Administrative-territorial Units Research Articles

Designing and improving the efficiency of placement of logistics infrastructure for storage, distribution and trade of agri-food products

Purpose: The article considers a methodological approach to the formation and determination of potential locations of logistics infrastructure: warehouse storage facilities, wholesale distribution centers for storage, marketing and trade of agro-food products.Design/methodology/approach: A study of 204 objects - administrative districts and cities of Kazakhstan, where the production, storage, distribution and trade of agri-food products is carried out. The standardization of indicators, cluster, correlation-regression, factor analysis was carried out, the method of ranking and center of gravity.Findings: At the first stage of the study, potential locations of distribution centers of agricultural products were identified based on the proposed criteria. Based on factor analysis, new factors have been formed in order to determine the criteria for choosing the location of the logistics infrastructure. Cluster analysis made it possible to differentiate territories and determine the characteristics of the logistics infrastructure for their placement, depending on their specialization. At the second stage, the potential locations of logistics infrastructure and the geographical location of objects on the territory of administrative-territorial units were clarified. At the third stage, with the help of weighting coefficients and an integral indicator of the attractiveness of the location of logistics infrastructures, the service area of the logistics infrastructure of storage, sales and trade is determined in accordance with potential locations on the territory. The proposed approach, in contrast to the existing ones, takes into account the peculiarities of the functioning of the storage, marketing and trade infrastructure and links these facilities with transport and warehouse availability in the regions.Research limitations/implications: The study is aimed at complementing existing approaches and methods for determining the location of logistics infrastructure facilities with a more detailed account of the specialization of districts and the economic potential of regions.Practical implications: The conclusions allow us to use different criteria when determining the location of logistics infrastructures depending on their purpose. They also provide important information in the process of designing logistics infrastructure, conducting a differentiated investment policy during their construction and operation.Originality: In this article, a new point of view is given on the choice of criteria for the placement and determination of the number of logistics infrastructure, based on their functional purpose, specialization of districts and the potential of regions, which increase their efficiency.

Cardiovascular mortality rate between 2018 and 2022 in Kyrgyz Republic

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the number one cause of death in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Kyrgyz Republic. According to official statistics, CVD ranks first in the structure of overall mortality, accounting for more than half (52.1% according to 2022 data) of all deaths. Purpose to analyze the cardiovascular mortality rate in the Kyrgyz Republic, from 2018 to 2022. Methods Medical and statistical information on mortality from CVD in the population was obtained from the Centre for Electronic Health (CEH) of the Ministry of Health. To conduct a comparative analysis, relative indicators per 100 thousand population were calculated. A retrospective epidemiological study of mortality from CVD including different nosological forms over period for 2018–2022 was conducted, calculating the rate of increase (decrease). An analysis of the epidemiological situation of the disease in nine administrative-territorial units of the Kyrgyz Republic was also carried out with the calculation of the average 5-year mortality ratefor the period from 2018 to 2022. Results Despite the decrease in morbidity, a high proportion of mortality from CVD remains in all years, more than 50%. In terms of the percentage indicator for recent years, all this time it has maintained the highest position, in contrast to diseases of other organs and systems. In the last decade, from 2012 until 2020, there was a gradual decrease in the mortality rate. Since 2020, we have seen a sharp increase in the CVD mortality rate per 100 thousand population by 19.6% compared to 2018, by 19.4% since 2019, which is associated with the influence of Covid-19 pandemic, in 2021 this indicator amounted to 297.6 cases, in 2022 - 234.5. The main contribution to population death from CVD is made by coronary heart disease (65.90%), including acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular diseases (21.4%), arterial hypertension (5.9%). If we analyze the mortality rate from CVD by nine administrative-territorial units, the highest rates in 2022 are observed in the Chui and Talas regions, 291.9 and 266.3 per 100 thousand population respectively; the lowest in the Osh region (207.3), Osh city (196.1) and Bishkek (208.6), which is explained by the better organization of health services in these areas. Conclusion CVD remains the main cause of mortality in the population of the Kyrgyz Republic. Although over the past year there has been a good decline in this indicator, in almost all regions, particularly the greatest successes have been achieved in Naryn and Issyk-Kul regions. In connection with the above, there is requirement for a clear identification of priorities when determining the strategy of treatment and preventive interventions. It is necessary to create an effective National system of care for patients with CVD with a focus on emergency cardiac care and prevention issues.

