Amoxicillin Trihydrate Research Articles

Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Egg Residues of Amoxicillin, Single and in Combination with Bromhexine, in Laying Hens

The need for antibiotics in commercial laying hens is increasing owing to intensive farming systems. Amoxicillin trihydrate (AMX), an aminopenicillin β-lactam antibiotic, exerts broad bactericidal activity. However, its short half-life necessitates frequent administration to ensure efficacy, thus limiting its use. Herein, we investigated the effect of concurrent administration of bromhexine hydrochloride (BRM), a mucolytic agent, on AMX pharmacokinetics, performing a comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of AMX administration alone and in combination with BRM. AMX (50 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage once daily for three days alone or in combination with 10 mg/kg BRM. Plasma and egg samples were collected to evaluate pharmacokinetic profiles and egg residues. The area under the curve and maximum plasma concentration values were significantly higher in the AMX + BRM group than the AMX only group. However, there were no significant differences in AMX half-life in the elimination phase (T1/2), elimination rate constant (kel), or apparent clearance (CL/F) values. In the egg residue study, the withdrawal period for AMX was 5 days in both groups, with no significant difference when using the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 10 μg/kg. The concentration of BRM in the eggs remained at 100 μg/kg up to the fourth day following drug administration. Conclusion: These results confirmed that BRM co-administration increased systemic exposure to AMX, with a negligible residual impact of amoxicillin in eggs.

Synthesis of tin selenide nanoparticles using Polygonum avicular extract decorated on graphitic carbon nitride for enhancing photodegradation of amoxicillin trihydrate and photoproduction of hydrogen peroxide

In this research, tin selenide nanoparticles (SnSe-NPs) were synthesized using Polygonum avicular extract via the hydrothermal method and decorated on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) by the simple sonicated method to produce SnSe/g-C3N4 composites. The characterization and properties of the SnSe/g-C3N4 composites, as compared to pristine SnSe and g-C3N4, were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Mott-Schottky, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. As a result, the SnSe-NPs possessed the rod-like shape and after the decoration onto the g-C3N4 sheet surface, it reduced the bandgap energy of the g-C3N4 from 2.58 downward 1.43 eV. Besides, the photoactivities of the 10-SnSe/g-C3N4 catalyst were investigated via both sides of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMXT) photodegradation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photoproduction, in which the results were achieved 87.84 % AMXT and 85.48 μM H2O2, respectively, under visible light. Furthermore, the photodegradation was consistent with the pseudo-first-order kinetics and it performed the highest photodegradation at pH ∼5, while the importance of isopropyl alcohol as a trapping agent and •O2− radicals was affirmed in the H2O2 photoproduction. Moreover, the photoproduction of H2O2 was remained after 4 cycles achieved at 62.70 % in the final cycle, which demonstrated the stability and reusability of the 10-SnSe/g-C3N4. These aforementioned results demonstrate that the SnSe/g-C3N4 material is a promising candidate for addressing environmental pollution and energy scarcity issues.

Solubility of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Hydrochloride in Water

Objectives: This study aims to determine the solubility of amoxicillin trihydrate hydrochloride in water at different temperatures, addressing the scarcity of solubility data for this substance in the literature. The research focuses on the solubility behavior of the semi-synthetic antibiotic, part of the β-lactam group, widely used orally. Theoretical Framework: Amoxicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic of great therapeutic importance. Its solubility is relevant to the effectiveness of oral formulations and varies according to temperature. The literature on the solubility equilibrium of this compound is limited, motivating new studies that assist in the development of pharmaceutical solutions and the understanding of its physicochemical properties. Method: The solubility of amoxicillin trihydrate hydrochloride was determined at three temperatures: 298.15 K, 309.15 K, and 318.15 K, using the UV spectrophotometry method. The experiment involved 3 hours of stirring and 2 hours of decantation, with a 1 mL aliquot taken for analysis. The samples were diluted in 100 mL volumetric flasks and analyzed by spectrophotometer. Results and Discussion: The experimental results allowed correlating the solubility of amoxicillin trihydrate hydrochloride with empirical equations from the literature. The solubilities obtained demonstrated precision, with low relative deviation between the experimental values and those calculated by the equations. This indicates that the empirical models are adequate for predicting solubility behavior at different temperatures. Research Implications: The research contributes to enriching the solubility database of antibiotics, essential for drug formulation and the development of new therapeutic applications. The precision of the experimental data supports future studies in the field of pharmacology and chemical engineering, particularly in the context of solid and liquid formulations. Originality/Value: The study is original in addressing the solubility of amoxicillin trihydrate hydrochloride in water at different temperatures, filling a gap in the literature. Additionally, the use of UV spectrophotometry and the correlation of the data with empirical equations reinforce the validity of the results, making it valuable for researchers and professionals in the pharmaceutical sector.

