. The proposed model.

Изменение отраслевой структуры занятости в Казахстане: тенденции и перспективы

The subject of the study is the processes of changing the sectoral structure of employment in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the work is to analyze these changes and forecast the structure of employment by economic activity in the medium term. The relevance of the study is due to the need to understand the intensive dynamics of the sectoral structure of employment and predict its changes under the influence of many different factors. The scientific novelty consists in identifying a weak relationship between changes in the structure of employment and the economic structure in Kazakhstan, which allows forecasting employment based on extrapolation of the prevailing trends. The research methods are: dynamic series analysis, comparative analysis, deduction, modeling. In the course of the study, the author obtained the following results: a weak relationship between changes in the structure of employment by economic activity and the structure of Kazakhstan's GDP was revealed; the main trends of changes in the share of employment of the main types of economic activity are revealed; a forecast assessment of the structure of employment by economic activity in the medium term is given. The author draws conclusions about a further reduction in the aggregate share of employment in the sectors of production of goods and an increase in employment in the service sector; about the outstripping growth of employment in activities with predominantly government financing; about the lagging growth of employment in the manufacturing industry and the continued decline in employment in agriculture in Kazakhstan.

ВИРОБНИЦТВО ЦУКРОВИХ БУРЯКІВ В УКРАЇНІ: СТАТИСТИКО-ПРОГНОСТИЧНА ОЦІНКА

The article discusses the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects of using statistical instruments to assess the state, tendencies and prospects of beet growing, forecasting production of beet and sugar subcomplex. Using of integrated and synergistic approaches to studied issues ensure the reliability of the results of statistical analysis. The current state and dynamics of the sugar beet production in Ukraine are analyzed. In recent years, there has been a negative trend in the reduction of sugar beet acreage and production volumes. For the period of 2003–2022, the average annual absolute decrease in sugar beet acreage was 30,5 thousand hectares. As a result, sugar beet production volumes are decreasing, and the availability of raw materials for sugar factories is decreasing. The tendencies and prospects of sugar beet production were assessed using economic and mathematical methods and models. Both simple methods of dynamic series analysis and construction of linear/non-linear trendy models were used to identify the tendency of the effective indicators of sugar beet production. The effective factor of intensity of development of beet growing, increase of volumes of beet production is the yield of sugar beet. The linear, exponential and parabolic trend models of sugar beet yield are built. Using the standard deviation and coefficient of variation, the linear and parabolic trend equations are estimated. The closeness of the analytical series to the empirical series of dynamics was established by the calculated bond density indicators. It was found that the parabolic trend model accurately reflects the sugar beet yield trend. Statistical instruments were used to forecast sugar beet production in the form of a dynamic system and reproduce this system in the short term with a certain level of probability. The parabolic trend model was used to make predictive calculations of sugar beet yield in Ukraine. The forecast level of sugar beet yield in Ukraine in 2024 will be in the range from 436,4 dt/ha to 576,1 dt/ha.

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF THE HOTEL INDUSTRY IN EU COUNTRIES

Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the main indicators of the functioning of the hotel industry in the EU countries and determine the current development trends. Methods. In order to achieve the set goals and objectives, the following research methods are used: analysis and synthesis (to determine indicators of the development of the hospitality industry of EU countries suitable for further analysis), statistical research, namely the construction and analysis of dynamic series (to determine and evaluate trends and regularities development of the hospitality industry of the EU countries), comparative analysis (for a country comparison of the EU countries hotel industry development indicators), cartographic method (for a visual demonstration of the spatial location of hotels and similar accommodation facilities in the EU countries), graphic and tabular methods (for a visual representation of statistical material ). Results. A study of the hotel industry development in EU countries is carried out based on the analysis of the main indicators of its functioning over the period 2012-2022, namely: the number of hotels and similar accommodation establishments; number of beds in hotels and similar accommodation establishments; the number of persons staying in accommodation establishments; number of overnight stays in accommodation establishments. The analysis of the main indicators of the EU countries hotel industry development in 2012-2022 allows us to identify the following trends: 1) constant growth in the number of hotels and similar accommodation facilities with an average growth rate of 2.19% and a negative growth of 3.8% in each of 2020; 2) significant national disparity in the number of hotels and similar accommodation facilities, as well as the rates of their positive and negative growth. Thus, the highest rates of growth were observed in Croatia, Romania, Slovenia, Portugal, Lithuania and Malta, while negative growth was recorded in Germany, Greece, Hungary, Finland, Luxembourg; 3) a significant difference in the number and dynamics of beds in hotels and similar accommodation facilities by EU countries. Thus, the largest increase in hotel capacity occurred in Croatia, Portugal, Slovenia and Lithuania, while the most significant negative increase was recorded in Hungary and Luxembourg; 4) a gradual steady increase in the number of arrivals at tourist accommodation establishments in the period 2012-2019 and a sharp decrease in 2020 by 53.28% under the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic and quarantine restrictions; 5) a gradual steady increase in the number of overnight stays in accommodation facilities of EU countries, their rapid reduction due to the impact of Covid-19 in 2020 (-50.54%) and the restoration of a positive trend in 2021 due to the relaxation of quarantine restrictions and the introduction of vaccination ( +28.8%).

