Alveolar Defects Research Articles

The Genetic Architecture of Alveolar Formation in the Lung in the Context of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Alveologenesis is the most important and the least understood phase of lung development. Alveolar defects underlie both neonatal and adult lung diseases. Their arrested development is found in infants with BPD (BronchoPulmonary Dysplasia), while their destruction is characteristic of emphysematous lungs in adult COPD. We have developed 3 parallel, postnatal genetically‐based models to analyze the molecular basis of alveologenesis. Conditional postnatal inactivation of genes encoding receptors for TGFb, or PDGFA or IGF1 in a unique cell type we have identified as Secondary Crest Myofibroblasts, or SCMF blocks alveologenesis & produces a phenotype similar to human BPD. We reasoned that due to nearly identical phenotypes, the three BPD phenocopy models must share genetic elements whose role in alveologenesis is indispensable. To test this hypothesis, we have isolated mutant and control SCMF and identified their transcriptomic profile by RNA sequencing (RNAseq). Bioinformatic analysis of the sequencing data identified “pathway‐specific” differentially expressed genes (DEG) for TGFb, PDGFA/PDGFRa and IGF1 mutant models. Most importantly however, as predicted, we identified a cluster of “shared” genes which we propose contains conserved core alveologenesis regulatory genes. The accumulated evidence reveals a constellation of genes that makeup the genetic architecture of alveologenesis in mice with relevance to pathogenesis of BPD in human preterm neonates.Support or Funding InformationNIH/NHLBI & the Hastings Foundation

Three-dimensional nasal septum and maxillary changes following rapid maxillary expansion in patients with cleft lip and palate.

To determine the three-dimensional changes of the nasal septum (NS), alveolar width, alveolar cleft volume, and maxillary basal bone following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in consecutive patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). A retrospective investigation was conducted based on the analysis of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data of 40 consecutive patients with UCLP (mean age 11.1 ± 2.2 years). Scans were acquired prior to RME (T0) and after removal of the expander (T1) before graft surgery. A three-dimensional analysis of the effects of RME on the nasal septum, alveolar width, alveolar cleft volume, and maxillary basal bone was performed. No changes in the NS deviation were observed following RME (P > .05). Significant increases of the alveolar transverse dimension were found in the anterior (14.2%; P < .001) and posterior (7.7%; P < .001) regions as well as in the volume of the alveolar cleft (19.6%; P < .001). No changes in the basal bone dimensions and morphology were observed (P > .05). Following RME, no changes were observed in the NS and maxillary basal bones of patients with UCLP despite the significant gain in the anterior and posterior alveolar width and the increase of the alveolar cleft defect. Clinicians should be aware that maxillary changes following RME in patients with UCLP are restricted to the dentoalveolar region.

The Use of Tibial Autogenous Cancellous Bone for Late Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting in Cleft Patients: A Prospective Study.

To evaluate the management of alveolar cleft defects with proximal tibia bone grafts by late secondary alveolar bone grafting. Fifteen patients were studied, nine males and six females within age range of 21-32years. All the patients were treated with cancellous portion of the proximal tibial bone graft, harvested through the medial approach. Intraoperatively, sufficient amount of bone was harvested which ranged from 19 to 24ccs (mean 20.7 ccs). In two patients, moderate bleeding had occurred, whereas in remaining patients, mild bleeding was observed. Operative time ranged between 1.25 and 1.50h (mean 1.36h). Infection was reported in one patient (7%), which resolved by the end of one and a half months. Complete elimination of the oronasal fistula was achieved in all cases. Neurosensory disturbance (parasthesia) at the donor site was observed in two patients (13%) from the first postoperative week and subsided within 8 months. Gait disturbance was not reported in any of the cases. However, in two patients (13%), intermittent pain during daily activities remained for more than 2months, which completely resolved by the end of the third month. Tibial graft is a reliable donor site option for grafting in cleft alveolus for which the advantage being minimal donor site morbidity. The resorption rate of the graft is also minimal in the present study.

Deciduous Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Maxillary Alveolar Reconstruction in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients.