Development of Gastroretentive Floating Combination Tablets Containing Amoxicillin Trihydrate 500 mg and Levofloxacin 125 mg for Eradicating Resistant Helicobacter pylori

Abstract: Background/Objectives: The aim of this work was to prepare and characterize gastroretentive floating combination tablets (GRCTs) containing 500 mg of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMX) and 125 mg of levofloxacin (LVX) that provide sustained drug release and stability at gastric pH levels for the eradication of resistant Helicobacter pylori. Method: GRCTs were prepared with low-density excipients and hydrophilic swellable polymers, including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) of various viscosities, polyethylene oxide (PEO), and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), by the direct compression method. The prepared GRCTs were investigated and optimized in terms of pH stability, tablet hardness, floating lag time and total floating time, drug release rate, gel strength. Results: AMX and LVX in GRCT were stable at the HP eradication target pH above 4.0. The effervescent GRCT composition (AMX/LVX/HPMC [4000 cP]/CMC/microcrystalline cellulose/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate/calcium silicate/silicon dioxide/magnesium stearate = 500/125/50/50/125/40/60/30/10/10, w/w) yielded acceptable hardness (>6 kp), reduced floating lag time (<5 s), a long floating duration (>12 h), and sustained release rates of AMX and LVX (>90% until 12 h). This optimized GRCT had a gel strength of 107.33 ± 10.69 g and pH > 4.0, which maintained the tablets’ shape and AMX stability for 12 h. Conclusions: Collectively, the formulated effervescent GRCTs combining AMX and LVX represented a promising candidate dosage form for eradicating resistant H. pylori.

Mucoadhesive in situ nasal gel of amoxicillin trihydrate for improved local delivery: Ex vivo mucosal permeation and retention studies

Orally administered amoxicillin is recommended as the first-line treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABR) and given in a high-dose regimen. However, the risk of various systemic adverse reactions and low oral bioavailability are unbearable, increasing the threat of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, nasal delivery of amoxicillin can be a potential approach for effectively treating ABR locally, as well as overcoming those drawbacks. In a way to guarantee the effectiveness for local therapy in nasal cavity, the permeation and retention properties are of significant importance considerations. Accordingly, the present work aimed to investigate the characteristics with respect to the nasal applicability of the in situ gelling amoxicillin trihydrate (AMT) and further evaluate its permeability and retention properties through human nasal mucosa. The lyophilized formulations were characterized utilizing the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), and also evaluated for its polarity, reconstitution time, droplet size distribution, mucoadhesive properties, and ex vivo permeability and retention studies. The results confirmed that the in situ gelling AMT formulations possess adequate mucoadhesive behavior, especially the formulation containing 0.3 % of gellan gum. Substantially, the in situ gelling AMT formulations were able to retain the drug on the surface of nasal mucosa instead of permeating across the membrane; thus, suitable for treating nasal infections locally. Altogether, the in situ gelling systems demonstrates promising abilities as a delivery platform to enhance local application of AMT within the nasal cavity.

Cytocompatible hydrogel derived from dextrin and Poly(N-Vinyl acetamide) toward controlled antimicrobial release

The work aims to develop a biopolymer-dextrin-based three-dimensional crosslinked hydrophilic material for antimicrobial delivery. The copolymer (Dxt-PNVA) has been prepared by in-situ grafting of poly(N-vinylacetamide), followed by cross-linking with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide with dextrin. By varying the concentrations of the reactants, an optimized copolymer (Dxt-PNVA 5) with the lowest % of crosslinking has been chosen for biomedical applications. The copolymeric gel has been characterized in detail using various techniques, followed by its cytocompatibility study using HeLa Cell lines that confirm the cytocompatible nature of the material. Copolymeric gel is a suitable material for the effective release of two antimicrobials (amoxicillin trihydrate and ornidazole) from tablet formulation for a prolonged period of 24 h. The obtained data demonstrates that the cytocompatible hydrogel has the potential characteristics of a daily dose administration for amoxicillin trihydrate and ornidazole.