The effect of applying clinical organizational telemedicine technology management of anti-tuberculous care on dynamics of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality

The tuberculosis is the most important medical and social problem among globally dangerous epidemiological phenomena. the tuberculosis ranks 9th place in the structure of mortality and disability of population and 1st place among causes of death from single infectious agent.The purpose of the study was to analyze dynamics of total morbidity and mortality because of tuberculosis against the background of the implementation of telemedicine clinical organizational technology in phthisiology care 2007-2021.The official Regional and Federal data of Rosstat for 2007-2021 were used. The indicators of total morbidity and mortality of population caused by tuberculosis in the Sverdlovsk Oblast were established. The research methods were content analysis, dynamic series analysis, graphical analysis, statistical differences analysis.In the Sverdlovsk Oblast, the morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis exceeded national average indicators by 1.2-1.5 times. In 2007-2021, as a result of implementation of clinical organizational telemedicine technology in managing phthisiology care, total morbidity and mortality of population caused by tuberculosis decreased up to 2.275 and 2.97 times respectively. The rate of decrease of analyzed epidemiological indicators generally correlated with national average data with statistical validity of difference t≥2.In regions with unfavorable epidemiological indicators of tuberculosis, application of innovative technologies in management of clinical organizational processes is required. The development and implementation of clinical organizational telemedicine technology for managing regional phthisiology care contributes to significant reduction of morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis and optimizes sanitary and epidemiological well-being.

Економіко-статистичний аналіз конкурентоспроможності малого підприємництва

The article discusses the small businesses role in the market economy at the current stage of its development, characterizes its advantages and disadvantages, and defines the essence of the «competitive-ness» concept. The authors have emphasized the economic and statistical analysis importance in research-ing the competitiveness of small businesses and in forming an effective strategy for its enhancement. Using economic and statistical methods such as absolute and relative indicators, averages, and the analysis of dynamic series, the article analyzes the state and dynamics of the formation, development, and market position of small businesses. It examines the dynamics of the small and micro-enterprises number, the em-ployees number, the goods and services sold volume, and their market share based on these indicators. Additionally, the study investigates changes in the structure of the goods and services sold volume by all sizes enterprises according to economic activity types and changes in the capital investments structure in small and micro-enterprises in Ukraine. Furthermore, the article establishes patterns in the development of societal phenomena and processes over time, the elements distribution in statistical populations, struc-tural shifts over time and space. The main factors contributing to or hindering the small businesses devel-opment are characterized. Based on the results of the analysis, trends in the small and micro-enterprises development in the Ukrainian market and changes in their competitive positions are outlined. Key factors that contribute to the growth of small and micro-enterprises competitiveness are identified, as well as fac-tors that impede it. This information can serve as an important foundation for the development of an effec-tive strategy for enhancing the small businesses competitiveness in modern conditions.

