Administrative Center Research Articles

Дислокационные расстояния расположения трудпоселков в Коми АССР, Архангельской и Вологодской областях в 1941 г.

The article analyzes data on the location of labor settlements based on dislocation tables. The dislocation tables belong to the departmental reporting documentation of the NKVD of the USSR. The information reflects the situation for the second half of 1941, since data for the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions are given as of November 1941, and for the Komi ASSR as of January 1, 1942. The requirements for the position of labor settlements and the features of their organization are considered. A calculation of the average distances from labor settlements to the railway track, the district commandant’s office and the regions’ administrative center is given. Analyzing the distances from labor settlements to transport routes, district and administrative centers allows assessing remoteness of settlements from railway transport and populated areas. The Komi ASSR, Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions in 1929–1936 were administratively united as part of the Northern Krai, so the organization in the early 1930s of settlements for special settlers – “former kulaks,” renamed in labor settlements in 1933, proceeded according to general plans, so it seems relevant to assess the situation for the three regions as a whole.

ОТ ПОРУБЕЖЬЯ КНЯЖЕСТВ XIII–XIV СТОЛЕТИЙ К ГРАНИЦАМ ВЛАДЕНИЙ ДУХОВНЫХ КОРПОРАЦИЙ: СУДЬБА «ОКОЛИЦЫ» РЯЗАНСКОГО ОЛЬГОВА МОНАСТЫРЯ И ОКРЕСТНЫХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ

The article examines the history of the “оkolitsa” of Olgovo Monastery, purchased in the 13th — first half of the 14th century from the Murom princes. The “okolitsa” is mentioned in the charter of the Grand Duke of Ryazan Oleg Ivanovich, which has survived in the original. The research is able to confirm the localization of the city of Olgov, mentioned in the Lavrent Chronicle when describing the events of 1207. Olgov and the surrounding lands turn out to be an enclave of the Murom principality, which was located on the river Oka between the Ryazan principality cities — Ryazan (modern village of Staraya Ryazan) and Pereslavl Ryazan (modern city of Ryazan). The article suggests that in addition to Olgov’s “Okolitsa”, Murom princes owned the village of Ostromino and Kozar Lake. It also localizes the description of the boundaries of the village of Ostromino, mentioned for the first time in the charter of the Pron prince Alexander Mikhailovich (died in 1340) and survived right up until the end of the 17th century. It is established that the Murom-Ryazan principality was separated from the Chernigov principality only in the mid-12th century, the Murom and Ryazan principalities were divided in the middle — second half of the 12th century. The appearance of the enclave of the Murom principality can be dated to this period. The purchase of land appears to be a tool in the fight against striping and “gathering of lands” around the administrative center.

Cудебно-правовые реформы Фридриха II прусского и Павла I

Introduction. The topicality of the study is related to clarifying the degree of influence of the ideas and practices of Frederick II the Great on Paul I in public policy, in particular in carrying out a number of reforms. Such research contributes to rethinking of the history of the Russian autocracy not only in the XVIII century, but also in the general history of Russia. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted on the basis of a systematic approach, objectivity and historicism principles, and. In addition, general scientific methods of information analysis and synthesis, methods of deduction and induction, as well as the historical and comparative method were used. Analysis. The influence of the Prussian King Frederick II is commonly associated with the military reform of Paul I and the introduction of Prussian orders into the Russian army. However, it seems that the experience of Prussia during the time of Frederick the Great was used in other transformations of Paul I, including judicial and legal reforms, since the Russian emperor considered the Prussian model of government relevant for Russia. Building a Prussian-style state required innovations in various fields; the worldview and political discourse of the XVIII century played an important role in their implementation. To identify the ideas and practices of Frederick II of Prussia in the judicial and legal field, original works in German were used, demonstrating the key provisions of the reform of the Prussian king. The judicial and legal reform of Paul I are reflected in a number of works by Russian historians, but they do not provide a detailed comparison of the aspects of reform in Prussia and Russia. The facts demonstrating the similarity of the ongoing transformations include the abolition of torture and corporal punishment, the restructuring and centralization of judicial administration, unification and the creation of new legislation. Results. According to the results of the conducted research, it can be concluded that judicial and legal reforms were conditioned by the influence of Enlightened absolutism and were aimed at overcoming judicial arbitrariness and the implementation of humanistic ideas.