Antibacterial effect of amoxicillin trihydrate and Cupresus sempervirens leaf extract on gram negative bacteria

Antibacterial effect of amoxicillin trihydrate and Cupresus sempervirens leaf extract on gram negative bacteria

A Study of the Thermal Degradation of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Using Raman Spectroscopy and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A Study of the Thermal Degradation of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Using Raman Spectroscopy and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A Retrospective Analysis of Polymer Selection Using Solvent Casting: Formulation and DoE Optimization of the Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Amoxicillin Trihydrate by a Spray Drying Method

Background. Amoxicillin trihydrate possesses poor solubility, compressibility, and flow behavior. Amorphous solid dispersion prepared by spray drying could solve all three problems at the same time. Objective. To prepare amorphous solid dispersion after screening of polymers by solvent casting method using a spray drying method. Methods. The solvent casting method was used to screen polymers, PVP/VA S-630, PVP K30, Soluplus, PEG 4000, HPMC AS, and HPMC HP55, in 1 : 1 and 2 : 3 ratios and followed by spray drying after polymer selection. Results. The dissolution performance of the formulation improved with time. The optimum feed rate and feed concentration were found to have an impact on the flow properties and particle size of spray-dried formulations, and they were selected as independent variables in a 32 full factorial statistical design. The ANOVA and regression analysis suggest that the developed regression model has a significant overall fit to the data and can explain a substantial proportion of the variability in the dissolution at 10 minutes. The optimized batch was selected based on the decisive factors of minimum and maximum values of response variables. Overall, the optimized batch demonstrated improved characteristics in terms of percentage yield (32.81%), dissolution at 10 min (49.70%), and angle of repose at 31.42°. Conclusion. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing formulation strategies for preserving the amorphous state of drugs and contributes to the development of stable pharmaceutical formulations.

Cost and availability of selected medicines after implementation of increased import verification fees

BackgroundUganda imports approximately 90% of its medicines, with about 60% being distributed by the private sector. To discourage importation and promote local production of 37 selected locally manufactured medicines, the Ugandan government through the Ministry of Health in 2017 increased the import verification fees from 2 to 12%. The increase in verification fees ultimately affects cost and availability of these medicines. This study aimed to assess the cost and availability of the selected essential medicines after the 12% increase in verification fees in Uganda.MethodsA cross sectional study among 328 wholesale and retail pharmacies and seven key informant interviews was conducted using a pretested data collection checklist and in-depth interview guide from February to September 2021 in Uganda. Data on the availability and prices of the medicines before (2017) and after (2020) the increase in verification fees was collected. Paired sample T-Test was used to test if there is a significant difference in prices before and after the 12% increase in verification fees.ResultsMean availability of imported medicines was higher (54.8%, CI: 49.3–60.4) than the locally produced medicines (37.1%, CI: 31.9–42.7) except for locally manufactured parenteral preparations (54.6.%, CI: 49.1–60.1). Availability of locally produced medicines was mainly low (45%) while the imported medicines were fairly high (74%). Most commonly available locally manufactured medicines were Surgical spirit (89.9%), ORS (86%), Dextrose 5% solution (74.4%), Paracetamol 500 mg Tablets (73.8%) and Sodium Chloride 0.9% solution (72.9%). Most commonly available imported medicines were; Omeprazole 20 mg (94.2%), Amoxicillin Trihydrate 125 mg/5 ml (92.4%), Ciprofloxacin 500 mg (91.4%), Paracetamol Suspension 120 mg/5 ml (91.5%) and Metronidazole 200 mg Tablets (88.1%). Increase in lowest-priced local and imported medicines was significant for 10 (23.8%) and 7 (15.9%) of the medicines respectively. The median prices of imported medicines were generally higher than locally produced medicines. The median unit prices of 12 (28.6%) locally produced medicines and 20 (47.6%) imported medicines were higher than the international median unit prices.ConclusionsThe overall availability of imported medicines was still higher than the local medicines. The median prices of local and imported medicines generally increased or remained the same after the introduction of import verification fees. There is a need for price controls and transparency in the private sector.