Statistical forecast of the grain production development in Kemerovo region

Relevance. The growth of geopolitical tensions and climate change lead to a decrease in stability in the world grain market, which ensures the relevance of further grain production growth in our country. Such a task is also set for industrial regions that have the necessary capabilities for this, which should increase the level of self-sufficiency. Despite certain successes in recent years, significant reserves remain for further growth in grain production.Methods. In the course of the study, there were used methods of comparison, economic-statistical, trend analysis of dynamic series, calculation-constructive, abstract-logical and other methods.Results. Based on the official statistics, an assessment was made of the existing patterns and trends in the dynamics of grain production, incl. on the main crops in the Kemerovo region. The influence of the main factors on the gross harvest of grain crops is determined. A forecast was made for the yield of grain crops based on a trend analysis of time series. The reserves for the growth of sown areas and the gross harvest of grain crops until 2025 were estimated.

Impact of Anti-Doping Checks and Training on the Violations and Penalties Imposed on Bulgarian Athletes

The competition and the desire to win a medal nowadays leads to more and more disregard for the principle of “fair play”. The activity of the Anti-doping Center is aimed not only at inspections and punishments but also at prevention. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the influence of anti-doping controls and education on the number of violations and sanctions imposed on Bulgarian athletes. Methods. The study was carried out in the period 2014 – 2022 and includes official data from the Bulgarian Anti-Doping Center. In-competition and out-of-competition samples (urine and blood) conducted training for athletes and sports technicians, violations, and imposed sanctions for the research period will be analyzed. Mathematical-statistical methods: descriptive statistics and dynamic series analysis. Results. During the considered period, 1130±92 samples were taken, of which 66.5±12.7 were blood samples. Whereabouts failure by athletes and sports technicians are 5.6±2.8. The number of educated athletes, coaches, officials, and employees of the Anti-Doping Center in 2014 was 273 and will grow to 1,816 people in 2022. Conclusion: There is an increase in the number of tests performed in competitive and non-competitive situations. The prevention program has convincingly expanded the scope and number of trained athletes, officials, and staff over the years.

Assessment of export potential and state of foreign food and agriculture trade in the world

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to assess the export potential of countries, to determine the directions of food export development and the place of Ukraine in it, taking into account socio-economic factors by applying the authors’ methodical approach.
 Methodology / approach. The article considers world food and agriculture exports, the export potential of countries is assessed taking into account socio-economic factors. The authors select and apply a combination of methods necessary to achieve the goal of the study, which characterize specificities of individual countries of the world: method of systematic generalization, dynamic series analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis, comparisons, rating evaluation, integral approach. 
 Results. With the help of factor and integral analysis of macroeconomic indicators, we established that the structure of world exports and the share of food and agriculture is depended on the level of development and specialization of countries. In particular, the share of food and agriculture exports of developed countries is smaller compared to developing countries. The Netherlands and Germany are the leaders of the ranking in terms of food and agriculture export potential. According to forecasts, based on current trends, the export of bakery products in Ukraine and Poland should increase in 2023 compared to 2020 by 32.7 and 21.6 %, respectively. Effective socio-economic development, balanced export policy, modernization of production and logistics will contribute to the growth of export of food and agriculture with high added value.
 Originality / scientific novelty. Based on the authors’ methodical approach, the work improved the integral indicator of export development and the ranking of countries by export potential, taking into account socio-economic conditions. Factor models were built and the factors of food and agriculture export development were determined.
 Practical value / implications. The improved methodical approach to evaluating the effectiveness of global food and agriculture exports provides an opportunity to establish competitive advantages in the market and plan exports. Developing countries will have the opportunity to make the right choice of export products, which will provide them with added value and an increase in supply volumes.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ РЫНКА НЕДВИЖИМОСТИ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГА В КРИЗИСНЫЙ ПЕРИОД

The features and prospects of development of the primary real estate market of St. Petersburg during the crisis period have been revealed, the volume of demand for real estate in the primary market of St. Petersburg has been estimated, the price dynamics in the primary and secondary real estate market of St. Petersburg for the period January 2020 – April 2023 has been presented. The main trends, problems and prospects of the retail real estate market have been revealed. The dynamic series of attendance rates in the shopping malls in 2022, the level of occupancy of retail facilities, the dynamics of rental rates for anchor tenants and space in the retail gallery were plotted. The levels of operating costs and profitability indicators for retail space have been revealed. The methods of synthesis, induction (inductive generalization (empirical)), concretization, comparison and analysis of dynamic series have been used in the work. The authors came to the conclusion that the prerequisites listed in the article for the analyzed period (demand decrease, economic crisis, drop of real incomes of population) will contribute to the reversal of growth tendency to the reduction of prices on the primary and secondary real estate market of St. Petersburg. It was noted that the crisis in the market of retail real estate in Saint-Petersburg has its own characteristics and requires from entrepreneurs to make non-standard decisions and be ready for the changes in the market.

