Administrative-territorial Units Research Articles

ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ДМИТРОВСКА И ЕГО УЕЗДА В XVIII В.

The purpose of the article is to identify the pecu-liarities of the transformations of Dmitrovsk and its county in the 18th century. The article anal-yses the history of the formation of Dmitrovsk and its county as administrative-territorial units in the province and the reasons for their transfor-mations. The author emphasizes that new administra-tive-territorial units appeared in the Russian Em-pire as a result of the provincial reform of Em-press Catherine II. The appearance of the new administrative-territorial units was due to various reasons, such as the numerical principle of the Highest Institutions 1775, and the personal will of the Empress herself. The author stresses that the second reason is the most important. So, Dmitrovsky County was formed in 1782, on the territory of Orel region mainly at the ex-pense of the territory of Lugang County, with Dmitrovsk as the administrative center and with the simultaneous withdrawal of Lugang from the state. The author notes that this transformation took place not since the establishment of Orel province on February 28, 1778, but during the provincial reform.

ПРОБЛЕМНІ ПИТАННЯ ВСТАНОВЛЕННЯ (ЗМІНИ) МЕЖ ОБЛАСТЕЙ

The article is devoted to study of doctrinal and regulatory sources on procedure for establishing and changing boundaries of region. To this end, the existing doctrinal provisions on the history of legal regulation of this issue and the constitutional and legal status of region were analyzed, as well as the normative-legal acts of Soviet legislation and Ukraine in this subject of legal regulation were elaborated. It was stated that in practice the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic regional boundaries were never established, but only changed by the relocation of territories of other administrative and territorial units located on the outskirts of the region. It is considered that the Basic Law of Ukraine does not provide for the procedure for formation and elimination of regions, their name and renaming, as well as the establishment (changes) of their boundaries, which limits the legal personality of the region as a subject of constitutional and legal relations. It is argued that the existing procedure for determining the borders of region by establishing (changing) boundaries of other, located on its outskirts, administrative-territorial units and territories of territorial communities leads to the coincidence of their boundaries, which have different legal status and functions. Proposals for amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine, the Land Code of Ukraine and other normative legal acts in the part of the introduction of the order of establishing (changes) of boundaries of the region are formulated.

Особенности преступности и противодействия ей в Северо-Кавказском федеральном округе

The article notes that the criminological situation in Russia as a whole has remained fairly stable in recent years. At the same time, it is possible to effectively counteract crime only if a more detailed analysis of qualitative and quantitative indicators of crime is carried out, taking into account the specifics of a particular subject (district, region). By the example of the North-Caucasus Federal District it is shown that not only in the District itself, compared with Russia as a whole, but also in its administrative-territorial units, crime rates differ significantly. The author draws attention to the fact that despite the low crime rate in the North- Caucasus Federal District, which has been maintained for several years, and the overall decrease in the number of registered crimes in January-November 2022 in almost all subjects of the District, nevertheless, the qualitative characteristics of crime in the North Caucasus Federal District are characterized by a number of negative trends. Thus, statistical data indicate a higher proportion of serious and especially serious crimes committed in the NCFD compared to the all-Russian indicator, the dominance in the number of crimes committed, crimes related to illegal arms trafficking, a wider spread of extremist and terrorist crimes, a high proportion of socially dangerous acts related to illegal trafficking narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues. The socio-demographic characteristics of persons committing crimes are also touched upon, it is noted that in all subjects of the District these are usually persons who do not have a permanent source of income, as well as previously convicted. Extremely negative trends in crime rates in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania have been noted. Taking into account the revealed specifics of crime in the North-Caucasus Federal District, as well as taking into account the socio-economic, demographic and other features of the North-Caucasus Federal District, the author draws attention to those areas that should be taken under special control by the leadership of the District and law enforcement agencies, and also makes some recommendations that can contribute to reducing crime in this region.