INFLUENCE OF CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE (10°C AND 28°C) ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMOXICILLIN TRIHYDRATE

The crystallization process was one of the crucial processes in amoxicillin trihydrate production. This research used two different temperatures in the crystallization process: low (10°C) and room temperature (28°C). The room temperature process does not require a chiller and an easy-to-maintain temperature, so it was significantly efficient when scaled up to pilot scale or higher. This research investigated the influence of crystallization temperature on the physicochemical properties of amoxicillin trihydrate. The HPLC analysis showed that amoxicillin purity at low temperature (99.83%) and room temperature (96.04%) meet the standard requirement (90.00-105.00%) by Pharmacopeia. Crystallization at room temperature had a smaller yield value and larger particle size, but density, water content, FTIR, and XRD analysis were not significantly different.

High-Throughput Computing to Automate Population-Based Studies to Detect the 30-Day Risk of Adverse Outcomes After New Outpatient Medication Use in Older Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Clinical Research Protocol.

Safety issues are detected in about one third of prescription drugs in the years following regulatory agency approval. Older adults, especially those with chronic kidney disease, are at particular risk of adverse reactions to prescription drugs. This protocol describes a new approach that may identify credible drug-safety signals more efficiently using administrative health care data. To use high-throughput computing and automation to conduct 700+ drug-safety cohort studies in older adults in Ontario, Canada. Each study will compare 74 acute (30-day) outcomes in patients who start a new prescription drug (new users) to a group of nonusers with similar baseline health characteristics. Risks will be assessed within strata of baseline kidney function. The studies will be population-based, new-user cohort studies conducted using linked administrative health care databases in Ontario, Canada (January 1, 2008, to March 1, 2020). The source population for these studies will be residents of Ontario aged 66 years or older who filled at least one outpatient prescription through the Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) program during the study period (all residents have universal health care, and those aged 65+ have universal prescription drug coverage through the ODB). We identified 3.2 million older adults in the source population during the study period and built 700+ initial medication cohorts, each containing mutually exclusive groups of new users and nonusers. Nonusers were randomly assigned cohort entry dates that followed the same distribution of prescription start dates as new users. Eligibility criteria included a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measurement within 12 months before the cohort entry date (median time was 71 days before cohort entry in the new user group), no prior receipt of maintenance dialysis or a kidney transplant, and no prior prescriptions for drugs in the same subclass as the study drug. New users and nonusers will be balanced on ~400 baseline health characteristics using inverse probability of treatment weighting on propensity scores within 3 strata of baseline eGFR: ≥60, 45 to <60, <45 mL/min per 1.73 m2. We will compare new user and nonuser groups on 74 clinically relevant outcomes (17 composites and 57 individual outcomes) in the 30 days after cohort entry. We used a prespecified approach to identify these 74 outcomes. In each cohort, we will obtain eGFR-stratum-specific weighted risk ratios and risk differences using modified Poisson regression and binomial regression, respectively. Additive and multiplicative interaction by eGFR category will be examined. Drug-outcome associations that meet prespecified criteria (identified signals) will be further examined in additional analyses (including survival, negative-control exposure, and E-value analyses) and visualizations. The initial medication cohorts had a median of 6120 new users per cohort (interquartile range: 1469-38 839) and a median of 1 088 301 nonusers (interquartile range: 751 697-1 267 009). Medications with the largest number of new users were amoxicillin trihydrate (n = 1 000 032), cephalexin (n = 571 566), prescription acetaminophen (n = 571 563), and ciprofloxacin (n = 504,374); 19% to 29% of new users in these cohorts had an eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Despite our use of robust techniques to balance baseline indicators and to control for confounding by indication, residual confounding will remain a possibility. Only acute (30-day) outcomes will be examined. Our data sources do not include nonprescription (over-the-counter) drugs or drugs prescribed in hospitals and do not include outpatient prescription drug use in children or adults <65 years. This accelerated approach to conducting postmarket drug-safety studies has the potential to more efficiently detect drug-safety signals in a vulnerable population. The results of this protocol may ultimately help improve medication safety.