Выбор аналитической модели и количественных показателей для геоинформационного анализа устойчивого развития территориальных образований

Currently, there are no generally accepted algorithms for assessing, analyzing and forecasting the sustainable development of administrative-territorial units. The authors introduce the definition of this term, which implies the successful functioning of a human community over time carrying out economic activities without threats to its environment. Also, an analytical model for representation of its regional integrated indicator in the form of a vector with differential components, which characterize economic growth, environmental and social metrics, in a three-dimensional affine space, is proposed. Furthermore, we present a multiplicative criterion for assessing partial criteria of sustainable development efficiency and the basic expression for its parameters computation based on the set of economic, environmental and social ones, including such as the availability and quality of natural resources, regional labour resources, eco-factors, etc. The proposed vector model is based on the geoinformation approach and can be deployed within the framework of GIS of sustainable development for geo-analysis, modeling and mapping of natural resource potential and ecological state of intensively advancing territories, considering the dynamics of this process. Important properties of the geoinformation approach to assessing territorial entities’ forward growth, spatial and semantic scalability, are noted. In addition, the functional requirements and preliminary architecture of the core, modules, clients and layers of the related thematic geographic information system for the management, planning and forecasting the said indicator within the framework of digital economy are described

The Role of Public Administration Expenditures in Tourism Development – a Comparative Analysis of Two Valuable Geoheritage Areas

This study examines the relationship between public administration expenditure and the development of the tourism sector in four Administrative Territorial Units (ATUs) with high natural potential between 2000 and 2018. It first analyzes the public expenditures of the ATUs, classifying them by function and calculating the share of each expenditure in the total. Next, the study assesses local economies using the Classification of National Economic Activities (NACE) to determine the contribution of tourism. Finally, the two databases are correlated to explore the impact of public spending on tourism growth. The findings provide a foundation for developing new methodologies to assess public investment in tourism and raise awareness of its importance. Keywords: tourism, revenues, expenditures, public administration, local economy

Clustering of agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan: prerequisites, distinguishing features, correlation matrix

The role of cluster formations in increasing the competitiveness of products and accelerating the innovative development of the agrarian economy of Kazakhstan is revealed. Theoretical and practical principles, prerequisites and methodological approaches to the creation of agro-industrial clusters are defined, their distinctive features are revealed. Purpose - economic interests of clustering in agro-industrial complex in the context of regions of the republic are considered. The selection of objects in 17 regions with the highest economic indicators of financial and economic activity was carried out. Methods – k-means - for preliminary reduction of data dimensionality by means of factor analysis; rapid cluster analysis - in order to combine economic entities into cluster components on the basis of similar characteristics. Results - primary data were collected, correlation matrix was constructed and the presence of generalized factors was assessed to reduce the dimensionality of the studied attributes. Multivariate statistical study of agricultural products production by regions for 2023 was carried out. The variant with 5 clusters, the order and map of location of 17 administrative-territorial units of regional significance were adopted, the dendrogram of intergroup linking of regions was developed. Conclusions - cluster analysis allows to distribute the totality of objects (regions) of the Republic of Kazakhstan into five cluster formations, connecting in them the enterprises having similar structure and production specialization. The identified groups can be used for rating assessment of agro-industrial cluster that promotes effective integration of resources and knowledge. It has been established that the application of the cluster approach contributes to increasing productivity and sustainability of the agricultural sector, ensuring long-term development and competitive advantages.