CHANGES IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE AND POPULATION OF ZAKARPATTIA DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD (1946–1991)

It is noted that Zakarpattia, as a separate administrative-territorial unit consisting of Uzhan, Berez, Ugochan, and Maramoros counties, was created in 1919–1920 as part of Czechoslovakia. It was found that as a result of the administrative-territorial reform in 1926, the zhupas were united in the so-called a large zhupa, and 14 districts were created. In 1928, due to consolidation, the number of districts was reduced to 12. In 1938–1939, the territory returned to Hungary, which carried out several administrative-territorial reforms. It is claimed that in the autumn of 1944, it became obvious that the territory of Zakarpattia would fall under the influence of the Soviet Empire. In present study particular attention is paid to the fact that the Soviet military administration returned the administrative-territorial division of the Czechoslovak period. It is noted that in 1946, the region officially became part of the Soviet Union, so the formation of the administrative-territorial system continued in order for the region to organically fit in with other regions of the Ukrainian SSR. It was found that the most significant administrative transformations took place from 1946 to 1969. According to the administrative division in 1946, the region consisted of 15 administrative units: 2 cities of regional subordination and 13 districts. It was established that in 1962, 8 districts were liquidated in Zakarpattia, but later the disintegration of districts was carried out and as a result of this reorganization 11 districts were created in 1965, and 2 more in 1966. As a result of the administrative-territorial reform of the Ukrainian SSR in 1965–1966, Zakarpattia again consisted of 13 districts and 2 cities of the regional order. In 1967–1969 there was the formation of new village councils, their merger or liquidation, the transfer of village council centres to other settlements, a change in the administrative subordination of village councils, the inclusion of villages in the strip of urban-type cities and towns. It can be concluded that, after repeated administrative transformations, the number of settlements in Zakarpattia Oblast increased from 512 in 1946 to 603 in 1969. In the period from 1969 to 1991 significant changes did not occurred. Keywords: Ukraine, Zakarpattia, administrative-territorial units, Soviet Union.

Демографические процессы в Центральном Черноземье России в период голода 1932–1933 гг.: историография вопроса

The paper presents the results of a historiographical analysis of the demographic processes in the Central Chernozem region of the Soviet Union during the famine of 1932–1933. This subject was chosen because the demographic processes that took place in this territory at that time are of particular interest, since it was one of the principal grain-producing regions of Russia, which in modern Russian historiography are considered one of the most strongly affected by the famine. Scientific study of this topic began in the post-Soviet period, as this topic was taboo for many years. The problems of demography and famine of the 1930s in the Central Chernozem region have been considered both in Russian and regional fact-based studies by Russian researchers. Papers by foreign researchers – primarily American, Ukrainian and Ukrainian-American – are also considered. We found that different methods were used to calculate the number of people who were starved or died of hunger, birth rate, and mortality, but they primarily used tentative prognoses data and summary reports, the results of which do not always coincide and raise questions. The papers of Ukrainian historians are quite difficult to analyze, as they are abound in value judgments that do not conform to scientific ethics, or they use somewhat incorrect demographic models. It has been ascertained that the demography of the famine of 1932–1933 in the Central Chernozem region is examined through initial approximation and only at the level of large administrative territorial units; the geography of the famine has discrepancies and has not yet been fully clarified. Urban and rural birth rate, mortality, and natural population increase have not been considered in detail, while the ethnic component of the famine of the Russian Central Chernozem region is extremely politicized and also not yet fully clarified.

ІНКЛЮЗИВНЕ ВРЯДУВАННЯ СІЛЬСЬКО-МІСЬКИХ АГЛОМЕРАЦІЙ УКРАЇНИ

The article formulates and solves an actual scientific and practical problem related to the justification of the model of inclusive governance of united territorial communities (UTCs) and districts identified as rural-urban agglomerations. Taking into account the purpose of the research,formulated of task regarding the task of determining the essence of good governance, the characteristics of inclusive governance as a system built on certain principles, and clarifying the conditions for the formation of a society in Ukraine that functions on the basis of inclusiveness. In the process of working on the chosen topic, modern scientific publications of Ukrainian and foreign economists, sociologists, political scientists, geographers, lawyers, public administration specialists on issues of inclusive governance were analyzed. Creative use of systemic and institutional approaches, the principle of interdisciplinarity, methods of observation, comparison, abstraction, generalization, reflection, extrapolation, synthesis and analysis, deduction and induction contributed to the achievement of the research goal. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the extrapolation of the scientifically described model of inclusive governance of local socio-spatial formations to the national space in order to determine the conditions for the formation of an inclusive society. The conceptual basis of the model of inclusive governance is a systemic view of the essence of the phenomenon of governance as a way of using public power and implementing public policy for the purpose of organizing and streamlining the process of formation within rural-urban agglomerations of inclusion. It is proved that the institutional and organizational-administrative basis of the inclusive governance of these socio-spatial entities are the principles of democracy, organization and decentralization, and its economic, political and worldview foundations are economic growth, state capacity, self-governance and people-centeredness. It has been established, that the creation of a democratic decentralized space due to the inclusiveness of the administrative-territorial units of the basic and district levels of the administrative-territorial system of Ukraine with proper governance through the involvement, inclusion and unification of all layers of the population around the idea of post-war reconstruction of the country, is the key to the formation of an inclusive society. The practical significance of the research results lies in the conceptual support of post-war reconstruction tasks on an inclusive basis of the territories affected by the military attack of the neighboring aggressor country.