Political hierarchy and corporate environmental governance: Evidence from the centralization of the environmental administration in China

Political hierarchy and corporate environmental governance: Evidence from the centralization of the environmental administration in China

Without a car and overnight stay, can a visit to a regional centre be an unattainable goal in Slovakia?

People need to travel for work, education, shopping, recreation, healthcare and other services. Because not everyone owns or uses a personal vehicle for various reasons, pressure is created to organise public transport as a service of the public interest, which is supposed to eliminate the potential transport-related social exclusion of inhabitants from territories with poor transport accessibility. The subject of the study is an analysis of the daily accessibility by public transport of 8 regional (administrative) centres in Slovakia (Bratislava, Trnava, Trenčín, Nitra, Banská Bystrica, Žilina, Košice, Prešov) from all municipalities of their self-governing regions (during working days and Sundays). We pay attention to regional comparisons of the identified spatial extent of disadvantaged areas by public transport and the quantity of the affected population with the potential risk of their social exclusion also due to the existing state of public transport organisation in individual regions.

ВЛИЯНИЕ НА РИСК ГИБЕЛИ В ДТП В РОССИЙСКИХ ГОРОДАХ CТРУКТУРНОЙ СПЕЦИФИКИ ДОРОЖНО-ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ АВАРИЙНОСТИ

The article presents the results of studying the structural specifics of the processes of formation of road traffic accidents rate in the cities - regional centers of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. The specifics of the structure of road accidents are considered from the standpoint of quantifying the risk of death in an accident of an average resident of the city. It was found that the risks of death in an accident during 2023 for residents of 17 cities – administrative centers of the Central Federal District differ by almost 8 times. This is a very serious level of variability in the risk of death in an accident. Another important result of the research is the establishment of a fundamentally different structure of the processes of accident formation in different cities. This fact must be taken into account when choosing road safety management strategies in various Russian cities.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ПИТЬЕВОЙ ВОДЫ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ГОРОДОВ ХАНТЫ-МАНСИЙСК И САЛЕХАРД

The chemical composition of the human body directly depends on the trace element composition of drinking water. During the day, a person uses purifi ed water for drinking purposes at home, at work, in educational institutions: tap water, passed through a household fi lter or bottled. The article is devoted to the analysis of the chemical composition of drinking water in the administrative centers of Western Siberia.

Семеновы-Знаменские в Харбине. Материалы к биографии

Continuity of generations is a very serious issue for Harbin residents. Harbin residents have always tried to preserve the memory of their ancestors. Preserving the history of Russian emigration has a high relevance of the problem. The history of many Russian families is connected with Harbin, where there was the largest Russian diaspora. Nowadays this city is the administrative center of the Chinese province of Heilongjiang. We should not forget about the people who built the Chinese Eastern Railway, as well as about the Russian emigrants who lived in Harbin, but kept the image of Russia in their hearts and contributed enough to Russian culture and science. The purpose of this paper is to study the Russian emigrants life in Harbin and to restore contact with their descendants. The article uses historical and system analysis and bibliographic research method. The paper tells about the amazing life of Nikolai Nikolaevich Znamensky: his childhood in Harbin, his relatives, his move to the USSR, his admiration of nowadays China, and also focuses on the message of Nikolai Nikolaevich Znamensky to modern Harbin residents.