GIS-Based Agricultural Land Use Favorability Assessment in the Context of Climate Change: A Case Study of the Apuseni Mountains

With an emphasis on the effects of climate change, this study offers a thorough GIS-based assessment of land use favorability in the Apuseni Mountains. The Apuseni Mountains, a region characterized by its biodiversity and complex terrain, are increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which threaten both natural ecosystems and human activities. The territory of 11 territorial administrative units was selected for the investigation because it shows more of an anthropogenic influence due to the migration of people to mountainous areas following the COVID-19 pandemic, which increased the amount of anthropogenic pressure in this area. Factors that describe the climate of the study area, the soil characteristics, and the morphometric characteristics of the relief were used to create a classification for the present on classes of favorability and restrictiveness for the plots of land, using a quantitative GIS model to determine the favorability of the land for the main crops and agricultural uses. The current land favorability was thus initially obtained, taking into account current temperature and precipitation values and using the SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios for the 2020–2099 time frame. The results indicate a variation in the statistical classification of the land for different favorability classes, a decrease of 4.7% for the high favorability class for pastures, an estimated decrease of 4.4% for grassland, and in the case of orchards, the situation reflects a fluctuating variation. There is a decrease of 6.4% in the case of the very low favorability class according to SSP2-4.5 (in the case of reaching an average temperature of 12.7 °C and an annual precipitation of 895 mm), and in case of high and very high favorability, there is an increase in plots falling into better high favorability classes of up to 0.7%.

Foreign Migrants in the Moscow Agglomeration: Spatio-Temporal Analysis Based on Mobile Network Operator Data

Using mobile network operator data, the study analyzes the modern ethnic landscape of the Moscow agglomeration formed by foreign migrants. Their total number and monthly dynamics from October 2021 to October 2022 were analyzed. Foreigners’ main areas of residence were identified, the ethnic diversity of municipalities was assessed, and the main types of settlement pattern of national-ethnic communities were identified. The study showed that the total number of foreign migrants in the agglomeration reaches 1.8 mln people, or 9% of the total population, remaining almost unchanged against the backdrop of the events of 2022, including the special military operation. The share of foreigners is minimal in closed administrative-territorial units (below 3%), and it is also small in the remote parts of Moscow Region, as well as in expensive areas of the capital. At the same time, eight municipalities in the agglomeration have crossed the 17% mark, the so-called tipping point, reflecting a sharp increase in the risks of interethnic conflicts and ghettoization of the urban space. The two most noticeable areas of increased concentration of foreign migrants have been identified in the southeast at the junction of Moscow and Moscow oblast (Lublino–Kotelniki) and in New Moscow (Mosrentgen–Sosenskoe). Calculation of the Ekkel’ ethnic mosaic index has confirmed the presence of pronounced interethnic contact zones here. Elevated index values were also noted in most areas of the center and southwest of the capital, which, with a lower share of foreign residents, is associated with a high density of office buildings, diplomatic institutions, and universities. Analysis of the settlement patterns of national-ethnic groups of migrants revealed three types determined in accordance with the adaptive capabilities of ethnic communities. A diffuse, relatively uniform settlement pattern is characteristic of both the largest ethnic groups (citizens of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan) and those most culturally close to the local population (immigrants from Ukraine and Belarus). A concentric settlement pattern (in residential areas of Moscow and satellite cities) is typical of relatively large ethnic groups from post-Soviet countries (citizens of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia). The local type is characteristic of small ethnic communities that gravitate towards certain areas of the capital.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ФІНАНСОВИМИ РЕСУРСАМИ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД У СИСТЕМІ ПУБЛІЧНИХ ФІНАНСІВ

The article examines the elements of managing the financial resources of territorial communities in the public finance system. The essence of the concept of public finance was analyzed, the classification of the sources of the formation of financial resources of territorial communities was considered, the level of effectiveness of local self-government bodies in the implementation of the functions and powers assigned to them and their role in managing the resource potential of socio-economic development of administrative-territorial units was investigated. It is established that local financial resources management is carried out using an integrated approach, which includes a combination of resources of the State and non-State sectors of the economy. This is done with a view to achieving the goals and indicators of socio-economic development set out in the planning process in the interests of the population of the administrative-territorial entity. In this context, it is important to apply the principles of financial support for the development of territorial communities in the activities of local public authorities. The analysis of the development of the local finance management system has led to the conclusion that it is advisable to determine a comprehensive indicator of the resource provision of local budgets. It should take into account the indicators of revenues per capita, the percentage of budget subsidies, the amount of funds raised through grant support project activities, the share of borrowing made to the local budget, the assessment of the communal property management indicators of the territorial community, etc. The generalised indicator will make it possible to compare the state of financial and resource provision of the territorial community in regions with different levels of economic, natural, recreational and social potential. At the same time, it should be clearly understood that the system of financial management of territorial communities is fundamentally determined by those who actually, not nominally, influence the development and implementation of management decisions and have actual levers of influence on it.