Methodology for assessing the level of development of closed administrative-territorial units

The article proposes a new approach to assessing the level of development of closed administrative and territorial units (hereinafter, CATU) to form a favorable and comfortable living environment for people by implementing measures to develop scientific and production, socioeconomic and recreational potential of the territory and infrastructure of the municipality. The criteria and parameters for assessing the level of development of the territory, which ensure sustainable development of the territory, have been identified. A project experiment on the example of the territory of Levin town settlement (former CATU Kirov-200) of Kirov oblast is made. The article deals with the creation of the conceptual project “Biopolis” using the Ishikawa diagram. “Biopolis” is a biopharmaceutical cluster, and the principles of bionics have been applied for the development of the masterplanning scheme. The article proposes a new approach to assessing the level of development of CATUs, which is due to the priority task under the program “Integrated development of single-industry towns”.

Percepções do governo local e dos residentes sobre os efeitos do desenvolvimento do turismo rural: Levantamento no Condado de Suceava na Romênia

ABSTRACT: Rural tourism has received more and more attention because it can contribute to increase the living standard in some rural areas, stimulate local economy and reduce the urban-rural gaps. At the same time, the preference for this type of tourism is growing, but for the efficient use of the existing potential, the involvement of local authorities and residents is needed. This paper revealed the perceptions of human resources in local government institutions and of residents in Suceava County - Romania to identify the effects of tourism development on the administrative process, living standards and natural environment. The undertaken questionnaire-based research showed that the degree of tourism development positively influenced the level of improvement of the public affairs management process in the respective administrative-territorial unit, as well as the standard of living of the local community. Regarding the influence of tourism development on the environment, the recorded results showed that the intensification of the tourism phenomenon does not strongly threaten the local environment, but it is necessary to raise awareness of the environmental impact.

СУЧАСНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ В ТУРИСТИЧНІЙ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ

Attention is paid to the theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of sustainable development concept implementation in the tourism industry of Ukraine. It is emphasized that nowadays in Ukraine, as a result of the fullscale war of Russia against Ukraine (from February 24, 2022), the Russian military is destroying the economy and environment of Ukraine, including tourism industry. The modern approaches to defining sustainable development in the tourism industry are analyzed. Attention is focused on the concept, essence and importance of ecological and rural tourism in the conditions of the sustainable development principles implementation. It is substantiated that the development of the tourism industry in Ukraine involves, first of all, the territorial stimulation of the sustainable development of tourism, the analysis of the tourism resources and infrastructure assessment, as well as the analysis of investment proposals at the local level of administrative-territorial units. It is determined that the implementation of the goals of sustainable development in the tourism industry of Ukraine requires profound changes in the behavior and way of thinking of humanity. Attention is focused on the fact that one of the ways to achieve awareness of the effects of tourism on the environment and to unite interested parties is the certification of sustainable tourism. It has been found that many initiatives with relevant standards have been formed over the past three decades, leading to the introduction of various sustainable tourism certification schemes. It is emphasized that since the certification process is voluntary, full transparency of practices, measures and results is the most important condition for the process of achieving sustainable development of a tourism organization or destination. The recommendations for the sustainable development principles implementation in the tourism industry have been formed, which contribute to the sustainable (balanced socio-ecological and economic management) of natural resources, the attraction of investments for environmental protection activities, biodiversity conservation and the involvement of local population into an ecologically oriented development process.

