Amount Of Electricity Generation Research Articles

Circular disk solar absorber heater design for industrial heaters based on Fe2O3–Si structure

Industrial heaters nowadays work on renewable energy concepts and one of the important green energy sources is solar energy and we have used solar energy to design industrial heaters. The solar absorber converts the solar energy into heat which is used for industrial heaters. We developed a new solar absorber construction with three different layers by using different materials for each layer construction. Aluminium (Al) is for the top (resonator) layer, iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) is for the middle (substrate), and silicon is used in the ground (based) layer respectively. A thin graphene layer is constructed between the Al resonator and the Fe2O3 substrate sections to develop better absorption by this design. In the wavelength range (μm) of 1.86 and 3, the explored absorption rate is 95.43 % with a 1740 nm bandwidth. The absorption rate performs above 97 % (97.23 %) at a 540 nm bandwidth with a wavelength (μm) difference between 1.96 and 2.5. The overall absorption for design explores 91.23 % (greater than 90 %) with a 2800 nm bandwidth range by the wavelength contribution from 0.2 to 3 μm. To highlight the explored amounts in variation, the four high wavelengths (in micrometers) are selected with λ1 = 0.45, λ2 = 1.1, λ3 = 2.1, and λ4 = 2.5 respectively. Concerning the presentation of this design, the construction steps from the beginning to the complete stage distribution, Air Mass (AM) exploration and equations, parameter analysis with the respective color extractions, polarization situation by changing incident angle (degree) from 0 to 80, electric and magnetic field analysis section, and a comparison table will be included in this work. This design can be achieved in the development of renewable energy such as the large amount of electricity generation by solar energy (green energy) systems, the process of heating and cooling systems of water, and multiple transportation systems.

ANALYSIS OF METHODS OF CHANGING VOLUMES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION AT SOLAR POWER PLANTS

The article examines the methods of changing electricity generation schedules at solar power plants when operating under the central regulator of the power system. An analysis of the existing regulation methods was carried out, and a new method of controlling the generation of solar power plants under the central regulator of the power system was proposed.
 Background. The increase in the share of solar electricity generation in the energy systems of the countries of the world leads to the need to control and manage the process of electricity production to increase the stability and sustainability of the energy system. A significant price for compensation of imbalances in the energy system is included in the tariffs, which affects the end consumers of electricity.
 Objective: increasing the adequacy of the results of the distribution of deficit frequency containment reserves, frequency restoration reserves to compensate for imbalances that arise when generation is changed at solar power plants. Reducing the cost of compensation for imbalances that occur when changing generation at solar power plants. To solve the goal, it is necessary to analyze the existing methods of compensating power system imbalances that arise as a result of changes in generation at solar power plants and to propose a new technical and mathematical solution for the distribution of deficit reserves of support and frequency restoration.
 Methods: the social engineering approach of forecasting and modeling was used to analyze the processes affecting the method of controlling the generation schedule of the solar power plant.
 Results. A new mathematical and technical solution for compensating the imbalance in the power system in the event of a rapid change in the electricity generation schedule at solar power plants is proposed. For the first time, the given task was solved using a new technical and mathematical solution. Such a technical and mathematical solution can be widely used in the management of the electricity generation schedule at solar power plants in many system operators in different countries of the world, where there is a problem of insufficient for frequency containment and restoration reserves, and the amount of solar electricity generation has a significant share in the total amount of electricity generation energy.
 Conclusions. Existing methods of compensating power system imbalances arising as a result of changes in generation at solar power plants are analyzed and a new technical and mathematical solution for the distribution of deficit reserves of frequency containment reserves and frequency restoration reserves is proposed. The proposed technical and mathematical solution makes it possible to predict an event during which there will be a change in the level of electric energy generation at solar power plants, to transmit information to the central regulator of the energy system, which in turn will give a command to change the schedule of electric energy generation in advance within the insensitivity zone, which will lead to the activation of the frequency restoration reserves and will allow to compensate the existing imbalance at the expense of cheaper reserves and not to activate the frequency containment reserves. Such a mathematical and technical solution will make it possible to significantly increase the stability of the energy system against emerging imbalances and make their compensation cheaper, which in general has a positive effect on the energy security of the state.