Background To reduce morbidity to cleft patients, new approaches have been developed and here, we report for the first time the use of deciduous dental pulp stem cells (DDPSC) associated with a hydroxyapatite-collagen sponge (Bio-Oss Collagen® 250 mg, Geistlich) for closing alveolar defects during secondary dental eruption, further comparing these results to historical controls. Methods Six patients, aged 8 to 12, were selected. Autologous DDPSC were isolated from each patient, then associated with the biomaterial and this bone tissue engineered set was used to fill the alveolar defect. Computed tomography was performed to assess both preoperative and 6- and 12-month postoperative outcomes. Overall morbidity was recorded. Historical controls consisted of sixteen patients previously selected and randomly assigned to group one (rhBMP-2) or group two (iliac crest bone graft). Results DDPSC could be isolated and characterized as mesenchymal stem cells. Progressive alveolar bone union has occurred in all patients. Similarly to group two 75.4%, SD ± 4.0, p > 0.999, but statistically different from group one (59.6%, SD ± 9.9, p > 0.999, but statistically different from group one (59.6%, SD ± 9.9, Conclusion For this selected group of patients, DDPSC therapy resulted in satisfactory bone healing with excellent feasibility and safety, which adds significantly to the prospect of stem cell use in clinical settings. Clinical Question/Level of Evidence. Therapeutic, II. This trial is registered with https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01932164?term=NCT01932164&rank=1.

Assessment of Bone Formation After Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting With and Without Platelet-Rich Plasma Using Computer-Aided Engineering Techniques.

The aim of this study was to analyze the newly formed bone volume (FV), 6 months after secondary alveoloplasty using iliac cancellous bone graft, with and without platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Forty patients with unilateral alveolar cleft were involved in this randomized, prospective, comparative study, with 20 patients each forming the control (group A) and PRP (group B) groups, respectively. The preoperative alveolar defect volume (DV) and the postoperative FV were automatically calculated by the computer-aided engineering software using the patients' pre and postsurgical computed tomography data. The volume of the actual bone graft (AV) was identical to the DV calculated before surgery. The bone formation ratio (BF%) was calculated as follows: BF% = (FV/AV) × 100%. The mean BF% was 42.54 ± 9.32% in group A and 46.97 ± 18.49% in group B. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups for BF% (P > 0.05). The study presents a fast and accurate method for assessing the effect of PRP in alveolar grafting. However, the study found no conclusive evidence on the effect of PRP on bone growth.

Orthodontic Preparation for Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate.

This article provides an overview of the orthodontic preparation prior to secondary alveolar bone grafting of alveolar defects in those with complete cleft lip and palate. Use of cone beam computed tomography in diagnosis and treatment planning for addressing alveolar clefts, the rationale for maxillary expansion prior to alveolar bone grafting, key steps in differential maxillary expansion, potential adverse effects, and outcomes associated with maxillary expansion are provided in this overview.

A randomized controlled study comparing guided bone regeneration with connective tissue graft to re-establish buccal convexity: One-year aesthetic and patient-reported outcomes.

To compare guided bone regeneration (GBR) with connective tissue graft (CTG) in terms of aesthetic and patient-reported outcomes (PROMs). Patients with a single tooth gap in the anterior maxilla and horizontal alveolar defect were enrolled in a single-blind RCT. All sites had a buccopalatal bone dimension of at least 6mm, received a single implant and were randomly allocated to the control (GBR) or test group (CTG) to re-establish buccal soft tissue convexity. Primary outcomes were Pink Esthetic Score (PES) and Mucosal Scarring Index (MSI) assessed after 1year. Secondary outcomes included PROMs registered during the early stages of healing and after 1year. Twenty-one patients were included per group (control: 11 females, mean age 51; test: nine females, mean age 48). Although there was no significant difference in the PES between the groups (control: 10.11; test: 10.48; p=.577), the MSI was significantly lower in the test (1.10) than in the control group (2.53) (p=.017). Based on descriptive statistics, the latter demonstrated wider scars, more colour mismatch and slightly more suture marks. However, these were not considered disturbing by the patients given similar VAS on soft tissue aesthetics (control: 84; test: 87). Oedema and haematoma were rated twice as high in the control group on at least two postoperative time points, and patients took more painkillers (7.10 vs. 4.86). OHIP-14 decreased in both groups between baseline and 1-year follow-up, indicative of less discomfort in daily life. Differences in MSI and PROMs between the groups may be explained by the need of a vertical releasing incision in order to achieve sufficient access for GBR, periosteal incisions and the use of biomaterials that may induce inflammation. GBR and CTG resulted in favourable aesthetic outcomes as assessed by professionals and patients. However, given additional vertical and periosteal incisions, GBR resulted in more scarring, postoperative discomfort and a higher need for painkillers.