Administrative-territorial transformations in the Kursk region in the mid 1940s – early 1960s: main practices and results

Relevance. Issues of intraregional administrative and territorial transformations, including in the Kursk region, currently remain practically unstudied. This is due, on the one hand, to the specifics of the source base of the problem, which is a set of official legal documents, statistics and regulations, and, on the other hand, to insufficient interest on the part of researchers. Meanwhile, studying the specifics of the implementation of various administrative-territorial transformations in the post-war period using the example of a specific region has serious scientific significance: it allows us to detail the features of the socio-economic development of territories, demographic and migration aspects, etc., which creates the opportunity to take a slightly different look at history of the Kursk region.The purpose. Reveal the features of the dynamics of the administrative-territorial structure of the Kursk region in the mid-1940s – early 1960s.Objectives: based on the study of a complex of historical sources, show the prerequisites, logic and course of intraregional administrative and territorial transformations of the Kursk region in the period indicated above.Methodology. When writing the work, the authors relied on the fundamental methods of historical science (the principles of historicism and objectivity), as well as on a number of specific historical and general scientific methods (analytical, comparative historical, genetic, etc.).Results. Currently, in local historiography there are no scientific works on the history of the administrative-territorial structure of the Kursk region. The reference publications available to historians are replete with inaccuracies and errors. This work partly identifies these errors, and also shows the mechanisms for changing the administrative-territorial structure of the Kursk region in the mid-1940s – early 1960s.Conclusion. The administrative and territorial transformations that took place in the Kursk region in the mid1940s – early 1960s had a predominantly socio-economic basis. The rapid development of individual territories required changes in the network of village councils, districts, the creation of new regions, as well as the abolition of ineffective administrative-territorial units. The party and state leadership of the region and the country in most cases responded quite quickly to these needs, however, as practice has shown, not all of them were consolidated in practice.

Socio-Economic Impact of Natural Population Dynamics in Bistrița-Năsăud County Between 2000 and 2020

Socio-Economic Impact of Natural Population Dynamics in Bistrița-Năsăud County between 2000 and 2020. Natural population dynamics is a topic that is largely dealt with at national level, but little analysed on a smaller scale (at county or basic administrative-territorial unit level), which could provide an opportunity for a more in-depth analysis and highlight possible areas where the situation is different from that existing at national level. Over time, the changes that have occurred in the natural dynamics of the population in Romania have highlighted numerous changes and shifts at the societal level, influencing either positively or negatively its subsequent trajectory. The aim of this paper is to capture the demographic evolution of Bistrița-Năsăud County and to outline the current situation. The focus will also be on capturing the impact of the current demographic evolution, an impact noted at territorial, demographic, social and economic level. Furthermore, possible solutions will be proposed to solve the emerging problems. Keywords: population, birth rate, mortality, marriage rate, divorce rate, Bistrița-Năsăud County, impact, solutions