ANALYSIS OF THE FEATURES OF EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOLAR POWER PLANTS IN LOCAL ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEMS

It is shown that renewable energy sources (RES) are increasingly dominating the electricity market in many countries, while the amount of electricity generation by solar power plants (SPP) has been growing at a record pace in recent years. It is noted that although the share of RES continues to grow and the photovoltaic industry is developing rapidly, the industry still faces many challenges, in particular, how to continue to reduce the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), improve the efficiency of operation and maintenance, and maintain the stability of the power grid, to ensure system security. The effective implementation of solar generation requires an analysis of the prospects for the development of local electric power systems that include SPP, the development of mechanisms and appropriate regulatory, methodological, technical and organizational support that will contribute to the effective development of solar generation, the construction of modern system (schematic) solutions.
 The analysis of the features of the development of green generation in Poland and Ukraine was carried out, the positive factors that influenced the development of renewable energy sources in Ukraine were determined, which made it possible to form the technical, economic and organizational conditions for the successful development of solar generation, in particular, information was provided on new players in developed energy markets according to the Fourth Energy EU package. The analysis showed that when increasing the efficiency of SPP systems, planning and demand management in the electric network, effective functioning of Energy Smart Community (ESC) become important.
 The basic components of the effective functioning of electric power systems with SPP are highlighted, namely: concepts of configurations of photovoltaic systems, Smart-inverters, Energy Storage System (ESS), formation of Virtual Power Plant (VPP) based on SPP. It is shown that each of the four concepts involves the connection of a series of photovoltaic panels or strings and power electronics devices (DC converters and inverters), which are configured taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of various structural (schematic) solutions. The advantages of using Smart-inverters as a new technology that can help integrate solar energy and other distributed energy resources into the electrical network are evaluated. Smart inverters are used to help the electrical grid cope with intermittent generation, helping the electrical grid remain stable and maintain voltage and frequency requirements.
 It was determined that in any photovoltaic system, the ESS itself becomes a central component that significantly affects the cost, maintenance requirements, reliability and design of the SPP, and the important parameters of the ESS that affect the operation and performance of the photovoltaic system are the battery maintenance requirements, battery life, available power and efficiency. Trends in the market of advanced energy storage systems for SPPs for the next decade are presented. The functioning of virtual power plants based on SPP, as a network of aggregated distributed energy resources that are remotely connected and work together with flexible electricity consumers, is aimed at maximizing the benefits of participants. The possibilities and trends of SPP development in the near future, which are based on the research of Huawei, are presented.

Modeling and Control of Variable Speed Drive Based Loads for Grid Primary Frequency Support

The amount of electricity generation from renewable energy resources (RES) has been increasing significantly all over the globe. However, traditional power grid management is challenged when a large amount of intermittent and unpredictable RES-based generation units are integrated into the power network. This can lead to more severe grid frequency fluctuation events. In this paper, a variable speed drive (VSD) based motor load is utilized as a frequency responsive load to support grid frequency stability. A primary frequency control scheme is proposed and applied to the VSD-based motor load, which incorporates the sophisticated rotating speed feedback controller. Additionally, the proposed frequency responsive VSD-based load is modeled and simplified. As a result, a droop-like response can be achieved with multiple VSD load units. The effectiveness of the proposed model and control scheme is evaluated by experimental studies performed in a multi-converter-based hardware testbed (HTB).

Minimization of power fluctuations of wind power plants when constructed in exclusion zones of enterprises

Purpose. Development of a methodology for selecting types and quantities of wind turbines built in exclusion zones of industrial enterprises to minimize fluctuations in the power generated by them and increase the efficiency of their use. Methodology. The work used methods of synthesis of systems, computer modeling in the calculation of the optimal number of different types of wind turbines, methods of combinatorics. Findings. The developed method for designing wind power plants built in the exclusion zones of enterprises allows determining the required number of different types of wind turbines with different capacities and nominal values ​relative to the wind speed, which will provide the necessary generated power with minimal fluctuations. This makes it possible to notably reduce the capacity required for the accumulation of excess generation and to significantly reduce the cost of implementing wind turbines. Originality. The work proposes a methodology for designing wind power plants based on various wind turbines, taking into account their type, power and wind characteristics of the area where the wind power plant is being built. It has been found that the coefficient of fluctuation of the power generated by the wind power plant built on the same type of wind turbines does not depend on the capacity of such a station, nor on the number of wind turbines used, but only on the type of the latter and the wind characteristics of the area where it was built. Practical value. Wind power plants used at enterprises have significant daily and annual fluctuations in the power generated by them. The proposed approach allows reducing fluctuations of power generated by the station, as well as increasing the amount of electricity generation in comparison with the use of the same type of wind turbines.