Staged implant placement after defect regeneration using biphasic calcium phosphate materials with different surface topographies in a minipig model

ObjectiveTo assess the influence of biphasic calcium phosphate materials with different surface topographies on bone formation and osseointegration of titanium implants in standardized alveolar ridge defects.Materials and methodsStandardized alveolar ridge defects (6 × 6 mm) were created in the mandible of 8 minipigs and filled with three biphasic calcium phosphate materials (BCP1–3, 90% tricalcium phosphate/10% hydroxyapatite) with different surface properties (micro- and macroporosities) as well as a bovine-derived natural bone mineral (NBM) as a control. At 12 weeks, implants were placed into the augmented defects. After further 8 weeks of healing, dissected blocks were processed for histological analysis (e.g., mineralized (MT), residual bone graft material (BS), bone-to-implant contact (BIC)).ResultsAll four biomaterials showed well-integrated graft particles and new bone formation within the defect area. MT values were comparable in all groups. BS values were highest in the NBM group (21.25 ± 13.52%) and markedly reduced in the different BCP groups, reaching statistical significance at BCP1-treated sites (9.2 ± 3.28%). All test and control groups investigated revealed comparable and statistically not significant different BIC values, ranging from 73.38 ± 20.5% (BCP2) to 84.11 ± 7.84% (BCP1), respectively.ConclusionAll bone graft materials facilitated new bone formation and osseointegration after 12 + 8 weeks of healing.

The dimension and morphology of alveolar bone at maxillary anterior teeth in periodontitis: a retrospective analysis\u2014using CBCT

The morphology of the alveolar bone at the maxillary anterior teeth in periodontitis patients was evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to investigate the distribution of alveolar defects and provide guidance for clinical practice. Ninety periodontitis patients and 30 periodontally healthy individuals were selected to determine the morphology of the alveolar bone at the maxillary anterior teeth according to the degree of bone loss, tooth type, sex and age. The differences in the dimensions between periodontitis patients and healthy individuals were compared, and the distribution of alveolar bone defects was analyzed. A classification system was established regarding the sagittal positions and angulations of the teeth. The buccal residual bone was thicker and the lingual bone was thinner in the periodontitis patients than in the periodontally healthy individuals, and there were differences between the different tooth types, sexes and age subgroups. The buccal undercut was close to the alveolar ridge, while fenestration was reduced and the apical bone height was higher in periodontitis patients than in periodontally healthy individuals. The apical bone height increased with the aggravation of bone loss and age. The proportions of different sagittal positions changed with the aggravation of bone loss. Moreover, the teeth moved more buccally regarding the positions of the maxillary anterior teeth. The morphology of the alveolar bone at the maxillary anterior teeth differed between periodontitis patients and healthy individuals, and the differences were related to the degree of bone loss, tooth type, sex and age.

Human Fat-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Xenogenically Implanted in a Rat Model Show Enhanced New Bone Formation in Maxillary Alveolar Tooth Defects.

Background Due to restorative concerns, bone regenerative therapies have garnered much attention in the field of human oral/maxillofacial surgery. Current treatments using autologous and allogenic bone grafts suffer from inherent challenges, hence the ideal bone replacement therapy is yet to be found. Establishing a model by which MSCs can be placed in a clinically acceptable bone defect to promote bone healing will prove valuable to oral/maxillofacial surgeons. Methods Human adipose tissue-derived MSCs were seeded onto Gelfoam® and their viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation was evaluated in vitro. Subsequently, the construct was implanted in a rat maxillary alveolar bone defect to assess in vivo bone healing and regeneration. Results Human MSCs were adhered, proliferated, and uniformly distributed, and underwent osteogenic differentiation on Gelfoam®, comparable with the tissue culture surface. Data confirmed that Gelfoam® could be used as a scaffold for cell attachment and a delivery vehicle to implant MSCs in vivo. Histomorphometric analyses of bones harvested from rats treated with hMSCs showed statistically significant increase in collagen/early bone formation, with cells positive for osteogenic and angiogenic markers in the defect site. This pattern was visible as early as 4 weeks post treatment. Conclusions Xenogenically implanted human MSCs have the potential to heal an alveolar tooth defect in rats. Gelfoam®, a commonly used clinical biomaterial, can serve as a scaffold to deliver and maintain MSCs to the defect site. Translating this strategy to preclinical animal models provides hope for bone tissue engineering.