Ceramic Fine Wares of Natakamani and the Problem of Identifying the “Imperial Style” in the Material Culture of Meroe (Sudan)

The article analyzes ceramic fine wares of the ancient Meroitic Kingdom, made of white kaolinite clays (“eggshell wares”). This pottery appeared not earlier than the 1st century B.C. and gained popularity in the 1st–2nd centuries A.D., during the reign of king Natakamani and his successors. The kaolinite clays required professionalism and specific skills from ancient potters, as well as the availability of improved pottery wheels and kilns. Clay deposits were located near Meroe Royal City and in several other regions. The vessels were decorated with stamped or painted decoration in Egyptian or Hellenistic style and were distributed from Sennar and Abu Geili in the south to Karanog and Shablul in the north, being a clear marker of the Meroitic civilization. These complex wares could not be produced locally and became a marketable commodity. The morphological assortment of Meroitic fine wares is quite modest, while standardization of the shape and volume is noticeable, which may indicate centralized control over pottery workshops. The stylistic uniformity of the vessels suggests the existence of a special “Imperial” style of pottery in the time of Natakamani and his successors. At the same period plans of settlements, the architecture of palaces and temples, cult objects also demonstrated uniformity, which could be associated with state control of administrative centers and craft workshops. The decline of royal power in the 3rd – mid-4th centuries A.D. was synchronous with the degradation of Meroitic fine kaolin ceramics and its gradual replacement with wadi clays of grayish-beige colour and simplified decoration.

Progress and prospects of research on the relocation of administrative centers in China and internationally

Progress and prospects of research on the relocation of administrative centers in China and internationally

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ СТОЛИЧНЫХ ГОРОДОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ: ВОПРОСЫ ОЦЕНКИ

The article examines the social and economic development of territorial entities. The authors focus on the metropolitan cities of Russia, i.e., the administrative centers of the entities of the Russian Federation. The article examines the existing economic and legal literature on the problems and prospects of the social and economic development of cities. The existing limitations in the application of certain assessment methods regarding the territorial aspect are outlined. The authors have developed a methodology for multi-criteria assessment of the social and economic development level (SED index) of cities based on the assessment of key components of the social and economic development of metropolitan cities in the Russian Federation. The methodology was tested based on municipal statistics data from 83 metropolitan cities in the Russian Federation. The study covered the period from 2019 to 2021. The findings were assessed by comparing cities ‒ objects of the study, grouped by population size. The analysis demonstrated differentiation in the level of development of metropolitan cities, with the highest dispersion of values observed in the group of big cities with populations ranging from 250 thousand to one million people. Furthermore, the study found the general downward trend in the dynamics of the level of social and economic development of metropolitan cities in the Russian Federation over the studied period. The proposed methodology can be used to conduct studies of the social and economic development of territorial entities, monitor the level of social and economic development of cities, and make effective management decisions to reduce the excessive distance between city development levels.

Vitamin D and childhood disability: diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra

Vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent among children with musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders (MSCTD), which plays a significant role in childhood disability, which ranks sixth in the structure of childhood disability in the Russian Federation. The aim of the research was to study of the relationship between the incidence of childhood disability associated with MSCTD and the state of vitamin D status of the population living in the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra. Material and methods. A correlation analysis was carried out between the level of childhood disability (that arose in connection with MSCTD in children aged 0-17 years in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra in 2021) and the prevalence of severe vitamin D deficit [serum 25(OH)D <10 ng/ml] among the population (12 city and 5 district municipalities), using the INVITRO-Ural LLC database (31 595 anonymized measurements of vitamin D level in Ugra residents). In addition, a correlation analysis was conducted between the total incidence of certain types of MSCTD in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the geographical latitude of the administrative center of the subjects of the Federation. Results. In the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, the frequency of childhood disability resulting from MSCTD is associated with a statistically stable (p=0.01) directly proportional relationship with the prevalence of severe vitamin D deficit in the residents of the municipality territory. In the Russian Federation, the dependence of the general morbidity of MSCTD in children (arthropathy, juvenile arthritis, and damage to the tendon synovial membranes) is very stable (p<0.0001) directly proportional associated with the geographical latitude of the territory. This indicates the impact of reduced levels of ultraviolet radiation and, accordingly, the average blood level of vitamin D in the population high in latitudes, along with other reasons, on human health. Conclusion. Low levels of vitamin D have a negative impact on the activity of MSCTD in children and the associated disability. To justify the recommended daily dose and duration of vitamin D intake, which in some cases can reduce the activity of MSCTD, it is necessary to measure its initial level in the blood serum of patients at risk.

