Afro-descendant Population Research Articles

HIV, syphilis, and viral hepatitis among Latin American indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants: a systematic review.

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo identify and summarize existing literature on the burden of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and viral hepatitis (VH) in indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants in Latin America to provide a broad panorama of the quantitative data available and highlight problematic data gaps.MethodsPublished and grey literature were systematically reviewed to identify documents published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese with data collected between January 2000 and April 2016 on HIV, STI, and VH disease burden among indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants in 17 Latin American countries.ResultsSixty-two documents from 12 countries were found. HIV prevalence was generally low (< 1%) but pockets of high prevalence (> 5%) were noted in some indigenous communities in Venezuela (Warao) (9.6%), Peru (Chayahuita) (7.5%), and Colombia (Wayuu females) (7.0%). High active syphilis prevalence (> 5%) was seen in some indigenous communities in Paraguay (11.6% and 9.7%) and Peru (Chayahuita) (6.3%). High endemicity (> 8%) of hepatitis B was found in some indigenous peoples in Mexico (Huichol) (9.4%) and Venezuela (Yanomami: 14.3%; Japreira: 29.5%) and among Afro-descendant quilombola populations in Brazil (Frechal: 12.5%; Furnas do Dionísio: 8.4% in 2008, 9.2% in 2003).ConclusionsThe gaps in existing data on the burden of HIV, STIs, and VH in indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants in Latin America highlight the need to 1) improve national surveillance, by systematically collecting and analyzing ethnicity variables, and implementing integrated biobehavioral studies using robust methodologies and culturally sensitive strategies; 2) develop a region-wide response policy that considers the needs of indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants; and 3) implement an intercultural approach to health and service delivery to eliminate health access barriers and improve health outcomes for these populations.

Marca Peru: Representations and Exclusions of the Afro-Descendant Population from the Official Narrative of the Peruvian Government

The article will examine the representations of Afro-Peruvians in the video “Peru Nebraska,” a documentary produced as part of the launching of the advertising campaign of Marca Peru, a national branding project elaborated by the Peruvian government in 2010. By examining the participation of the Afro-descendant population in this audiovisual piece, the document will relate these representations to the discourses of diversity, race, and citizenship in Peru. The article will also explore the nature of the discourses of ethnic and racial diversity in Peru in the new construction of the national and will evaluate the construction of the social imaginaries to represent Afro-Peruvians and construct blackness in a nation that has maintained mestizaje at the center of its identitarian process. In order to do so, it will focus on examining how Afro-Peruvians (dis) appear in the new narratives of peruanidad and how these images differ with the uprising official discourses of diversity and multiculturalism. By examining the famous short film “Peru, Nebraska,” the article will analyze issues related to citizenship and inclusion of the Afro-Peruvian population, related not only to the acknowledgment of their existence, but also to their position in the construction and development of the national identitarian processes.

Territorios tradicionales y aprovechamientos económicos en Urabá, Colombia. Ordenamientos productivos en ecosistemas de humedales

En la región de Urabá, Colombia, se han dado prácticas intensivas de monocultivos bananeros y ganadería extensiva en los humedales del río León y la ciénaga de Tumaradó, habitados por poblaciones campesinas y afrodescendientes. Apoyados en el enfoque socioespacial y el análisis escalar, se describen las características naturales del humedal y las políticas del agua que enmarcan los procesos poblacionales, económicos, y bélicos que lo configuran y transforman. Los resultados muestran la configuración de espacialidades simultáneas que yuxtaponen en los humedales proyecciones económicas y visiones de conservación, poniendo en riesgo la sobrevivencia de un ecosistema vital para el planeta y la región.