Динамика рисков пространственной дезинтеграции Аргентины в начале XXI века

The aim of this study is to assess the risks of the spatial disintegration of Argentina, the determination of its dynamics (from 2006 to 2022) and the driving forces. According to the methodology used, spatial disintegration is manifested in the violation and destruction of system-forming relations between administrative-territorial units of the 1st order and is funded by a set of factors. The authors distinguish seven factors of spatial disintegration: historical, socio-economic, domestic, ethnocultural, transport, military-strategic and foreign policy, which make it possible to identify the risks of the country’s disintegration as a whole and to distinguish individual, most “implant” regions. The analysis showed that from 2006 to the present for Argentina, the risk of spatial disintegration increased slightly, but remains relatively low compare other previously studied Latin American countries (Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Bolivia). The leading triggers of the spatial disintegration of Argentina were domestic political and socio-economic factors. The provinces with the greatest combination of risks were identified: Salta, Entre Rios, Tierra del Fuego, Neuquén, Corrientes, Formosa, Rio Negro, Misiones, which can be divided into “old” and “new disintegrators”, according to the dynamics of the number and quality of factors. The territorial drawing of the distribution of disintegration risks over the past 16 years has undergone changes: their increase for the northern and north-eastern border provinces, as well as the polarization of Patagonia, consisting in weakening the risks of the province of Chubut and Santa Cruz and their strengthening in Rio Negro. It is noted that on the basis of existing developments in neighboring countries, it makes sense to expand the space of the methodology and explore the border heterogeneous regions in Argentina and Chile.

Describing the administrative border of Koshtepa district on an electronic digital map and creating a web map

In this article, the administrative border of the district is described on an electronic digital map and a web map is created, on the basis of the obtained results, in the development of target state programs for the establishment of digital maps connected to coordinate systems in the determination of the boundaries of villages and towns of the Koshtepa district of Fergana region and the determination of the boundaries of administrative-territorial units, and the design and determination of administrative boundaries data is provided.

FINANCIAL SELF-SUFFICIENCE OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES: ESSENCE AND CONDITIONS OF IMPLEMENTATION

Introduction. IThe implementation of reforms of the administrative-territorial system, public administration and local self-government in Ukraine has actualized the issue of substantiating the theoretical foundations of the financial support of territorial communities as a starting condition for achieving their self-sufficiency. The application in scientific works of various conceptual constructions that relate to the organization of finances of administrative-territorial units of the basic level requires a certain arrangement of them, which is necessary for the development of a set of measures aimed at realizing the ultimate goals of the announced reforms - the creation of a full-fledged living environment, meeting the various needs of citizens and providing them high-quality public services. Therefore, determining the essence of financial self-sufficiency of territorial communities is important not only from the standpoint of the theory of local finances, but also from a practical point of view. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the definition of the essence of financial self-sufficiency of territorial communities based on the analysis of scientific approaches available in the literature, as well as to single out its most important components and conditions of provision. Results. The main approaches to determining the essence of financial capacity and financial self-sufficiency of territorial communities are considered. A proper definition of financial self-sufficiency of territorial communities is proposed. Emphasis is placed on financial resources as a material basis for ensuring financial self-sufficiency of the territorial community. The two most important signs of a financially self-sufficient community are defined: autonomy and independence in decision-making regarding the formation, distribution and use of one’s own financial resources, as well as the sufficiency of the financial resources of local self-government bodies, which is necessary for them to fulfill their own and delegated powers. The main components of financial self-sufficiency of territorial communities are highlighted - institutional, organizational, financial, information and personnel. The most important conditions for ensuring the financial self-sufficiency of territorial communities are formulated, taking into account which will contribute to the achievement of the goals of the reform of local self-government in Ukraine. Conclusions. It is justified that a territorial community can be considered financially self-sufficient, which possesses sufficient financial resources, which local self-government bodies can dispose of independently at their own discretion in order to fulfill their functions and tasks, provide the population with high-quality public services, meet various local needs and ensure the stable development of the community in short- and long-term perspective. The most important conditions for ensuring financial self-sufficiency of the territorial community are systematized in terms of institutional, organizational, financial, information and personnel components.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ГОРОДСКОЙ ВЛАСТИ В ЕКАТЕРИНБУРГЕ — СВЕРДЛОВСКЕ (ноябрь 1923 г. — октябрь 1930 г.)