Анализ структуры сети особо охраняемых природных территорий городских округов на примере Дальневосточного федерального округа

The activation of socio-economic development of the Far Eastern Federal District has aroused interest around Russian and foreign practices for improving the quality of life of city residents, particularly in developing a network of protected areas (PA). The study’s goal is to analyze the structure of the network of protected areas in 11 Сity Districts including the administrative centers of the constituent entities that are of the part of the Far Eastern Federal District is presented. Research objectives: determination of the structure’s elements of the urban protected areas network; identification of quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the key elements of the PA network; conducting a comparative analysis in City Districts according to the degree of activation of the progress of forming a PA network. The work was carried out using the comparative geographical research method. Regulatory documents, statistical materials, cadastral information and target programs were analyzed. Networks of urban PA include three components: PA of federal, regional and municipal levels; ecological corridors, buffer zones. Yakutsk, Vladivostok and Blagoveshchensk lead in terms of the PA total area, which is due to the large area of these municipalities. Out of the 11 City Districts studied, 9 have organized protected areas of different levels of management and 14 categories. But protected areas of federal, regional, and municipal significance were developed in only two – “Yakutsk City” and “Blagoveshchensk City District”. It was established that PA of 14 categories were organized in 9 City Districts. The specificity of urban protected natural sites is reflected in the establishment of categories of PA with significant areas of wild nature as a calm zone, a resource reserve, a protected coastline, and a protected natural landscape. The network of PA in most City Districts is underdeveloped. The exceptions are “Blagoveshchensk City District”, “Vladivostok City District” and “YakutskCity”, where the indicator “share of protected areas from the total area of the City District” is 44,3, 29,5 and 25,7 % respectively. The picture of the formation of a PA network in City Districts of the Far Eastern Federal District is presented. The characteristics of PA were determined by natural factors, settlement and economic development practices, institutional changes, the realities of regional development of urban planning cases taking into account the environmental component. The research findings serve as an information basis for creating scenarios for the strategic development of City Districts including the environmental component that permeates the entire city fabric.

Ансамбль Императорского путевого дворца на «Государевой дороге» в Торжке

Torzhok is rightfully considered among the most ancient cities in the Tver region, since the settlement on the territory of the Novotorzhsky Kremlin appeared no later than the turn of the 10th century. There, in the Middle Ages, over the years the administrative center of the city was formed and existed until the second half of the 18th century. The landmark in its history were the urban planning reforms initiated by Catherine II. Having given instructions to adjust the layout of Torzhok taking into account other, “regular” principles of organizing the urban environment, the Empress ordered her residence in this city to be located on the opposite, not the “Kremlin”`s, left bank of the Tvertsa. As a result, in the 1770s, the beginning of the formation of a new square — the Palace Square — was laid here. Almost simultaneously with the palace ensemble, the construction of several more administrative complexes began on this square, including offices, the houses of the mayor and treasurer, the post office, as well as various “services” necessary for their full existence. The “regular” square, stretched along the east-west axis, was organically linked to the route of the "Tsar's Road" so that the representatives of the royal family could get to their travel residence without interference. At the same time, the Imperial Palace served not only as the main city-forming accent of the square, but also as the dominant one in this part of the Left Bank, since the main building of the complex was placed on the high bank of the Tvertsa. However, the palace function did not remain decisive for this ensemble for long. After several decades, it was significantly adjusted, and by the middle of the 19th century the palace was a dilapidated architectural complex. Only the transferring of it to the department of education allowed to breathe new life into the ensemble created in the second half of the 18th century.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПРОЦЕССАМИ ПЕРЕВОЗОК СЕТЕВОЙ ДОСТАВКИ ГРУЗА АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫМ ТРАНСПОРТОМ

A methodology for designing a routing problem using the method of fictitious nodes and branches, taking into account restrictions, is given. The constraints are taken into account when reciprocating through the branches of the decision tree to block the cell with the maximum estimate. The results of the application of the developed methodology are presented, using the example of cargo transportation from the administrative center located in the Penza region to retail outlets in Penza per shift.