Stem cell-derived conditioned media from human exfoliated deciduous teeth promote bone regeneration.

Cleft lip and palate (CL/P) are common congenital orofacial anomalies. Autogenous iliac bone grafting closes alveolar cleft defects but requires surgical intervention. Mesenchymal stem cell culture supernatant can regenerate tissues via paracrine activity. However, little is known about the bone-regenerative effects of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and conditioned media (CM). Our aim was to address this. Stem cells were isolated from primary tooth pulp and cultured. Defects were made in calvariae of immunodeficient mice and implanted with stem cell- or CM-containing atelocollagen. Regenerated bone was analysed by microcomputed tomography, haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Vascular endothelial growth factor, CD31 and CD34 expression were confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and the presence of several proteins and growth factors was verified in SHED-CM. Bone regeneration was enhanced in defects treated with stem cells and CM compared to that in controls 8weeks after transplantation. Mature bone formation and angiogenesis were confirmed with CM but not with stem cells or in controls. Secretome analysis using multiple cytokine assays revealed that SHED-CM contained tissue-regenerating factors with roles in angiogenesis and osteogenesis. CM non-invasively regenerate bone and might be effective to reconstruct alveolar clefts in CL/P patients.

Interdisciplinary management of root perforation along with regeneration of bony fenestrations and dehiscence

A surface alveolar bony defect communicating with the root canal perforation can be either endodontic or periodontal origin. Breach in the continuity of the cortical plate may lead to the development of dehiscence and fenestration alveolar defects. This case report discusses the regeneration of periodontal tissues in fenestration and dehiscence defects that had developed around traumatized incisors, using a type I collagen membrane and bone graft along with root perforation repair emphasizing the requirement of an interdisciplinary approach for the management of endodontic-periodontal lesions. The alveolar defects such as fenestration and dehiscences profoundly affect the prognosis of both periodontal and endodontic treatment outcomes; therefore, it should be carefully diagnosed and managed.

Histomorphometric analysis of bone interphase

Background: Different surgical techniques have been advocated for esthetic rehabilitation of deficient alveolar ridges with implant placement: Guided bone regeneration (GBR), Alveolar distraction osteogenesis, Onlay block graft (autogenous and allograft); However, autogenous block graft still provides with predictable outcome since being the gold standard for regeneration and augmentation. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare histomorphometrically the bone interphase of augmented site with and without GTR (guided bone regeneration) membrane before implant placement. Material and Methods: In this study, a total of 16 patients with missing incisor with Siberts Class 1 alveolar defects were selected, parasymphysial block graft were harvested and stabilized with miniscrews, DFDBA graft material around the block graft were placed, and 8 were covered with GTR resorbable membrane. Miniscrews were removed after 6 months. Bone core biopsy of interphase were retrieved by 2.9 mm diameter trephine bur and sent for histologic and histomorphometric analysis using histometry software. Results: Data were evaluated using paired sample t-test and Shapiro-Wilk test. Histological evidence of fibrous tissue interphase was observes in specimen without GTR group. Though there were no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of amount of new bone 31.47 versus 30.6% (P = 0.5362), while there was a statistically significant difference in percentage of residual grafted material higher in non GTR augmented site (t value= 4.501 P = 0.0003) and marrow space in GTR group with statistical significance (t = 2.887 P = 0.0098). Conclusion: Only few studies have tested histomorphometrically to see the exact uptake of the augmented site, comparing interpositioning of fibrous tissue, newly formed bone at site, residual graft material and marrow space. It is most appropriate to use an evidenced-based approach when a treatment plan is being developed for bone augmentation cases. This study will add to the evidence of use of autogenous block graft with GTR membrane thus providing a connective tissue interphase free augmentation.

Comparison of autogenous bone graft and tissue-engineered bone graft in alveolar cleft defects in canine animal models using digital radiography.