Application of Amoxicillin in the pearl necklace test in the identification of the Anthraxic cause

Identification of the causative agent of anthrax is an integral part of the diagnosis of the disease caused by it, which is registered annually on the territory of our country among animals and people. According to the guidelines for the diagnosis of the causative agent of anthrax, one of the identification tests is to study the sensitivity of the pathogen to penicillin with the registration of the phenomenon of the pearl necklace. Currently, penicillin salts are a hard-to-reach antibacterial drug. Based on this, we used amoxicillin, a penicillin-type antibiotic with a similar mechanism of action, which was the purpose of our study. A nutrient medium with an antibiotic was prepared by analogy with a medium with the addition of penicillin, according to MUC 4.2.2413-08. Amoxicillin in the form of amoxicillin trihydrate produced by Hemofarm (Serbia) was used as an antibacterial drug. To work, amoxicillin, by analogy with penicillin, was diluted 1,000,000 times with sterile Hottinger broth and introduced into a prepared nutrient medium. The loop of the grown daily culture of the strain K-STI-79 B. anthracis was seeded in 3 ml of the prepared medium and incubated for 3 hours at 37 ° C. During the incubation time, smears were prepared from the cells and stained according to the Rebiger. The smears were prepared after 15, 30 minutes and after 1, 2 and 3 hours. As a result of the work carried out, it was found that the use of amoxicillin in the identification of B. anthracis allows us to obtain the necessary results with a characteristic picture of a "pearl necklace". At the same time, the dynamics of changes in the morphology of cells subjected to incubation in a nutrient medium containing amoxicillin was studied. It was found that changes in the cell wall and cell shape can be observed after 15 minutes of incubation. After 1 hour, the cells underwent significant deformation with the appearance of a large number of separate spherical cell forms. After 2 hours of incubation, the chains of B. anthracis began to acquire the characteristic appearance of a pearl necklace, which was traced after 3 hours.

Chemical Detoxification of Therapeutic Hybrid Complexes Prepared by the Compatible Combination of Ayurvedic Herb and Allopathic Drug

Background &amp; Objective: The treatment of diseases and good health maintenance are the common fundamental aims of ayurvedic and allopathic medical systems. Limited information is available in the public domain for the concept of symbiohealth, i.e., the symbiotic interaction of ayurveda and allopathy, that needs to be explored for an efficient and robust health system. Therefore, an attempt has been made to reduce the toxicity of therapeutic drugs via the integration approach of ayurveda and allopathy. Methods: Three different categories of allopathy and ayurvedic medicines, such as antacids (omeprazole, ranitidine, and sooktybhasma), antibacterial (amoxicillin trihydrate, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, Curcuma longa, and Datura stramonium) and antiviral (acyclovir, efavirenz, Echinacea, Calendula, Allium sativum, and Citrullus colocynthis) were targeted. Results: Best therapeutic hybrid combination was obtained on the basis of their UV absorption maxima and peak shift. Acyclovir with A. sativum (1-6%), sooktybhasma 20% with rantidine, Ciprofloxacin HCl (2%) with 10% aqueous datura and Ciprofloxacin HCl (0.02-0.2%) with 0.02-0.06% acetonitrile turmeric showed best integration result. This drug integration can be applied to improve the potential results or detoxification of hybrid drugs that target the drug moiety results in reduced side effects or the dose of important drugs, which might be due to the chelation pattern of their functional group, absorption, bonding, and pi-pi interaction. Conclusion: This study will provide the leadership for the betterment of a therapeutic hybrid drug complex that might be useful as an allopathic drug and less harmful than its ayurvedic component. The proposed integration fusion of different medication therapies, such as Ayurvedic and allopathic, has the potential for a scientific merger.

Compatibility of Commonly Used Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in a Ready-to-Use Oral Suspending Vehicle.