Economic requirements and justifications for ensuring energy security of the population in Ukraine

The article considers the problem of identifying barriers and justifying the application of possible organizational and economic measures to ensure the energy security of the population of Ukraine in the short and long term based on the state policy. The article examines the economic prerequisites of small generation based on a comparison of the benefits and costs of the population. It has been found that the higher the financial support of microgeneration due to appropriate material incentives, the higher the attractiveness for investment by households. The positive impact of financial incentives depends on the level of household income, the volume of electricity consumption and the level and dynamics of electricity prices. It has been proven that technical components have a significant impact on the use of renewable energy sources in households, especially when building housing using integrated systems based on intelligent digital technologies and shaping the demand for renewable energy source systems. The paper substantiates the main directions of the state policy of promoting renewable energy sources and investigates the measures of the energy security policy. It has been outlined that the main motives for the use of renewable energy sources by Ukrainian households are: ensuring their own electricity needs, autonomy of energy supply and the possibility of receiving passive income. The dynamics of electricity consumption by consumer groups has been analyzed. The increase in the total volume of electricity supply by all sources of energy supply and a reduction in the volume of import and export of electricity have been noted. The structure analysis of electricity consumption by households due to their purposes has been carried out. It has been mentioned that the largest consumption of electricity occurs for the purpose of lighting premises and powering household appliances. The state of coverage of households with their own sources of electricity from SPPs has been studied. The significant increase in the number of households that installed SPPs and the amount of electricity generation has been noted. However, despite the positive developments, the share of households supplied with SPP energy will remain at a rather low level. Measures to ensure the energy security of the population by the state in the organizational plan have been substantiated. Keywords: energy security, electricity, level of energy consumption, renewable energy sources, household, electricity consumption, tariff, energy saving, energy market, small generation, solar power plant.

Providing an Expert System to Manage Energy Consumption in Small- and Medium-Sized Industries Using Soft Computing

The increasing growth of electricity consumption, the need for its continuous supply, and the impossibility of storing this vital energy are among the primary and essential reasons for preventing any interruption in supply and proper planning regarding energy consumption management, especially in industry. The innovation of this research is the design of a decision-making system to help decision-making in energy management in small- and medium-sized industries using the knowledge of experts in small- and medium-sized industries and the electricity industry in the field of energy consumption management and extracting relevant expertise rules to create a knowledge base. Therefore, the main advantage of the research is to provide an expert system for the correct management of energy consumption in small and medium industries using soft computing. Another advantage of the research is the use of uncertain decision-making variables in this field; instead of using words and linguistic restrictions in this research, modeling them in the system using the principles of fuzzy logic is used. The main objectives of this research include determining the effective variables in determining the amount of energy production for small and medium industries, explaining the existing tacit knowledge and turning it into explicit knowledge, and providing an expert system for managing energy consumption in this field. Based on the results of field studies and the research literature, effective variables in determining the amount of electricity generation were identified. By extracting the knowledge of industry experts, the tacit knowledge available as explicit knowledge in the storage knowledge base and the system was designed to manage electrical charge consumption. One of the achievements of this system is its creation and measurement using various data and results obtained from small and medium industries. Finally, the results obtained from the expert system in comparing the output of expert opinions and the system’s performance in managing the amount of energy production showed that the usefulness of the expert system was designed. The system uses the knowledge base to make decisions such as an expert human. According to the main results of the research based on comparing the performance of the system with the Bayesian inference networks, it showed that there is an acceptable correlation between the data and the prediction system. Also, to evaluate the acquisition of data using a statistical test, it has been determined that the total number of blackout hours in different areas of Tehran in the base year was more than the current year.

A new application of measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS) in solar site location for electricity and hydrogen production: A case study in the southern climate of Iran

In recent years, declining fossil fuel reserves and increasing environmental concerns led to higher utilization of renewable energy source (RES). One of the RES is Solar energy which is abundantly found in different areas of the globe, particularly in Iran. The aim of this research is to select a suitable site for constructing a solar power plant to generate electricity-hydrogen in southern Iran, Kerman province. For this purpose, a new hybrid Multi criteria decision making method is used. The Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA)method is used to weigh the criteria and the Measurement of alternatives and ranking according to Compromise solution (MARCOS)method is used to rank cities. The results show that Sirjan is the most proper site for developing solar projects. Also, the technical and economic evaluation of a one MW power plant in this city is examined. The results show the amount of electricity generation is equal to 2064.2 MWh/yr and Levelized Cost of Energy equals to 6.31cents/kWh. In addition, in four scenarios, the size of the electrolyzer is optimized based on the minimum cost and maximum amount of hydrogen production. Also, the hydrogen production rate and Levelized Cost of Hydrogen equals to 30.77 ton/yr and 2.54$/kg, respectively.