Autogenous bone graft is the gold standard for repair of bone defects. However, osteoprogenitor stem cells are suggested as an alternative treatment. Aims: To quantitatively compare bone formation in autogenous bone graft and tissue-engineered graft using digital radiography densitometry software in canine alveolar cleft model. This experimental study on animal models was conducted in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue of 4 dogs. Undifferentiated cells were incubated with a hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold in an osteogenic medium for 21 days. A maxillary defect simulating human alveolar cleft was created from the alveolar crest to nasal floor with 15 mm width bilaterally. Two months later, the defect was filled with autogenous bone graft harvested from tibia on one side and tissue-engineered graft from MSCs on the other side. Digital radiography was performed on days 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 after grafting. Radiographic density was calculated by the mean numeric value of pixels of the desired area ranging from 0 (darkest) to 255 (lightest) by associated software. The data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences using descriptive statistics and two-way repeated-measure analysis of variance test (α = 0.05). Mean density measured for autogenous bone graft group was 110.72, 82.70, 75.76, 93.57, 100.22, and 100.32 in days 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, respectively and 120.7, 87.62, 83.72, 92.02, 92.30, and 93.77 in stem cell group. Although the time lapse was a significant factor in two groups (P = 0.01), the results indicated that the difference between two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.942). Tissue-engineering can be used as an alternative method in reconstruction of bony defects with predictable clinical outcomes.

Stem cells in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics: Current trends and future perspectives

A simple overview of daily orthodontic practice involves use of brackets, wires and elastomeric modules. However, investigating the underlying effect of orthodontic forces shows various molecular and cellular changes. Also, orthodontics is in close relation with dentofacial orthopedics which involves bone regeneration. In this review, current and future applications of stem cells (SCs) in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics have been discussed. For craniofacial anomalies, SCs have been applied to regenerate hard tissue (such as treatment of alveolar cleft) and soft tissue (such as treatment of hemifacial macrosomia). Several attempts have been done to reconstruct impaired temporomandibular joint. Also, SCs with or without bone scaffolds and growth factors have been used to regenerate bone following distraction osteogenesis of mandibular bone or maxillary expansion. Current evidence shows that SCs also have potential to be used to regenerate infrabony alveolar defects and move the teeth into regenerated areas. Future application of SCs in orthodontics could involve accelerating tooth movement, regenerating resorbed roots and expanding tooth movement limitations. However, evidence supporting these roles is weak and further studies are required to evaluate the possibility of these ideas.

Horizontal ridge augmentation using guided bone regeneration technique in two young patients with localized alveolar ridge defect: A case report

Horizontal ridge augmentation using guided bone regeneration technique in two young patients with localized alveolar ridge defect: A case report

Wharton's Jelly for Augmented Cleft Palate Repair in a Rat Critical-Size Alveolar Bone Defect Model.

Secondary alveolar bone grafts (ABGs) are the standard treatment for the alveolar defect in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP), but remain invasive and have several disadvantages such as delayed timing of alveolar repair, donor-site complications, graft resorption, and need for multiple surgeries. Earlier management of the alveolar defect (primary ABG) would be ideal, but is limited by the minimal bony donor sites available in the infant. In this study we used a critical-size alveolar bone defect model in the rat to investigate the use of Wharton's Jelly (WJ), the stem cell-rich connective tissue matrix of the umbilical cord, to generate bone within the alveolar cleft. Human WJ was isolated and implanted into a critical-size alveolar bone defect model representative of secondary cleft ABG surgery in 10-11-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. The defects were monitored with CT imaging of living animals to evaluate bone regrowth and healing over 24 weeks, followed by histomorphometric evaluation at 24 weeks, after the last CT scan. CT data confirmed that the defect size was critical and did not lead to the union of the bones in the control animals (n = 12) for the entire duration of the study. New bone growth was stimulated leading to partial-to-full closure of the defect in the animals treated with WJ (n = 12). Twenty four weeks postoperatively, the percent increase in new bone formation in the WJ-treated group (156.58% ± 20.67%) was markedly higher than that in the control group (50.36% ± 21.07%) (p < 0.05). Histomorphometric data also revealed significantly greater new bone formation in WJ-treated versus control animals, confirming CT findings. qPCR analysis of human Alu elements was unable to detect any appreciable long-term persistence of human cells in the new bone, indicating that WJ may enhance bone growth by mediating osteoinduction in the host tissue, rather than through osteogenic differentiation of WJ-embedded cells. Impact statement In this study, Wharton's Jelly enhanced bone growth in a preclinical alveolar defect model, indicating its potential use as a natural adjunct in the repair of the alveolar cleft defect in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP). The clinical success of this approach would represent a paradigm shift in the treatment of patients with CLP by reducing or eliminating the need for subsequent secondary alveolar bone graft and reducing their number of lifetime surgeries.