시공간 미디어로서의 철도 역명에 대한 일고찰

This paper is a semantic study of the relationship between Korean railway station names and place names where they locate. A railway station is a transportation node that represents identity of the region. Therefore, station names are required to be symbols that represent the area. Place names are sometimes changed to match station names. Conversely, sometimes station names are changed to match the place name. The triggers include changes in administrative areas, the opening of railway lines, or movement of urban areas, administrative centers.&#x0D; Station names must be able to appropriately guide domestic and foreign passengers. Therefore, a high degree of publicity and public benefit are naturally required. It has nothing to do with whether the railway company is publicly owned or privately owned. Therefore, deciding on or changing station names requires the involvement of not only railway companies, but also local communities and local governments, just as with place names. Therefore, they have a very close relationship with authority. On the other hand, it must be kept in mind that public interest can easily be undermined by authority, so as not to abuse it.

Sarajevo – Potential and Limitations in the Development of the City and Region

Observing through the historical prism of regional development and regionalization in Bosnia and Herzegovina, city and region of Sarajevo have special importance and significance. This is mainly due to the fact that the City of Sarajevo is the main administrative center, i.e. the center of political, economic, cultural and overall social life and development in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the same time, the Sarajevo is the center of Canton of Sarajevo, the center of this macro-region, as well as it is the capital of the entity of the Federation and state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. All those facts make Sarajevo attractive both for life and business, furthermore for studying its capacity and development potentials as well.&#x0D; In modern economics, the regions represent an important development level, while regionalisation represent an essentional component of the political systems of the modern state. The regions have become a link between local and central (state) institutions of government and local and overall economic development of country. The Bosnia and Herzegovina has a long tradition of regionalization and regionalism. Over long time, it has gone through verious phases and forms of regionalisation depening on then chraging political order. Sarajevo as a city and the region has historicaly developed in two directions. First, towards the capital of state of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the main administrative center. Secondly, towards the center of the region, i.e. the macro-region. Sarajevo macro-region is the most developed region in Bosnia and Herzegovina in terms of overall infrastructure and resources bacause of its normative, social importance and the position of the city itself. The territory covered by the Sarajevo macro-region has significant natural resources, energy potentials, as well as resources for the development of industry. Truistically, along with Mostar, it is a most impressive destination for tourists. Nevertheless, this macroregion still does not fully exploit the resources available to it, due to the many limitations and obsticles that directly affect it and that require adequate resolution.

Compliance with the Requirements of Ukrainian Legislation on the Provision of Administrative Services in Administrative Centers of Eastern Ukraine

This paper presents the results of an independent assessment of administrative service centers in Eastern Ukraine. The evaluation was conducted in the summer of 2023 using the open-source research method (OSINT) - official websites of city councils or their administrative service centers. The study was carried out based on ten criteria stipulated by Ukrainian legislation on the provision of administrative services. Sixteen territorial communities, which are district centers of Eastern Ukraine and were not occupied by the enemy at the time of the study, were evaluated. The assessment revealed that none of the communities fully complied with all the legal requirements for the provision of administrative services. It was found that the requirement regarding the publication of contact information and details about the access regime to the premises was most fully met. However, the most frequently violated requirement was regarding the reception of visitors until 20:00 and the publication of information about the availability of public transport connections