The present study aimed to evaluate the stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from different pharmacological classes in a compounded oral suspending vehicle. Oral suspensions of amoxicillin trihydrate (50 mg/mL), clozapine (25 mg/mL), indomethacin (5.0 mg/mL), levodopa/carbidopa (10.0/2.5 mg/mL), levothyroxine sodium (T4, 25 µg/mL), lomustine (4.0 and 10.0 mg/mL), methyldopa (25 mg/mL) and procarbazine (10.0 mg/mL) were formulated in SyrSpend® SF PH4 and the stability was monitored for up to 90 days, except for amoxicillin trihydrate, which was evaluated for 30 days only. The APIs' stability was determined by measuring percent recovery using stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC or UHPLC) or titration (amoxicillin trihydrate only). The stability of amoxicillin trihydrate, clozapine, indomethacin and levodopa/carbidopa were studied at both refrigerated (2-8 °C) and room temperature (20-25 °C). Lomustine, procarbazine, and methyldopa were studied at refrigerated temperature only. Our data demonstrated promising stability for the compounded suspensions containing various APIs, investigated in SyrSpend® SF PH4, as all APIs exhibited stability throughout the study duration and met content uniformity criteria. These findings lead to the conclusion that the tested compounded oral suspensions present a viable approach for creating personalized, age-appropriate formulations. The capacity to ensure dose consistency and stability using APIs from diverse pharmacological classes renders them suitable choices for both pediatric and geriatric patients.

Investigating the Role of Citric Acid as a Natural Acid on the Crystallization of Amoxicillin Trihydrate.

This study investigates the use of environmentally friendly citric acid as the main player in the process, rather than as an additive, to remove impurities from amoxicillin trihydrate (AMCT) crystals, aiming to optimize their purity and yield. By manipulating the concentration of citric acid, mixing speed, crystallization time, and pH, the researchers conducted experiments using a full factorial design. The dissolution stage was analyzed in both batch and continuous crystallization processes, emphasizing the significance of citric acid in enhancing crystallization. HPLC analyses were performed on the resulting crystals, and the data were analyzed using the Multi-Vari Chart program. The findings demonstrated that higher citric acid concentrations positively affected the yield, while factors such as crystallization time, mixing speed, and pH also contributed to the increased yield. The crystals obtained exhibited desirable dimensions sought after in the pharmaceutical industry, eliminating the need for additional purification steps. This study showcased the potential of citric acid in AMCT crystallization, offering advantages in product design, purification, and synthesis. The optimized conditions included a citric acid concentration of 2.0 M, mixing speed of 1000 rpm, crystallization time of 120 min, and pH of 5.5. Notably, the developed process proved to be environmentally friendly by avoiding the use of harmful chemicals, serving as a green alternative for crystallization processes, and producing purer AMCT products. Overall, this research contributes to the existing literature by highlighting the efficacy of citric acid in impurity removal and the optimization of AMCT crystal purity and yield.

Development and validation of analytical procedure for analysis of Amoxiciline, Metronidazole and Omeprazole, used as anti- Helicobacter pylori agents alone and in mixture

Background: The contemporary treatment of ulcerogenic diseases and gastroesophageal reflux disease is related usually to application of a combination of imidazole-based antibacterial, antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor. In the current study, the three most common representatives Amoxicilline (AMO), Metronidazole (MET) and Omeprazole (OME), respectively, are subjected to analysis through classical analytical procedure, providing high level accuracy, sensitivity and good separation abilities. As such a UV/VIS method was applied as a well known identification and quantitation technique for analyses in various samples. Furthermore, this technique is known to be a good detection method in combination with chromatographic systems. Purpose: A simple, specific, accurate and precise reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Amoxicillin Trihydrate (AMO), Metronidazole (MET) and Omeprazole (OME) in synthetic mixture. Materials and methods: Some important parameters like pH of the mobile phase, concentration of the acid or buffer solution, percentage and type of the organic modifier, etc. were tested for a good chromatographic separation. The sample was analyzed using a mobile phase of Acetonitrile: Phosphate buffer (pH=7.6±0.1) (40:60 v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/ min with detection at 280 nm. Results: The retention time for AMO, MET and OME was found to be 1.67, 2.86 and 5.99 min respectively, and the recoveries in the synthetic mixture were between 98 and 102%. The validated method was linear over the concentration range of 25 to 200 μg/mL for AMO, 12.5 to 100 μg/mL for MET and 5–40 µg/mL for OME, with a correlation coefficient &amp;gt; 0.999. Conclusion: The developed method has been validated in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and showed excellent linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, as well as system suitability results within the acceptance criteria.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Granul Mukoadhesif Amoksisilin trihidrat dengan Polimer Kitosan