The paper examines the activities of the Sverdlovsk City Soviet (Council) in the period from the formation of the Ural oblast to the liquidation of district system of administration. It is possible to distinguish several stages of the functioning of the City Soviet, which were determined by legislative steps of the central government in relation to local administration, including the publication of regulations on City Soviets. The paper proves that an independent City Executive Committee was not created in the structure of the City Soviet, and the activities of the City Soviet were serviced by the apparatus of the Gubernatorial Executive Committee, and later the District Executive Committee and its respective departments. The City Soviet in its activities was largely accountable to the district authorities. The paper examines the evolution of administrative apparatus of the City Soviet, its main divisions (Presidium, Departments, Sections) and their subordination, as well as the working order of its structural parts. It analyzes the degree of involvement of deputies in the work of the City Soviet. The paper also shows the role and place of Party and Soviet authorities on the regional and district levels in the management of the city, their relationship with the Sverdlovsk City Soviet and the division of powers between them in solving issues of daily functioning of the city and key directions of its development. The author found that the tendency to expand the rights of City Soviets in the administrative, financial and economic spheres gradually took shape, and they received additional powers to address city issues. The result of this trend was the transformation of Sverdlovsk in 1929 from a regional center into an independent administrative-territorial unit with its subordination to the regional authorities.

Поливариантность оценок потенциалов социально-экономического развития муниципалитетов. Пример Хабаровского края и Еврейской автономной области

Recently, issues of unification (consolidation) of the subjects of the Russian Federation have become more acute to improve the standard of living of the population and accelerate regional development. In the Far East, the Jewish Autonomous Region and the Khabarovsk Territory are considered as such subjects of the federation, which until 1992 formed a single administrative-territorial unit, and are currently the subject of discussion about the prospects of their merger. It is important to assess the potential of the municipalities of the named territories and the possibilities of its rational use. Using general scientific research methods, the work examines the concept of «socio-economic potential of a municipality» and identifies approaches to its quantitative assessment. Municipalities have been identified – the «locomotives» of economic development of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region, which have the most significant and actively used potential for municipal development; the high importance of the socio-economic potentials of urban districts is shown and the comparative values of the development potentials of municipal districts are assessed. The multivariance of assessments (multiplicity of options) of the potential of municipalities for the purposes of economic growth has been revealed. It has been determined that the structure of the socio-economic potential of the municipality also remains a subject of debate in the scientific community; there is no consensus on its constituent elements. It is noted that the systematization of the structural elements of the socio-economic potential of the municipality and approaches to its determination is especially relevant for the economy of modern Russia, as it allows us to determine the directions for using the resource component of the economy of the constituent entities of the federation

Investment attractiveness of land plots: a case study of the Chornobaivka territorial community in Zolotonosha district, Cherkasy region

The rationale is provided that to ensure investment attractiveness of land and implement capital investments, it is necessary to conduct a systematic analysis of the current state of land use, taking into account the consequences of the war and priorities for recovery. A review of publications containing research results on the issues of investment attractiveness of land, including agricultural land, has been conducted. The structure of land, water resources, and the agro-industrial complex of the Chornobaivka territorial community in the Zolotonosha district of the Cherkasy region has been analyzed. The structure of the soil cover of the territorial community is provided. Factors influencing the investment attractiveness of the research object have been systematized. These factors include investment objects, geographical location, natural resources, business infrastructure, community budget, land use regulation, and the profitability of agricultural production. To assess the investment attractiveness of land resources, financial analysis, risk analysis, strategic approach, comparative analysis, scenario analysis, ecological and social approach have been applied. Emphasizing that the intensity, duration, and prevalence of armed conflicts, as negative factors, can differently impact the investment attractiveness of an administrative-territorial unit. Considering the proposed approaches to assessing the investment attractiveness of land resources, the following forecasted changes have been taken into account, such as attracting investments, economic development, infrastructure improvement, increased tax revenues, and the impact of armed conflicts. In aggregate, this has allowed determining the level of investment attractiveness of the researched territory.