Hybrid Performance Modeling of an Agrophotovoltaic System in South Korea

APV systems producing both crops and electricity are becoming popular as an alternative way of producing renewable energy in many countries with land shortage issues (e.g., South Korea). This study aims at developing a hybrid performance model of an Agrophotovoltaic (APV) system that produces crops underneath the PV modules. In this study, the physical model used to estimate solar radiation is integrated with a polynomial regression approach to forecast the amount of electricity generation and crop production in the APV system. The model takes into account not only the environmental factors (i.e., daily temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind speed) but also physical factors (i.e., shading ratio of the APV system) related to the performance of the APV system. For more accurate modelling, the proposed approach is validated based on field experiment data collected from the APV system at Jeollanam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services in South Korea. As a result, the proposed approach can predict the electricity generation quantity in the APV system with an R2 of 80.4%. This will contribute to the distribution of the APV system, which will increase farmers’ income as well as the sustainability of our society.

УЧЕТ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ И ВИДА НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТИ ИСХОДНЫХ ДАННЫХ ПРИ ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИИ ТАРИФОВ НА ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКУЮ ЭНЕРГИЮ

A methodological approach to the probable assessment of the cost of electricity tariffs and the competitiveness of new power plants for the long term, taking into account investment risks and the nature of the uncertainty of the initial data, is presented. The impact of regional features on the amount of electricity generation and investment risks is assessed

Benefit Modeling and Analysis of Wind Power Generation under Social Energy Economy and Public Health.

Wind is a renewable energy source. Overall, using wind to produce energy has fewer effects on the environment than many other energy sources. Wind and solar energy provide public health and environmental benefits to the social. Wind turbines may also reduce the amount of electricity generation from fossil fuels, which results in lower total air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions. In order to better optimize the effect of social energy economic management and facilitate the multiobjective decision making of coordinated development of energy and socioeconomic environment, a modeling and analysis method of economic benefits of wind power generation based on deep learning is proposed. In this paper, based on the principle of deep learning, the evaluation indicators of wind power economic benefits are excavated, a scientific and reasonable economic benefit evaluation system is constructed, a wind power economic benefit analysis model supported by public management is constructed, and the steps of wind power economic benefit analysis are simplified. It is concluded that the modeling and analysis method of wind power economic benefits based on deep learning has high practicability in the actual application process, which is convenient for the prediction and analysis of energy demand for social and economic development.

Pilot projects of industrial photovoltaic solar stations

The scientific article examines the possibilities of using industrial photovoltaic solar stations in power supply systems in the regions of Turkmenistan. Based on the calculations of solar radiation in the regions of Turkmenistan, data on the technical potential of renewable energy sources were obtained. The criteria for evaluating the rational mode of operation of photovoltaic solar stations and the expected amount of electricity generation by solar panels are determined. Pilot projects of energy supply to the population through solar power plants are considered. Keywords: solar radiation, optimal orientation, photovoltaic solar power plant, power generation, decentralized power supply, criteria for evaluating the rational mode of operation.

Determination of the Concepts of Building a Solar Power Forecasting Model

Since in Ukraine there are fines for imbalances in solar power generation in the “day-ahead” energy market, the forecasting of electricity generation is an important component of the solar power plant operation. To forecast the active power generation of photovoltaic panels, a mathematical model should be developed, which considers the main factors affecting the volume of energy generation. In this article, the main factors affecting the performance of solar panels were analysed using correlation analysis. The data sets for the construction of the forecasting model were obtained from the solar power plant in the Kyiv region. Two types of data sets were used for the analysis of factors and model building: 10-minute time interval data and daily data. For each data set, the input parameters were selected using correlation analysis. Considering the determining factors, the models of finding the function of reflecting meteorological factors in the volume of electricity generation are built. It is established that through models with a lower discreteness of climatic parameters forecast it is possible to determine the potential volume of electricity production by the solar power plant for the day-ahead with a lower mean absolute error. The best accuracy of the model for predicting electric power generation over the 10-minute interval is obtained in the ensemble random of a forest model. It is determined that models without solar radiation intensity parameters on the input have an unsatisfactory coefficient of determination. Therefore, further research will focus on combining a model of forecasting the day-ahead solar radiation with 10-minutes discreteness with a model for determining the amount of electricity generation. The determined predicted values of solar radiation will be the input parameter of the forecasting model described in the article