FINANCIAL PROVISION OF UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES

The purpose of this study is to highlight the main problems that arise in the financial provision of UTCs, as well as to develop recommendations for their solution. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to conduct an analysis of the state and number of UTCs today, analyze the problems that arise during their operation and determine possible directions for solving these problems. It was determined that local finances play an extremely important role in the life of society, as it is an objective form of economic relations at the level of administrative-territorial units, the main driver of socio-economic development of regions. Given the relevance of this topic among Ukrainian scientists, the peculiarities of their interpretation of the essence of "financial support of united territorial communities" were considered. The dynamics of revenues of local budgets of Ukraine for 2022 by types of revenues was analyzed. Revenues to the budgets of local communities decreased significantly in the first months of the war, but gradually recovered during the stabilization of the situation in the country. Taking into account the research of domestic scientists on the problems and ways of solving them in the context of financial provision of territorial communities, the own vision of modern problems and ways of solving them is provided. It was emphasized that financial support of united territorial communities can be a difficult task, especially in conditions of limited resources and economic challenges. To solve these problems, the UTCs can consider a number of ways, such as rationalizing expenses, developing the economy and attracting new sources of income, attracting external sources of funding, trying their hand at obtaining grant funds, strengthening financial discipline and openness. It is also important to promote the development of local entrepreneurship, expand opportunities for increasing tax revenues, and seek cooperation with various financial organizations and experts. Also, an important and basic condition for a country that is a candidate for joining the EU is the involvement of the public in the decision-making process regarding the financial provision of the community, which will contribute to greater openness, interaction and responsibility in the management of the finances of the UTCs.

Interrelationship between sunflower yield and climate variables in the Republic of Moldova

Current climate change exerts a substantial influence on the world economy, the agricultural sector being the most vulnerable. Although the species Helianthus annuus L. is considered drought-tolerant, in the critical phases of growth and development it is quite susceptible to soil water deficiency. Understanding the relationship between climate and the dynamics of agricultural production is a key element in developing appropriate adaptation and risk mitigation strategies. This paper focused on elucidating the interrelationship between the climate parameter variables and the sunflower yield at the level of administrative-territorial units in the Republic of Moldova, during the period of 2003-2021. Based on the statistical analysis of the data, the trends of crop yield evolution in the context of current climate conditions, some correlations between climatic variables (temperature during the growing season, amount of precipitation in the cold and growing seasons) and crop yield, as well as the contribution of the investigated environmental factors in crop yield variation were revealed.

TBE In Moldova

Tick-borne encephalitis is monitored in the Republic of Moldova with an emphasis on surveillance of ticks with no attention to human cases. The competent national institution responsible for TBE monitoring is the National Agency for Public Health. Official data on vector testing have been recorded since 2011. Ever since, studies on the circulation of the TBEV are conducted annually in spring, summer and autumn by collecting ticks from several regions of the country: Floreşti, Soroca, Bender, Tiraspol, Orhei, Drochia, Hînceşti, Ialoveni, Străşeni, Vadul lui Vodă, Chişinău, Taraclia, and Comrat territorial administrative units. TBEV was detected in most of the regions mentioned above, with highest isolation rates in Chişinău municipality (including Vadul lui Vodă), Străşeni, Comrat, Bender, and Tiraspol (Figure 1).

MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITIES IN THE URALS FEDERAL DISTRICT IN THE CONTEXT OF SANCTIONS RESTRICTIONS

The Ural Federal District (UrFO) is one of the most important economic administrativeterritorial units of the Russian Federation. The main branches of specialization of the Ural Federal District are oil and gas production, mining, metallurgy and mechanical engineering. In recent years, the region has faced significant difficulties due to economic sanctions imposed by Western countries. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to analyze the foreign trade activities of the Ural Federal District and develop mechanisms for its development. The tasks of the Ural Federal District include to determine the trade structure, main consumers and suppliers in order to identify the most affected sectors of foreign trade activities from the imposed sanctions; to develop mechanisms for the development of foreign trade activities of the Ural Federal District in relation to each of the regions that make up it. The study revealed that in 2021 the Ural Federal District's foreign trade relations were mainly with unfriendly countries, which currently restrict exports and imports of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the peculiarities of the region, the author proposed the following mechanisms for the development of foreign trade activities of the Ural Federal District: export diversification, orientation to hightech industries, development of transport and digital infrastructure, promotion of small and medium-sized export-oriented enterprises, state support.