ANDREI SILVIU AND NICOLAE RAJKOVIČ, DEFENDERS OF THE CITY OF ORADIA, KILLED BY HUNGARIAN HORTYSTS ON 9 OCTOBER 1944

The battles for the liberation of Oradia and Bihor from the Hortyst-German occupation involved a number Romanian Army divisions (the 3rd Mountain Brigade and Tudor Vladimirescu Brigade), as well as divisions of the Red Army and were particularly ferocious and long-lasting (5 September - 12 October 1944). Several offensives and counter-offensives of the Hungarian-German and Romanian-Soviet military divisions took place with the purpose of preserving/liberating the city of Oradea, the administrative centre of Bihor County, a critical land and air communications hub for the entire western region (roads, railways, airport). In the battles for Oradea, the region experienced several days of power vacuum, with the fascist troops retreating from the city in order to prepare for a counter-offensive, while the Romanian-Soviet troops were regrouping outside the city for a decisive offensive (25 September - 28 September). At the same time, three citizens of the city, i.e. Andrei Silviu – a Romanian ethnic, a former civil servant with the City Hall and reserve officer of the Romanian Army, who had a local Israeli wife, Nicolae Rajkovič - a Romanian citizen of Serbian origin who was a local barber, and Papp Tibor – a civil servant with the City Hall, a Romanian citizen of Hungarian origin, established a “civil guard” comprising 45 citizens of Oradea with different nationalities, who were armed with rifles from a City Hall warehouse. The role of the guard was to maintain peace in the city and to defend the life and property of the citizens, primarily the workshops and shops in the city against the lumpenproletariat who were prone to looting. The return of fascist occupiers in the city leads to the arrest of the three guard organisers. They are brought in front of a military court and sentenced to death for organising “partisan troops behind the front”. Andrei and Rajkovič are shot in the Oradia Fortress three days before (9 October) the liberation of the city (12 October), while Papp is saved by his family and sentenced to 15 years in prison, due to the fact that he was a Hungarian ethnic. Although historians and patriotic local councillors proposed (in 2007, 2013, 2015, and 2020) that the two murdered locals should be honoured as heroes of the city, the political parties or coalitions that held the majority in the Oradea City Council (the Democratic Party (PD) + the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), the National Liberal Party (PNL) + the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR)) kept rejecting the initiative. This year, several cultural and patriotic organisations will bring up the proposal once again, since the idea behind it still makes a valid point.

Modernization of the Urban Infrastructure of Ekaterinburg – Sverdlovsk in 1923–1930

Introduction. The article examines the process of formation and modernization of the urban infrastructure of Ekaterinburg – Sverdlovsk during the period of the New Economic Policy (NEP). The main mechanisms for the development of the urban economy are shown in conditions of regenerative growth of economics and a rapid increase of city’s population. The transformation of Ekaterinburg into Sverdlovsk, the administrative and political center of the Ural region, opened up opportunities to concentrate in it the local community resources and attract government funding. Using of limited market mechanisms of the NEP allowed the Sverdlovsk City Council to develop large infrastructure projects in conditions of moderate co-financing from the state. Results. Despite the large number of publications on local history, a comprehensive study of the processes of modernization of the urban infrastructure of Sverdlovsk during the NEP period was not carried out. The work analyzes the modernization of the most important sectors of urban infrastructure: electricity, transport, construction, water supply and sewerage. The abolition of command management mechanisms and the permission of private initiative in trade and small industry caused rapid growth in the city’s economy and its population. Sverdlovsk’s status as an administrative and political center of the Ural region strengthened the financial well-being of the city. The Sverdlovsk City Council received large loans from the state-controlled banking system for the development of capital construction and the development of urban infrastructure. By the end of the 1920s in Sverdlovsk, the main elements of modern urban infrastructure were created, water supply, sewerage, bus transit was built, and the construction of a tram system began. In order of regulation of economic activity and city’s property management on market conditions, a communal enterprise was created under the Sverdlovsk City Council – called Komkhoz. Conclusion. Modernization of the urban infrastructure of Sverdlovsk in 1923–1930 occurred mainly through the efforts of the local community. With the active attraction of local equity capital and loans from state-sanctioned banks, during the NEP period the city began the successful formation of a modern urban infrastructure. The course towards the development of forced industrialization of the USSR through accelerated growth of the public sector of the economy led to the gradual curtailment of private initiative on the ground in 1929–1930.