Обоснование теплотехнической надежности ВВЭР-1200 с установленными в ТВС перемешивающими решетками

One of the most important issues when it comes to the safety of a nuclear power plant is the need to ensure it not only during operation, but also at the design stage. To accomplish this task, it is important to correctly organize and accurately establish the conditions of heat transfer. This is necessary for the performance of a nuclear power plant. The work was focused on substantiating the thermal reliability of the VVER-1200 core with improved fuel assemblies. In this assembly, the design solution was the inclusion of mixing grates (MR) of the «vortex» and «running» types. As a result, it was found that this design feature makes it possible to increase the amount of electricity generation by increasing the critical power of fuel assemblies for the VVER reactor. The subject of the study were: the phenomenon of the crisis of heat transfer of the first kind, as well as thermalhydraulic processes in the core. In accordance with the intended purpose of the study, a solution technique was determined, for which the whole work was divided into two stages. During the first stage, a thermalhydraulic calculation was carried out, the temperature and heat flux distributions were obtained in the cross section and along the height of the fuel element, in which it is maximally loaded, taking into account the surface boiling zone. As a result of the second stage, it was found: the safety factor before the heat transfer crisis. Thus, this technique made it possible to obtain a result on the assessment of the heat engineering reliability of the reactor plant, based on the criteria found. As a final result, the following factors were determined: the reserve before the heat transfer crisis, pressure losses in the reactor plant in the near-wall boiling zone, flow parameters in a two-phase state, and uneven heat flows. Based on the results, it was proved and shown that the improvement of the FA design by adding four «vortex» and «running» gratings made it possible to increase the thermal reliability of the reactor core. This, in turn, makes it possible to operate the power unit at an increased power level, which will lead to an increase in the energy efficiency of the NPP. The significance of this work is: determination of indicators of thermal reliability of the AZ, responsible for the safety of the reactor plant.

Performance Evaluation of Solar Power Plants: A Review and a Case Study

The world’s electricity generation has increased with renewable energy technologies such as solar (solar power plant), wind energy (wind turbines), heat energy, and even ocean waves. Iran is in the best condition to receive solar radiation due to its proximity to the equator (25.2969° N). In 2020, Iran was able to supply only 900 MW (about 480 solar power plants and 420 MW home solar power plants) of its electricity demand from solar energy, which is very low compared to the global average. Yazd, Fars, and Kerman provinces are in the top ranks of Iran, with the production of approximately 68, 58, and 47 MW using solar energy, respectively. Iran also has a large area of vacant land for the construction of solar power plants. In this article, the amount of electricity generation using solar energy in Iran is studied. In addition, the construction of a 10 MW power plant in the city of Sirjan is economically and technically analyzed. The results show that with US$16.14 million, a solar power plant can be built in the Sirjan region, and the initial capital will be returned in about four years. The results obtained using Homer software show that the highest maximum power generation is in July.

Comparison of Short-Term Electricity Load Forecasting Using Different Deep Learning Methods

Estimation of the amount of electricity generation plays an important role in the planning of transmission and distribution systems, generation economy, unit work schedules and maintenance repair timing. With accurate forecasting models, uninterrupted and reliable electrical energy production can be achieved. In our study, 1-hour, 2-hour and 3-hour ahead predictions were made with different deep learning algorithms using Turkey's hourly electricity generation data. With the MAE, RMSE and correlation coefficient values of the models, their performances were compared. The study aimed to determine the model that makes the closest estimation to the real values. In this context, it is anticipated that the study will be useful for future prediction studies.

Evolution of interprovincial virtual water flows along with electricity transmission and its impact on water scarcity in China

The spatial mismatch between energy resources and water resources has been widely concerned. Electricity trade drives virtual water flows from electricity production sides to consumption sides, which can aggravate or alleviate regional water scarcity. Investigating the historical evolution of virtual water transmission and its impacts on water scarcity benefits the sustainable development of energy and water. To reduce data uncertainties, in this study, we built provincial water intensity of electricity generation inventory considering the impacts of factors such as electricity generation types, cooling technologies and generator units. Besides, to investigate how the direction and quantity of virtual water flows aggravate or alleviate the regional water scarcity, the impact assessment model was built, and the impact assessment index was defined. The results showed that the water consumption of electricity generation and interprovincial virtual water transfer increased by 2.61 times and 5.12 times during 2005–2015, respectively. Changes in the amount of electricity generation and the electricity transmission structure were the two main drivers of increases in virtual water flows, contributing to a total increase of 85.28%. A large amount of virtual water was transferred from the southwest and the northwest to the eastern coastal areas. There were many “positive flows” from the southwest to Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Shanghai, while “negative flows” were concentrated in Xinjiang-Henan, Gansu-Qinghai and Gan-Shaanxi. The nodes with the largest impact assessment index value were Hubei, Sichuan and Shanghai, while the lowest were Gansu, Xinjiang and Qinghai. This study can provide a basis for optimizing the electricity generation mix and electricity transmission structure, alleviating the growing tension between energy and water, and realizing the sustainable development of water resources.