Immediate implant placement with guided bone regeneration using a non-resorbable membrane - Case report

Purpose: The usage of non-resorbable membranes in guided bone regeneration (GBR) has been widely described in the literature as a valid treatment option to address horizontal and vertical alveolar bone defects in implant dentistry. It’s also consensual that factors such as the stability of the membrane, the surgical technique, the gingival biotype, the blood supply and the postoperative care, play an essential role on the success and predictability of the augmentation. The purpose of this article is to describe a clinical case where a non-resorbable membrane was used following the immediate placement of two dental implants in the maxilla. Case report: This case report describes a clinical case where the upper right lateral incisor and the upper right canine where extracted followed by the immediate placement of two dental implants. A Titanium membrane was used on the socket of the lateral incisor to stabilize a xenograft placed in the buccal alveolar defect. The membrane used was directly connected to the implant connection which facilitated its surgical placement stability and removal. After 4 months, upon removing the membrane, it was evident that there was a satisfactory horizontal bone regeneration. The impressions stage followed and two screw-retained porcelain bonded crowns were finally fitted. Conclusion: The authors have found that the usage of a non-resorbable membrane allowed a predictable horizontal bone augmentation in this clinical case. The results obtained were quite rewarding for both clinicians and patient and remain functional and stable as confirmed with the two-year clinical follow up and CBCT scan results.

Thermosensitive Hydrogel Delivery of Human Periodontal Stem Cells Overexpressing Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB Enhances Alveolar Bone Defect Repair.

Alveolar bone defects can arise as a consequence of trauma, infection, periodontal disease, or congenital alveolar fenestration. Many approaches have been employed in an effort to treat or overcome such defects, but the ability to effectively achieve alveolar regeneration remains elusive. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) has been shown to serve as a key factor capable of orchestrating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and chemoattraction in the context of osteogenic processes. Exactly how PDGF-BB affects human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), however, requires further exploration. In this report, we utilized a lentiviral construct to achieve PDGF-BB overexpression in hPDLSCs, allowing us to establish that this gene was able to enhance the proliferation of these cells and to mediate osteogenic gene upregulation therein. In addition, we established a rat model of alveolar defects that were implanted using different complexes, and then monitored through histological and micro-CT analyses 4 and 8 weeks postsurgery to assess bone repair outcomes. These analyses revealed that a thermosensitive hydrogel was an effective 3D cell culture scaffold, while PDLSCs overexpressing PDGF-BB enhanced bone growth in the context of alveolar bone defects. Together, these results thus indicate that PDGF-BB represents a potent means of promoting stem cell-based alveolar bone tissue regeneration.

Alveolar bone repair of rhesus monkeys by using BMP-2 gene and mesenchymal stem cells loaded three-dimensional printed bioglass scaffold

Over the past years, the study about bone tissue engineering in the field of regenerative medicine has been a main research topic. Using three-dimensional (3D) porous degradable scaffold complexed with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and growth factor gene to improve bone tissue repair and regeneration has raised much interest. This study mainly evaluated the osteogenesis of alveolar bone defects of animal in the following experimental groups: sham-operated (SO), 3D printed bioglass (3D-BG), 3D-BG with BMP-2 gene loaded CS (3D-BG + BMP/CS) and 3D-BG with rhesus marrow bone MSCs and BMP/CS (3D-BG + BMP/CS + rBMSCs). Simulated human bone defect with critical size of 10 × 10 × 5 mm were established in quadrumana - rhesus monkeys, and in vivo osteogenesis was characterized by X-ray, micro-Computed Tomography (mCT) and history. Our results revealed that 3D-BG + rBMSCs + BMP/CS scaffold could improve bone healing best by showing its promote osteogenic properties in vivo. Considering the great bone repair capacity of 3D-BG + BMP/CS + rBMSCs in humanoid primate rhesus monkeys, it could be a promising therapeutic strategy for surgery trauma or accidents, especially for alveolar bones defects.