COMPARING IDEOLOGIES OF RACIAL MIXING IN LATIN AMERICA: BRAZIL AND MEXICO

Abstract By the end of the twentieth century, with the rise of multicultural discourses and identity politics, Latin American ideologies of racial mixture had become increasingly denounced as myths that conceal (and thus support) the reproduction of racial inequalities. These studies have largely been guided by comparisons between countries with widespread racial mixing (usually Brazil, Mexico or Colombia) and countries in which it was less encouraged and visible (most commonly, the USA). In this paper we move the focus to the diverse ways in which racial mixture currently impacts racial formations in the Latin America, looking initially at Brazil and Mexico, two of the largest countries in the region, and also those with the largest Afro-descendent and indigenous populations in the continent. For comparison, we analyze survey data from the PERLA project.

La Milagrosa: ensaio visual sobre rituais e estéticas de sincretismo afrocubano

Num cruzamento de videoarte e antropologia visual, o vídeo LA MILAGROSA foca-se no universo da Santería, sincretismo religioso entre divindades africanas e religiosidades católicas, que se gerou em populações afrodescendentes escravizadas em Cuba, segundo entrecruzados processos de assimilação e resistência face aos poderes coloniais, continuando a existir após a independência, inclusive num contexto oficialmente ateu. Testemunhando a perpetuação da mitologia Ioruba, o ensaio visual conduz-nos por rituais e altares domésticos de uma santera, revelando um simbólico e vasto panteão de deuses tribais africanos representado por santos, cantos, objetos e cores presentes em diversos elementos (ex: flores, tecidos, doces, velas, madeiras, colares de contas, etc). A narrativa abre-se posteriormente a espaços públicos de tipologia católica que se tornaram icónicos para práticas da Santería: o cemitério Cristóval Colón (Cristóvão Colombo) e o santuário de São Lázaro.

Morphological characterization of permanent dentition of a group of Afrodescendants at Istmina (Chocó, Colombia)

&#x0D; Aim: Characterize the permanent dentition morphology of a group of Afrodescendants of Istmina (Chocó, Colombia).&#x0D; Materials y methods: This quantitative cross-sectional study determined the frequency and variability of 35 incisor, canine, premolar and molar morphological features of the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System in 100 self-described individuals as Afrodescendants (50 Female and 50 male), aged between 5 and 18 years.&#x0D; Results: Significant frequencies of winging (99%), double blade of the central incisors (86%), convexity of the lips (41%), crest of the shoulder (35%), and distal crest (39% to 45%) were identified (95% to 98%), central ridge (82% and 80%), mesolingual groove (79%), distolingual groove (81%), hippocampus reduction (86%), Carabelli cusp ) And cusp 7 (64%). No sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry were found in the MCDS studied.&#x0D; Conclusions: The frequency and variability of the MCDD included in the dendrogram showed that the Isthmian group had a typical dental morphology of the Afrodescendant populations distributed on the Colombian Pacific coast, which were derived from groups of the West African coast included in The dental complex of Saharan Africa. Likewise, it was possible to detect the influence of mestizo and indigenous populations occupying the same geopolitical space.

Mestizaje e identidad en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Experiencias desde la búsqueda individual de datos genéticos

Since the late nineteenth century, people in Argentina consider to be a homogeneous society of white-European culture and phenotypic traits, with Buenos Aires as an epicenter. This perception contrasts with the rest of Latin America, where ideologies mostly focus on being mestizo . In the last decades these discussions began to be approached through genetic ancestry studies. In this article we work with interviews and genetic analysis results of 40 participants of the project “Genetic Ancestry and Identity”, to contextualize the social processes that underlie this concept and to relate the individual genetic data to the history of society. The participants related stories of indigenous and Afro-descendant populations, often hidden or incomplete. In these stories it is possible to perceive both the imposition and the lack of foundation of the narrative of white Argentina. This opens the way to consider a Mestizo Argentina, diverse and heterogeneous.