Analysis of Reproduction and Agri-Food Market of Crop Production in the Conditions of Food Independence of the Region

Throughout the existence of mankind, the issues of human nutrition have been of daily relevance. With the development of statehood, their formulations have changed and since the beginning of the 21st century, tasks have been set to provide the population with food of their own production, to develop the reproductive process in agriculture, to achieve food self-sufficiency and independence.The purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to determine the type of reproduction process in the current situation on the market of crop production in order to assess the level of food self-sufficiency of the population of the Irkutsk region with these products and to develop recommendations for their development.Materials and methods. Statistical methods were used in the paper: descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, dynamic series analysis, monographic and other research methods. The study uses normative, reference and statistical information. The empirical base of the study was made up of data from the Federal State Statistics Service, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Irkutsk region, accounting reports of agricultural organizations, publications in open sources. The object of the study is the supply of crop production in the Irkutsk region on the market.Results. The author’s approach in the study of the reproductive process and the agro-food market of crop production in the Irkutsk region, allowed to comprehensively analyze and determine: the type of reproduction of crop production, namely grain as expanded, potatoes and vegetables as narrowed; the main grain producers are peasant farms, potatoes and vegetables are households of the population; the level of self-sufficiency of the region with crop production, namely the region is self-sufficient with grain and potatoes; the level of food dependence of the region on imports, namely, the region is dependent on the import of vegetables; to identify the factors that influenced the formation of these indexes (natural and climatic, investment, reduction of the rural population, the prevailing eating behavior of the population of the region, etc.).Conclusion. Taking into account the results obtained, economic instability, high dynamics of changes in the external environment, the directions of formation and development of reproduction and agrifood market of crop production in the Irkutsk region are proposed, namely, for the development of grain production, it is necessary to organize and develop production of highly efficient machinery and technologies for processing; the development of potato growing requires significant investments in agricultural organizations and peasant farms for the purchase of equipment for planting, hilling, harvesting, etc., the construction of potato storage facilities, etc.; increasing the level of self-sufficiency with vegetables in the Irkutsk region is possible through the application of the experience of neighboring regions, the joint work of the state and agricultural producers, the allocation of state support and private investment.

DIGITAL SERVICES AND PORTALS FOR MIGRANTS IN THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM

DIGITAL SERVICES AND PORTALS FOR MIGRANTS IN THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM

Новітні інструменти фінансування сталого розвитку

Introduction. Conducting business activities aimed at obtaining profit without taking into account the negative impact on the social and environmental environment has led to the accumulation of problems in the specified areas. Awareness of the current situation led to the development of the concept of sustainable development and the formulation of 17 Sustainable Development Goals, the implementation of which will contribute to ensuring both economic, social and ecological dimensions of human progress. Problem Statement. Among the newest instruments aimed at financing with a positive impact on the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, special purpose bonds (green, social, sustainable bonds, etc.) should be singled out. The purpose of the article is to determine the composition of the newest instruments of sustainable development financing, to improve their classification, and to generalize trends in their use in the world. Methods. The principles and guidelines of the International Capital Market Association for the issuance of special purpose bonds are analyzed, the methods of generalization and analysis of dynamic series are used based on the data of the International organization “Climate Bonds Initiative” about special purpose bonds. Results. The classification of special-purpose bonds was improved, in particular, the widespread features of their classification were supplemented with features based on the level of achievement of the set goals and the readiness of legislation of the issuance of special purpose bonds. The global trends as for the development of special purpose bonds were clarified, namely: the largest volume of issuance and growth rate for 2014-2021 is precisely for green bonds, which is explained by the beginning of the practice of issuing bonds with a positive impact by supranational organizations in the world precisely from the issue of green bonds; the largest volume of issuance of special purpose bonds is inherent for developed markets and, in recent years, for emerging markets; the leader of issuing of all types of these bonds during 2016-2021 is Europe; the largest specific weight of the issued special purpose bonds in the world is inherent for hard currencies: the euro and the U.S. dollar; key issuers of these bonds are financial and non-financial corporations, as well as institutions supported by the government. Conclusions The classification of special-purpose bonds has been improved, in particular, the common features of their classification have been supplemented with features based on the level of achievement of the set goals and regularity of the issue. Accordingly, it is advisable to continue to support the initiative of financial corporations regarding the issue of special purpose bonds as powerful institutional investors. This will make it possible to maintain the growing trend and strengthen financing and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. It is expedient to carry out the further research in this field in the direction of developing mechanisms for activating the use of the newest instruments of sustainable development financing.