Energy, exergy and exergy-economic analysis of a new multigeneration system based on double-flash geothermal power plant and solar power tower

In this research, a multigeneration system consisting of a double-flash geothermal power plant, solar power tower, organic Rankine cycle, alkaline electrolyzer and a single-stage absorption chiller is presented. In this research, the solar power tower has been used to improve the performance of the double-flash geothermal power plant. Combining such a Concentrated solar power system with a double-flash geothermal power plant was not previously addressed. Also, to increase the whole system's efficiency, the waste heat from the double-flash geothermal power plant and the solar power tower in the proposed system have been used. The proposed system is capable of producing power, hydrogen, heating, and cooling. The multigeneration system has been analyzed by EES software for energy, exergy, and exergy-economy. To study the impact of important parameters on system performance, it has been analyzed parametrically in different conditions. The proposed system is capable of generating 43,640 kW of electricity, 161,604 kgh of hydrogen, cooling of 1243 kW and hot water consumption of 8870 kW in full use of the geothermal source. In the present research, in order to improve the lifetime of the geothermal well, the flow rate of geothermal fluid entering the system is reduced to reach the production capacity of the reference geothermal power plant to achieve the same amount of electricity generation as the base system by the proposed multigeneration system. In this case, 21% less geothermal fluid is extracted from the geothermal source. Under these conditions, the multigeneration system has Energy and Exergy efficiency of 19% and 19.29%, respectively, and the cost of electricity and H2production is equal to 0.1477 $kWhand 7.626 $kg.

An Efficient Structure of an Agrophotovoltaic System in a Temperate Climate Region

The aim of this study was to identify an efficient agrophotovoltaic (APV) system structure for generating electricity from solar radiation without causing an adverse impact on crop growth. In a temperate climate region, it is critical to design an APV system with appropriate structure with the maximum amount of electricity generation because, unlike in desert areas, strong solar radiation is only available for a few hours a day. In this study, APV systems with three different shading ratios (i.e., 32%, 25.6%, and 21.3%) were considered, and the optimum structure in terms of electricity efficiency and profitability was investigated via nonlinear programming. Moreover, an estimation model of electricity generation was developed via a polynomial regression model based on remote sensing data given by the APV system located at Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services in South Korea. To evaluate the impact of the APV on crop production, five different grain crops—sesame (Sesamum indicum), mung bean (Vigna radiata), red bean (Vigna angularis), corn (Zea mays), and soybean (Glycine max)—were cultivated in the system. As a result, the proposed optimization model successfully identified the best APV system structure without reducing existing crop production.

4E investigating of a combined power plant and converting it to a multigeneration system to reduce environmental pollutant production and sustainable development

In this study, Abadan CCPP in Iran was studied 4E, and to improve performance and reduce the environmental impact economically, a multigeneration system to convert the power plant to it has been proposed. The multigeneration system has been investigated in two modes of using the SPT in dual pressure HRSG and its use in preheating the inlet gas to the combustion chamber of the GT. In the ORC for different TIT, two operating fluids are evaluated to compare performance and their effect on hydrogen production. The results show that the multigeneration system (a) and the selection of R141b as the operating fluid of the ORC is the most cost-effective system for generating electricity and water but has the highest pollution generation. The multigeneration system (b) and the selection of R600 as the operating fluid of the ORC is the most environmentally friendly system with the lowest emissions and the highest hydrogen production but has the lowest amount of electricity generation and the highest cost of producing fresh water and electricity. The multigeneration system in mode (b) and by selecting fluid R141b as the operating fluid of the ORC is the best option. The proposed system has an exergy efficiency of 49.64% and an energy efficiency of 57.36%. Also, by reducing 9.8% of pollutants, this system has reduced the production of 27,400 tons of pollutants into the atmosphere per year, and by reducing fuel consumption, it has saved $ 8.7 million in annual power plant fuel costs.