Molecular genotyping of G6PD mutations and Duffy blood group in Afro-descendant communities from Brazilian Amazon.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) and Duffy-negative blood group are two red blood cells variants that confer protection against malaria. In this study, the distribution of the most common G6PD variants (G6PD*A-, GGPD*A and G6PD Mediterranean) and the major alleles of the Duffy blood group (FY*A, FY*B and FY*B ES) were investigated in an Afro-descendant population from state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. G6PD variants and Duffy blood group alleles were determined by TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Overall, molecular genotyping revealed the presence of G6PD variants in 126 (24%) of the individuals studied (5% male and 19% female), and frequencies of the G6PD*A- and G6PD*A alleles were 0.061 and 0.104, respectively. Duffy blood group genotyping showed that 24.3% of people were Duffy-negative and 41.3% were heterozygous for FY*B ES. The frequency of allele FY*B ES was 41.0%. The results emphasize the need to monitor G6PD deficiency for the use of primaquine in the routine care of the Afro-descendant communities of the Trombetas, Erepecuru and Cumná rivers, evaluating the risks of hemolytic crisis in case of recurrence of malaria in the region. In addition, the possible greater protection against malaria conferred by these erythrocyte polymorphisms deserves to be better investigated and explored among these Afro-descendants.

A FORÇA DO FEITIÇO: TRADIÇÃO ORAL, AFRO-MEMÓRIAS E HISTORIOGRAFIA

the article investigated, the thematic about the representations about the spell through handwritten sources, oral testimonies [interview] and bibliography. From the experience of people who would have experienced in the family the evil effects of the spell, historiography was searched for references to construct an analysis of this phenomenon, which can be considered a “long-lasting phenomenon”, according to historian Fernando Braudel. These narratives are present, above all, in the Afro-descendant population, since it is an interpretation derived from the ancestors in the condition of enslaved in the process of the diaspora of the Africans in the modern period.

LA POLÍTICA MULTICULTURAL EN COLOMBIA ENTRE LA DEMOCRACIA E INCLUSIÓN ÉTNICA/RACIAL O EL RACISMO INSTITUCIONALIZADO

Multiculturalism does not solve the legacy of colonization and enslavement, although it pretends to mask it under the notion of ethnic / racial democracy, policies of positive affirmation and cultural plurality in the Colombian case. To account for the process of segmented inclusion and discrimination of the Afro-descendant population, taking as a source of information the investigations and diagnoses that describe the economic, geographic inequalities and violence facing this population and the territories in which it lives. Starting from the assumption that the patterns of inequality, marginalization and discrimination based on ethnic / racial condition are expressed as socioeconomic precariousness and as racialization of poverty; despite the argument of the authorities that there is no marginalization of Afro-Colombians, given that their living conditions are the same as those of the Colombian population in general.

Tributgesetzgebung und ihre Umsetzung in den Vizekönigreichen Peru und Neuspanien im Vergleich

El tributo que pagaba la población indígena y afrodescendiente en Hispanoamérica constituyó de manera central la relación colonial con la corona española. El presente artículo expone el desarrollo de la legislación tributaria y su implementación en los virreinatos de Nueva España y Perú durante los siglos XVI a XIX. Se enfoca en las categorías tributarias como aspectos significativos en la constitución del orden social colonial. El análsis comparativo evidencia que las diferencias principales entre Nueva España y Perú consistían en primer lugar en las categorías tributarias “migrantes” y en segundo lugar en el grado de implementación de la obligación tributaria para la población afrodescendiente.

Evaluación del estado periodontal en una población afro-uruguaya residente en Montevideo. Estudio transversal

Te diversity approach in health focuses on recognizing and paying special attention to the different interests, demands, needs and health-disease processes specifc to certain people. Ethnic-racial considerations in these cases become fundamental. In Uruguay, census data show that 8.1% of the population (approximately 255,000 people) consider themselves Afrodescendants, which makes them the main ethnic-racial minority of the country. To date, there are no surveys on the periodontal condition of Afrodescendant population in our country. Objective: to evaluate the oral and periodontal status of patients through health-disease process indicators. Materials and methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study of the Afro Uruguayan population. Inclusion criteria: age range from 15 to 35, living in Montevideo. Exclusion criteria: pregnancy, having received periodontal treatment or treatment with antibiotics in the last 6 months. The size of each population sample with or without African origin was of 40 individuals each, half men, half women. Te Rediente Clinical History was used, the periodontal parameters were recorded using a periodontal probe calibrated by millimeter, and six sites per tooth were examined in a full mouth. Results: thegroup of Afrodescendants have one less tooth, on average, than non-Afrodescendants, especially the frst mandibular molars. Tey also show higher prevalence, depth and severity of attachment loss compared to the control group. No statistically signifcant differences were found in probing depth between the two groups. Conclusions: Afrodescendants became part of the popular sectors of society, which makes them more vulnerable. In the age range considered (15-35), Afrodescendants have higher prevalence, extension and severity of clinical attachment loss than non-Afrodescendants. No statistically signifcant differences were found in the considered age range regarding probing depth in the populations examined.