The impact of greenhouse gases on climate change

Climate change has become a threatening problem for all countries of the world. For Kazakhstan, one of the world’s largest grain exporters, with its previously predominantly arid climate, developed mining industry, metallurgy and mainly coalfired heat and electricity generation, slowing down warming is becoming an urgent task. The purpose of this study is to summarise various aspects of the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the possibilities of reducing greenhouse gas emissions through Kazakhstan’s transition to a new economic model based on the use of renewable energy sources. During the study, various methods of analysis were used – analytical selection based on a given or identified feature, comparative analysis of similar characteristics of various objects, statistical analysis of dynamic series, synthesis, representing the primary theoretical generalisation of empirical data. As a result of the study, a noticeable dependence of changes in average annual temperature and precipitation on total greenhouse gas emissions was identified. Moreover, the identified similarity of the dynamics of the main climatic indicators with the dynamics of individual greenhouse gases in Kazakhstan requires further research. It is also concluded that individual innovations in the form of individual renewable energy power plants or a Quota trading system determined by the highest values will not lead to a noticeable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Only the transition to a green economy, which should become a state priority, and its principles and main characteristics should be the reference when making any government decisions. This study can become a starting point for many theoretical and practical studies and show the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions not as a purely mechanical process, but in conjunction with other phenomena, which can be useful in making managerial decisions

Green investments: world experience and review of Russian practice

The transition to a green economy is of particular relevance for achieving the strategic national goals of sustainable development. The green economy is focused on reducing carbon emissions, efficient use of resources, and social sustainability. Green investments focus on social issues, such as improving the well-being of the population, the level of employment and the quality of life. That determines the relevance of this study. The purpose of the study is to analyze the world experience and Russian practice of green investment. The dynamics and structure of green investments in world and national practice are analyzed, and Russia’s role in global green finance is estimated in the article. A comparative analysis of Russia and foreign countries was carried out upon the index of efficiency of the country’s transition to a green economy. It is studied the difficulties and achievements of Russian green investments in the article. As research methods, it is used special statistical methods, such as analysis of dynamic series, construction and analysis of structural series, calculation of relative indicators of structure, comparison, intensity, coordination and dynamics in this study. The results of this study, including the results of a comparative analysis of green investment in Russia and in developed countries, are significant for the transition to a green economy, taking into account the existing difficulties of greening the economy.

Медико-санитарные последствия крупных чрезвычайных ситуаций в мире, 2012–2021 гг.

Summary. Investigation purpose – to analyze and summarize data about medical-sanitary consequences of major emergency situations (ES) in the world for last 10 years (2012–2021). Materials and methods of the investigation. An object of investigation – data base about major ES in the world (The Emergency Events Database, EM-DAT: OFDA/CRED) [https://public.emdat.be/]. Average annual data is presented by median, upper and lower quartiles (Me [q25; q75]). Risks of injury, illness or death because of ES were calculated for 1 million people (10–6). Analysis of dynamic of changing medical-sanitary indicators of consequences of major ES in the world were provided by analysis of dynamic series with calculating of 2nd stage polynomial trend and determination coefficient. Investigation results and their analysis. From 2012 till 2021 in EM-DAT data base 5533 major ES were presented, including 877 natural disasters, 1814 technogenic disasters. With low determination coefficients polynomial trends show, as rule, a tendency of ES number reduction, decreasing of risks of injury, illness and appearance of ES with medical-sanitary consequences.