ФОРМУВАННЯ СУЧАСНОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ ТА ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The article examines the functioning of mechanisms of state management of sustainable development of regions (MSU of the SRR). The purpose of the study is the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the MSU of the SRR and the development of practical recommendations for their improvement in the conditions of globalization. A systematic study of the formation of the conceptual foundations of the improvement of state management mechanisms for the sustainable development of regions in the conditions of globalization was carried out. On this basis, the principles of development and operation of a complex mechanism of state administration at the regional level are systematized, which characterizes the level of the ability of the public administration system not only to function in the conditions of social transformations, but also to introduce innovative forms and methods of activity at the level of administrative-territorial units. It was established that the strategic direction of institutional changes in the system of public administration in Ukraine is the transformation of the existing model of territorial administration, the introduction of the principles of decentralization and subsidiarity, the implementation of positive foreign experience of regional administration. It is proved that the existing theories of regional development belong to the integrated scientific direction, which combines economic, social, cultural, ecological and other spheres of functioning of regions in order to form a system of ideas about the regularities of their development and functioning. Based on the methodology of the theory of regional development, it is possible to: 1) identify regional development trends; 2) develop models and mechanisms of regional development; 3) predict the results of the implementation of sectoral and local reforms; 4) develop algorithms for the implementation of system reforms based on foreign experience and the principles of «Good governance». Conceptual approaches to the adoption and implementation of regional development strategies are proposed. It was established that the state, as the bearer of national interests and constitutional guarantees, must ensure continuity in the creation and constant improvement of conceptual foundations, institutional mechanisms for the implementation of regional policy, and the implementation of specific local projects and programs. The content of the modern concept of sustainable development in the system of public management, which, while preserving the established constructive features, is determined and essentially changes in the organizational-legal, institutional and administrative-political sense is substantiated. The dichotomous relationship between the processes of regionalization, globalization, and decentralization is proven. the conceptual-categorical apparatus of the science of public administration, in particular in the part of clarifying the content of the concepts «mechanisms of public administration of sustainable development of regions», «state administration of regional development», «sustainable development of regions», developed taking into account the European experience of rationalization of regional policy.

ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННАЯ ДЕЗИНТЕГРАЦИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВА И ОЦЕНКА ЕЕ РИСКОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЭКВАДОРА)

The article studies the processes of spatial disintegration, understood as the weakening, disruption and destruction of system-forming ties between the regions of the state, and determines the possibility of adverse consequences (risks) due to the impact of these processes. The authors’ methodology for assessing the risks of spatial disintegration involves seven factors: historical, socio-economic, domestic-political, ethno-cultural, transport, military-strategic, and foreign policy. The methodology uses parameters that make it possible to establish the effect of each of the factors. The risks of spatial disintegration are measured at two levels. The risk of disintegration for the whole state is calculated as the sum of the risk weights for individual factors. The weight of the risk factor is determined by the proportion of the country's population living in administrative-territorial units experiencing disintegration under this factor. The risk of spatial disintegration of a part of a country (a unit of administrative-territorial division) is determined by the number of factors under which this region has high risks of spatial disintegration. The object of the study is Ecuador. The structure and socio-political situation in this country demonstrate a combination of features characteristic of a Latin American state (sharp territorial contrasts in living standards, internal political turbulence, complex relationships with Indian ethnic groups, an extractivist model of development, technological dependence on developed countries, a high level of social stratification, significant crime rates, etc.). At the same time, Ecuador has a number of unique features compared with neighboring countries. These include the presence of a spatially remote region (Galapagos Islands), the compactness of the continental territory, a variety of landscapes, a bicentric model of regional development with the largest nodes in the capital city of Quito and the city of Guayaquil, an alternative capital and the largest seaport. The calculations showed that Ecuador has lower risks of spatial disintegration compared to other Latin American countries previously considered in other publications (Chile, Bolivia, Venezuela, Mexico). Among the territorial units of the country, the greatest risks of spatial disintegration are demonstrated by the provinces of Morona-Santiago and Pastasa, located in the east of Ecuador.

About the Latest Russian Historiography of Soviet Ethno-National Politics: Plots, Problems, Ideas

The main attention is paid to the national historiography. The achievements of Russian historians are distinguished by an integrated approach, interdisciplinarity, professional analysis of unique sources, which makes it possible to reconstruct the process of implementing Soviet national policy in different ethnosocial environments, highlight similarities and differences on the example of individual national regions, provide a solid foundation for the creation of generalizing works and determining research prospects. In this regard, one of the controversial topics of modern historiography related to the interpretation of the concept of the “Soviet people” is also highlighted. The author notes that the early Soviet period is most intensively studied, when intensive nation-building took place and the image of the Soviet Federation took shape. The most important ideas of scientists are highlighted, which analyze the essence, nature and details of federal construction, the organization of the transit of the multicultural, initially complex society of the USSR from tradition to modernity, the development of interethnic relations, state policy in ethnosocial and ethno-cultural fields, the activities of national leaders, personnel policy in national republics, ethno-oriented practices in different periods of Soviet history. The author emphasizes the actual meaning of the Soviet historical experience of the functioning of a multi-component state and interethnic consolidation, including during the Great Patriotic War, in order to solve modern problems of strengthening the civil unity of Russian society. Due to the need for a critical analysis of the “decolonial” discourse of foreign historiography, the author considers the study of socio-economic relations and interaction of national- state and administrative-territorial units of the USSR to be very relevant, both among themselves and in the context of the organizing and coordinating role of all-Union institutions. Some ideas are proposed to expand the subject field and problematize a wide range of debatable issues.