Explotación de recursos naturales y conflicto en Colombia

Colombia se ha especializado en la extracción de recursos mineroenergeticos como oro, carbón, petróleo y ferroníquel. Estas actividades, en un contexto de debilidad estatal, han generado conflictos de diferentes dimensiones. El presente trabajo propone un indicador de conflicto relacionado con la explotación mineral, que permite clasificar cinco dimensiones de conflictividad: social, económica, cultural, política y ambiental. El indicador agregado muestra que los homicidios, la presencia de población afrodescendiente, las inundaciones, la contaminación, los incendios, la mortalidad infantil, los cultivos de coca y los delitos sexuales están altamente correlacionados con un mayor número de conflictos.

Ancestry evaluation of an Afro-descendant population sample of the department of Chocó-Colombia

The Afro-descendant population represents 10.6% of the inhabitants of Colombia (42 million) and 82% of the residents of the Department of Chocó (505 thousand) (DANE general census 2005; http://www.dane.gov.co). The present population status of the Department of Chocó is the reflection of its historical past, initially inhabited by several Native American communities and later by both Europeans and Africans who arrived during the colonization process in the American continent. This work determined the ancestral component of these three ethnic groups in a population sample of 120 Afro-Colombian individuals born in the Department of Chocó. The ancestral components were calculated according to the methodology described in Pereira et al., 2012. The software STRUCTURE v2.3.4 was used to estimate the African, European and Native American admixture proportions in the Afro-Colombian samples. As parental populations, the genetic profiles of 322 individuals (Africans: 105 Europeans: 158, Native Americans: 59) and 42 Native American individuals were used. The MD406 marker was the only one that showed significant deviation in the Hardy-Weinberg test. The ancestry analysis for this population revealed a main African contribution (76%) with a minor contribution of European and Native American ancestries, 17% and 7%, respectively. These findings are correlated with the historical records of this Pacific region.

Ancestry study in Ecuadorian population with multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a type of hematologic cancer that mainly affects the afro-descendant population. Ecuador in a country with mestizo population: Native American, European and African. Ancestry informative insertion-deletion markers are used to determine if the Ecuadorian population with MM has a greater component of African ancestry compared to the Ecuadorian population without the disease.

Ancestry estimates in afrodescendant population from San Basilio de Palenque, Colombia

San Basilio de Palenque is located in Colombia, and was founded by escaped slaves mainly from Cartagena in the sixteenth century. For its history, traditions, ethnicities, culture and language, San Basilio de Palenque has been declared as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. Insertion/deletion polymorphisms (InDels) have considerable potential in the field of identification and ancestry assessment, since they combine desirable characteristics as genetic markers as simplicity of analysis through PCR and capillary electrophoresis. In the present work a sample from San Basilio de Palenque population (n=187) was characterized using 46 autosomalAIM-indels. A database was built for genotypic and allelic frequencies, and used to assess the genetic ancestry of this peculiar group. As expected for an Afrodescendant population, the most representative ancestry estimate was African with 81.2%, followed by 10.6% European, and 8.2% Native American contributions. The results obtained were compared with previous estimates for a sub region of the Department of Bolivar, called Montes de Maria, which also include San Basilio de Palenque. In the pre-Hispanic era, this region was populated by Zenú indigenous, who mixed with the Spanish settlers. The African ancestry in San Basilio is four times higher than in Bolivar. Interestingly, the second component in San Basilio is European while in Bolivar it is Native American. Our findings can be useful to investigate the genetic structure of Bolivar department and show the importance of considering the heterogeneity that exists when selecting reference populations for forensic applications.