The Legal Foundations of the Budget System and the Differentiation of Revenues and Expenses in the Republic of China

The Republic of China was established in 1912. After the defeat in the Civil War, in December 1949, the state authorities were evacuated to the island of Taiwan that by that time had the status of a province. Conceptually, as in the case of tax law, the budget law of the Republic of China is in many ways identical to the analogues of other states, but the territory actually under the control of the authorities influenced the composition of the budget system and the tax system of the Republic of China. In 1994–1999, in the Republic of China, the local government reform was carried out, the functions of provincial governments were reduced and their level was lowered. The provinces themselves were not abolished and instructions about them are still contained in the legislation. However, the authorities of this administrative territorial unit do not accept budgets and there are no provincial taxes. The study of law of the Republic of China shows, in particular, that the provisions of the Basic Law (Constitution) of the State do not always allow us to come to reliable conclusions, for example, about the budgetary structure.

MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONS UKRAINE AND STRENGTHENING THE CAPACITY OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN THIS PROCESS

The article examines the problems of implementing structural transformations in relation to the priority tasks of local self-government in ensuring the capacity of territorial communities for economic development at the regional level in the public administration system. It was established that in such conditions, local authorities must deeply understand the peculiarities of the dynamics of local economic development, possess the necessary knowledge, information, skills and experience to ensure greater competitiveness of their communities in the complex world of new realities. Today, they cannot wait for decisions «from above», but must independently solve their local development issues – creating new jobs, increasing employment of the population, attracting investments, increasing the income of local budgets, improving the quality of life, developing public works and infrastructure.
 It has been highlighted that in recent years in the developed countries of the world, there have been significant changes in the practice of planning the development of territorial communities (local development) and these changes relate to three areas: the levels of government responsibility for the implementation of territorial development planning have changed. Territorial communities assumed almost all responsibility for the local situation, for the level of quality of work, education, recreation and life in the community; the methodology of implementing the local development management process has changed. All activities of communities are subordinated to the strategy, which is created and executed by the community, which is implemented through permanent planned project activities subordinated to the strategy; there was a change in the management entity. Through partnership and inter-municipal cooperation, cities began to independently expand the space of their influence in the region, creating local factors of competitive advantages, forming joint projects to increase competitiveness (transport corridors, industrial parks, public-private partnerships, clusters, etc.).
 It was found that local development, or the development of territorial communities in highly developed countries of the world, is directly related to»local economic development». In fact, local economic development is an objective and complex multifaceted process, it refers to a relatively complete socio-economic unit in which all aspects of the life of society are manifested. The phenomenon of "local economic development" arose as a result of globalization processes, which are becoming the main factors in the future development of the world economy. Analyzing the capacity of the community, the importance of understanding the essence and content of the object of research, the legal nature of the concept of «community» was determined. The development of an administrative-territorial unit depends primarily on an efficient, effective, self-development oriented community. And the state must justify the possibilities of development and the framework of the functioning of such a community in the normative and legal aspect.

DECENTRALIZATION AS A FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN UKRAINE: EXPERIENCE OF THE EU COUNTRIES

The analysis of modern Ukrainian political and legal research suggests that the theory is dominated by the understanding of the territorial organization of power according to which the territorial community is the basis for the organization of the system of community development management. According to the researchers, it is the excessive number of small administrative-territorial units of the basic level that has determined the need for reform. The lack of the necessary economic and human resources makes it impossible for basic local government units to effectively exercise their powers. The main problem of decentralization is that the creation of new territorial communities did not take into account resource provision, transportation tasks, and economic and geographical zoning in general. The author analyzes and compares the experience of EU countries in decentralization. To ensure a favorable climate for the decentralization process, special regional development institutions have been created in different countries as executive bodies that assist various departmental structures in their activities, and these can also be independent institutions for the development of regional development programs and fund management, public non-profit organizations, and other non-governmental organizations working in partnership with government institutions. Today, in the context of war, our state as a whole and each individual territorial community in particular lives by different principles, budgets are formed and used in a completely different way, many projects have been suspended, funds allocated for them have been redirected to other areas, and mass migration has taken place both within the country and abroad.
 The article reveals that, according to the researchers, an excessive number of small administrative-territorial units of the basic level determined the need for decentralization reform. It is found that the main problem of decentralization is that the creation of new territorial communities did not take into account resource provision, transportation tasks, and economic and geographical zoning in general. The author analyzes and compares the experience of EU countries on decentralization issues. It is determined that the goals and objectives of the state policy on reform and decentralization are formed and coordinated with each other, they are specified in various programs and regulations. It can be argued that, in general, Ukraine is moving in the right direction in terms of reforming local self-government and territorial organization of power and covers all socially important areas.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT

The author notes in his research that from 1993 to 1995 a new system of local government was formed, local executive and representative bodies were allocated. With regard to the formation and activities of local executive bodies, the head of state played a key role, the system was based on vertical subordination. At the same time, local representative bodies have gained some independence. In the article, the author examines the history of the formation and development of the institution of local authorities, the development of relations between the head of state and territorial authorities. The subject of the study is the legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the legal norms formulated in them and the practice of their implementation, program documents. The objectives of the work are to identify problems in the system of relations between the President and local authorities. In the course of the study, the author examines the processes of centralization and decentralization. Thus, within the framework of the constitutional reform of the development of local authorities and self-government, the introduction of direct elections of the leadership of administrative-territorial units of some types, the system of vertical power and subordination is maintained. Moreover, the article shows some inconsistency in the ongoing reforms of local government, leveling the increase in the status of local authorities at the expense of other norms and rules. The paper shows that after the constitutional reform of 2022, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan retains full authority over local governments (taking into account the presence of some elements of independence of territorial governments). The article and in conclusion assesses some provisions of the legal acts of Kazakhstan.

Constitutional and legal guarantees of the acquisition of private ownership rights to land in Ukraine

The paper raises the problems of acquiring the right to private ownership of land through the free privatization of land plots from reserve lands. Special attention is paid to the need to implement constitutional principles regarding the guarantee of land ownership, acquisition of ownership in accordance with the law, and equality of subjects of land ownership. The shortcomings of the legal provision of the procedure for acquiring ownership of a plot of land specified in the Land Code of Ukraine, which involves an independent search by a person concerned for a free plot of land within the boundaries of state and communal property and the absence of any criteria for determining the procedure for the allocation of a particular plot of land, have been revealed. The issue of ensuring the principle of equality of the subject of property rights before the law in the process of realizing the right to free privatization of the land plot is raised. Scientific approaches are being developed, according to which the exercise of the right to own land by state authorities and local self-government bodies has a slightly different legal nature and content than that of private owners. The mandatory procedure for the implementation of the relevant right by state authorities and local self-government bodies, which must ensure the right of citizens to free access to information about such a plot, as well as the specified mechanism for its free transfer to the citizen, is substantiated. Based on the results of the study, the need for further improvement of the legislative mechanism for acquiring the right to private ownership of land is substantiated, taking into account the analyzed constitutional principles. Among the key tasks of the legislative support of the relevant procedures, the following are highlighted: land inventory and filling of the state land cadastre at the expense of local budgets in order to determine the free land that is in reserve; determination of criteria and order of possible distribution of land, taking into account the characteristics of specific administrative-territorial units; review of the jurisdiction of consideration of the relevant category of cases in the direction of administrative jurisdiction.

The Potential for Sustainable Local Development through Digital Communication and Digitization of Intangible Cultural Heritage Resources in Făgăraș Land, Romania

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) strengthens community identity and represents a resource for sustainable community development. The current extensive access to the Internet has facilitated the digitization of communication, including ICH. The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of both digitizing ICH and digital communication about ICH for local development. The results of a longitudinal research study on local ICH resources available on the official websites of Făgăraș Land administrative territorial units (ATUs) before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, together with the results of a content analysis on ICH on the social media accounts of the same ATUs, indicate the digitization of ICH as a sustainable local development resource whose potential can be better exploited. In Făgăraș Land there are also successful initiatives in the fields of both ICH digitization and digital communication about ICH local resources. The Museum of Canvases and Stories in Mândra ATU and the use of social media for communication about ICH in the case of Drăguș ATU are related to such initiatives and are presented as case studies in this article, highlighting the potential of ICH as a resource for sustainable community development in Făgăraș Land.