ОЦЕНКА ДОСТУПНОСТИ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ В ПЕРИОД ПАНДЕМИИ ИНФЕКЦИИ COVID-19 НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ КРАСНОЯРСКОГО КРАЯ

Significance. The introduction of various restrictive measures at the beginning of 2020 to prevent the spread of COVID-19 infection contributed to a decrease in the planned volumes and availability of medical care for the population. The purpose of the study is to assess availability of primary health care and specialized medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic for the assigned population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Material and methods. The study covered the period from 2012 to 2021 and was conducted in the Krasnoyarsk Territory within the catchment area of the Federal Siberian Research and Clinical Center of the FMBA of Russia, including catchment areas in the city of Krasnoyarsk and in the closed territorial-administrative unit Zelenogorsk (Clinical Hospital No. 42). The study material was the information from the federal statistical observation forms (No. 12, No. 30). Changes in primary care availability at outpatient settings and specialized medical care in inpatient settings in the pre-COVID period (from 2017 to 2019) and the period of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021) were analyzed. Results. In 2020, the overall disease incidence decreased by 8.0% compared to the long-term average in the pre-COVID period from 2012 to 2019 equaling to 2148.3 cases per 1000 population. The primary incidence added up to 792.9 cases per 1000 population, which is 7.9% lower than the pre-pandemic level. There was a decrease in the doctor-to-population ratio from 24.3 per 10 thousand population in the pre-pandemic period to 21.8 per 10 thousand population in 2021, and from 26.8 per 10 thousand population down to 25.2 per 10 thousand population (Clinical Hospital #42). During the pandemic, there was a decrease in the rate of visits per resident per year within the catchment area of the Federal Siberian Research and Clinical Center from 10.2 visits in 2017-2019. to 7.8 per resident in 2020-2021, and from 9.6 to 8.15 visits per resident per year within the closed administrative territory. During the pandemic, the structure of visits changed, the number of visits for illnesses within the catchment area of the Federal Siberian Research and Clinical Center decreased by 22.7%, the number of preventive visits decreased by 16.4%, and by 25.4%, and 17.4 % respectively within the closed administrative territory. During the pandemic, 39.5% of the total number of beds were repurposed as an infectious disease hospital to provide care for patients with the new coronavirus infection, primarily beds allocated to pulmonary care (55.9%), beds for rehabilitation (29.0%), beds allocated to cardiac care (36.4%), beds allocated to therapeutic care (28.6%). As a result of a set of organizational measures and a number of management decisions, in 2021, there was a positive trend in resuming availability of primary health care and specialized care for the population. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected availability of primary health care and specialized medical care, highly contributed to the change in the structure of care seeking at the outpatient level and planned hospital admission rate. The complex of implemented organizational measures contributed to better performance of medical organizations, higher availability of medical care, and more effective management of the hospital bed fund.

Assessment of Reserved Areas for Sustainable Ecotourism in Khmelnytskyi region, Ukraine

Ukraine has recently started promoting and developing some sectors of tourism despite its rich cultural heritage, natural resources and protected areas. Most visited tourist attractions are located in Kyiv, Odesa and Lviv, while the remote locations are less studied. To promote ecological tourism in urban territories, to properly manage protected areas and maximize economic benefits for the local community, research on the assessment of reserved areas should be carried out. Khmelnytskyi region ranks third among administrative-territorial units in Ukraine with a high level of the conservancy. However, only limited reserved areas and natural monuments like “Podilski Tovtry”, “Verkhnіe Pobuzhzhia” and “Malovanka" are at the centre of tourism interests. The present article reviews IUCN categories of reserved areas in Khmelnytskyi region in line with Davey’s management objectives and Leung’s management approach to tourism. Most of the natural monuments, national parks, and protected landscapes in the Khmelnytskyi region are suitable for tourism and recreation. Developing ecotourism will assist in attracting investors, and provide additional income to the local community along with creating jobs for temporarily displaced people during wartime in Ukraine.