Los Borbones, los hacendados y la justicia real en Piura a comienzos del siglo XIX La historia de vida de un zambo pardo y libre agobiado por sus amores, los jueces y la envidia de negros, zambos y mulatos

La lectura y examen de un expediente judicial-criminal ubicado en el Archivo Regional de Piura nos permite reconstruir la historia devida de un zambo pardo. Este manuscrito nos posibilita conocer la legislación y el funcionamiento de la burocracia judicial borbónicaante la demanda de un afrodescendiente para que se respete sus derechos civiles. En un contexto histórico de la guerra entre Españay Gran Bretaña se produce un ataque naval al puerto de Payta (1805) por naves inglesas que moviliza a las autoridades virreinales. Enla ciudad de Piura estalla un creciente miedo a que la población afrodescendiente pudiera plegarse a este ataque armado, y los juecesse ven obligados a desplegar toda la fuerza legal y física para ejecutar un castigo público y ejemplar a los negros que habían atacadoa Isidoro Gorrichátegui, un zambo pardo, mercader victorioso que traficaba entre Piura y Panamá, pero que vivía agobiado por sufracaso en conquistar el amor de una mulatilla.

La dialéctica de Calibán: pensamientos descolonizantes para la cuestión negra en América Latina

Sobre la existencia de la cultura latinoamericana, Roberto Fernández Retamar invita a asumir la negatividad por la cual la colonización europea ha marcado a nuestro continente mediante la reapropiación orgullosa del término para hablar de nosotros mismos. Este artículo es un ejercicio descolonizante para pensar desde los márgenes las economías políticas de producción de la diversidad cultural desarrolladas en América Latina en relación con las poblaciones afrodescendientes (categoría subalternizada y racializada por antonomasia). Se propone la ubicación en la fractura epistémica espacial producida por el pensamiento de Frantz Fanon, buscando crear otro conocimiento poscolonial y descolonizador para abordar la tensión entre el presupuesto de universalidad y la diferencia inherente a todo Estado nación en el sistema mundo actual, desigual y combinado.

Entre subsistencias y neoextractivismos locales. Dinámicas mineras en el Norte del Cauca, Colombia

Considering the complexity of the processes that surround the northern part of the Cauca department, as a region where illegal armed actors and social actors of great importance such as Afro-descendant, indigenous and peasant populations converge, this article aims to understand the way in which the productive transformations that took place around the gold extraction originated new local extractive forms. These forms of local neo-extractivism, supported by the notion of alternative modernities, allows us to explain how the Afro-descendant mining peasants —now gold entrepreneurs— make their living in a territory highly disputed by external actors. We will also analyze how these new extractivisms reconfigure economic and political relations in one of the strategic regions for the Colombian post-conflict.

How to Harmonize the Ethnic Nose.

The demand for cosmetic surgery has significantly increased in the past few years mainly due to economic rise witnessed in Brazil. The state of Bahia has predominately Afro-descendant population with the same countrywide scenario, where the surgeon must be able to face challenges such as the specifics demands of rhinoplasty in an ethnic nose. It represents not only a different nasal variety from the Caucasoid, but also a complex anatomical feature, with its own peculiarities, as thicker and oilier skin, with bulky fibrous fatty tissue with numerous sebaceous glands. The nose tip features both inadequate projection and definition, including a short columella and underdeveloped nasal spine. The lower lateral cartilages are lower and thinner if compared with Caucasian noses. The nasal septum is short and fragile, whereas the dorsum is low and wide with deep nasion and wide obtuse angles between nasal bones. Finally, yet importantly, the nose base has increased interalar distance and excess of alar wing, with an ovoid, horizontal, and open nostril. Considering all these uniqueness, the existing challenges to approach an ethnic nose are clear. It requires skill and accurate surgical maneuvers to seek facial harmony while maintaining the characteristics that define the individual ethnicity and identity.