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a respiratory infection that causes disruption of normal respiratory activities. Amoxicillin is the antibiotic of first choice that is generally given to patients with ARI. Compliance in the use of antibiotics for less than five days will determine the success of therapy so that the frequency of drug use also affects patient compliance in taking medication. Granule mucoadhesive amoxicillin trihydrate formula is designed with the addition of chitosan polymer is expected to keep the granule in the stomach longer, so as to reduce the frequency of taking the drug. Granule mucoadhesive amoxicillin trihydrate formula with the addition of chitosan polymer is formulated by wet granulation method. The evaluation results showed an increase in the concentration of chitosan in the formula indicating a longer drug release profile, in formula 6 with 40% chitosan concentration, it could maintain drug release by 41% for 6 hours of testing. Drug release kinetics from formulas 1, 3, 4, and 5 followed higuchi release kinetics, formula 2 followed zero-order release kinetics and formula 6 followed first-order release kinetics.

Use of antibiotics in poultry and poultry farmers- a cross-sectional survey in Pakistan.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which has been ascribed to be due to community carriage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is highly prevalent in the WHO South-East Asia region. One of the major reasons for this is the misuse of antibiotics in animal farming practices and at the community level, which threatens both human and animal health. However, this problem of antibiotic misuse in poultry farms and in respective farmers is not well studied in countries like Pakistan. We conducted a cross-sectional study in rural Punjab to explore the current practices of antibiotic use in poultry and poultry farmers, associated factors, their healthcare-seeking behavior and biosecurity practices. In the context of antibiotic use for poultry, 60% comprised of Colistin sulfate and Amoxicillin trihydrate whereas Colistin is considered as the last resort antibiotic. In addition, the significant consumption of antibiotics in poultry farms (60%) and poultry farmers (50%) was without prescription by either human health physicians or veterinarians. Most of the farms (85%) had no wastewater drainage system, which resulted in the direct shedding of poultry waste and antibiotic residue into the surrounding environment. The lack of farmers' education, professional farm training and farming experience were the most significant factors associated with antibiotic use and knowledge of AMR. Our study findings show that it is necessary for an integrated AMR policy with the inclusion of all poultry farmers to be educated, a mass awareness program to be undertaken and that strict antibiotic usage guidelines be available to them. Such initiatives are also important to ensure food safety and farm biosecurity practices.

Rectal Bioavailability of Amoxicillin from Hollow-Type Suppositories: Effect of Chemical Form of Amoxicillin.

Rectal drug administration could offer advantages in the delivery of medicines for children by avoiding swallowability issues, improving stability and enabling administration by caregivers. This study aimed to evaluate the rectal bioavailability of hollow-type suppositories (HTS) and understand the effect of two chemical forms of amoxicillin: amoxicillin sodium (AS) or amoxicillin trihydrate (AMT). HTS were prepared by incorporating a lipophilic core containing the antibiotic with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) shell. Formulations were characterised in vitro, and the absolute bioavailability was determined in a rabbit model, while drug-base interactions were evaluated using X-ray diffraction crystallography (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The in vitro amoxicillin release from AMT HTS was delayed, taking 27.3 ± 4.9 h to release 50% drug compared with 1.7 h for the AS HTS, likely due to solubility differences between AMT and AS. The presence of orthorhombic AMT and anhydrous AS crystals in respective HTS was confirmed via XRD and DSC. PEG shells were able to protect the drug chemical stability when stored at 25 °C/60% RH. Despite the difference in their in vitro release rates, a similar rectal bioavailability was found in both forms of amoxicillin (absolute bioavailability 68.2 ± 6.6% vs. 72.8 ± 32.2% for AMT HTS and AS HTS, respectively; p = 0.9682). Both HTS formulations showed little or no irritation to the rectal mucosa following a single dose.