Adjustment Policies Research Articles

Prediction of Changes in the Exchange Rate between the USD and the CNY and Analysis of Influencing Factors

As one of the important indicators of the global financial market, the fluctuation of the US dollar to Chinese yuan exchange rate not only directly affects the economic development of China and the United States, but also has important significance for analyzing the global economic situation. Analyzing the factors influencing the exchange rate between the United States dollar (USD) and the Chinese yuan (CNY) is one of the key research topics today. Researchers have found that exchange rates are influenced by factors such as national policies and the global political situation. However, there is still a certain gap in the comprehensive and objective analysis of these influencing factors. Therefore, the research topic of this article is to predict the trend of the exchange rate between the USD and the CNY and analyze the influencing factors. This study collected exchange rate data from January 2000 to November 2023 and used the ARIMA model to predict exchange rate changes. This study explores the trend of exchange rate changes by visualizing these data. Research has found that significant changes in exchange rates over the past two decades have also occurred during times of global instability and policy adjustments. The economic development level of China and the United States also directly affects the changes in exchange rates. In addition, the model used in this study also predicted the exchange rate between the USD and the CNY in 2024, providing a scientific direction for predicting the economic development trend in 2024.

A Study on the Financial Situation Changes of Major A-share Real Estate Companies Since the Adjustment of Purchase Restriction Policies

To prevent over expansion of property bubbles in China, housing purchase restriction policies were put into effect in 2010. Nevertheless, to be adaptable to economic conditions at that time, there was firstly a relaxation of housing purchase restriction policies in 2014 and after that, several more adjustments were made. By analyzing the financial indicators of the main real estate enterprises in A-share market, this paper wants to find the general trends and common features of those corporations under policy adjustments and changeable market environment. The analysis results show that the majority of firms kept high levels of debt and inventory all the time and from 2014 to 2019, most companies net income margins, net income and operation revenue generally kept increasing. However, as the Coronavirus pandemic broke out at the end of 2019, those profitability measures started to decrease widely and sequentially, even with a new round of policy easing. Facing with this situation, it is suggested that to prevent debt risks, property enterprises could take deleveraging and destocking into consideration and to achieve a soft landing of the housing market, new ways of policy adjustment could be implemented by the government.

The Measures to Solve the US Subprime Crisis and Inspirations

This paper focuses on the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States at the beginning of the 21st century, and analyzes how this crisis was formed through chain transmission from the perspective of financial bonds in the real estate industry. The paper focuses on the Federal Reserve's policy adjustments and the collapse of the banking system, in order to elucidate the severe impacts of the subprime crisis on the US financial system. Through data collection and attribution analysis, it intends to provide methods for preventing similar crises from happening again, including diversifying policy tools, strengthening supervision, foreign exchange risk management, etc., and provide certain suggestions for the stable operation and resilience of the national financial system.

Policy planning and practical implementations of coastal adaptation strategies to reduce the impact of sea level rise in the coastal region of Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India

Coastal adaptation is a scientific process, and social, economic, and political adjustment of coastal management policies to minimize the climate impact and increase the resilience in the coastal system. The Kanyakumari coastal region encompasses industrial, ecological, residential and tourist hotspots with high sensitivity for the impact of sea level rise. We used mixed policy tools to evaluate the impact in the coastal region and develop adaptation strategies which are integrated into existing management. To be an effective implementation of adaptation policy, we propose five guiding principles: (i) Develop a coastal settlement management plan for accelerated sea level rise in each fishing hamlet by incorporating the plan into sub district planning. (ii) Entitle a Multipurpose Cyclone Shelter (MCS) in each fishing hamlet and each one access for refugee seekers during a cyclone and later for internally displaced persons (IDPs). (iii) Develop a database system at village level to set up the coastal adaptation policies against sea level rise and a database system should be update time to time (climate, population, migrants, vulnerability data). (iv) Setup an Agricultural Conservation Practices (ACP) and Wetland Reclamation Plan (WRP) in the wetland-rich coastal plain region. (v) Practical approaches to linking the coastal adaptation plan in the study area to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets and indicators are proposed.

Characterizing Infections in Two Epidemic Waves of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants: A Cohort Study in Guangzhou, China.

After the adjustment of COVID-19 epidemic policy, mainland China experienced two consecutive waves of Omicron variants within a seven-month period. In Guangzhou city, as one of the most populous regions, the viral infection characteristics, molecular epidemiology, and the dynamic of population immunity are still elusive. We launched a prospective cohort study in the Guangdong Provincial CDC from December 2022 to July 2023. Fifty participants who received the same vaccination regimen and had no previous infection were recruited. 90% of individuals were infected with Omicron BA.5* variants within three weeks in the first wave. Thirteen cases (28.26%) experienced infection with XBB.1* variants, occurring from 14 weeks to 21 weeks after the first wave. BA.5* infections exhibited higher viral loads in nasopharyngeal sites compared to oropharyngeal sites. Compared to BA.5* infections, the XBB.1* infections had significantly milder clinical symptoms, lower viral loads, and shorter durations of virus positivity. The infection with the BA.5* variant elicited varying levels of neutralizing antibodies against XBB.1* among different individuals, even with similar levels of BA.5* antibodies. The level of neutralizing antibodies specific to XBB.1* determined the risk of reinfection. The rapid large-scale infections of the Omicron variants have quickly established herd immunity among the population in mainland China. In the future of the COVID-19 epidemic, a lower infection rate but a longer duration can be expected. Given the large population size and ongoing diversified herd immunity, it remains crucial to closely monitor the molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 for the emergence of new variants of concern in this region. Additionally, the timely evaluation of the immune status across different age groups is essential for informing future vaccination strategies and intervention policies.

Hospital managers' perspectives on pregnancy policy and work adjustments: A cross-sectional study.

Risk assessment and work adjustment according to EU legislation may safeguard pregnant employees and their offspring. Knowledge on management perspectives in relation to implementation of protective measures is limited. The primary aim was to describe Danish hospital managers' engagement in pregnancy policy and work adjustment for pregnant employees. The secondary aim was to investigate how managers' characteristics and the setting affect engagement and behaviour. This was a cross-sectional study of survey data from 212 managers. Outcomes were within dimensions of health promotion, pregnancy policy, work adjustment, collaboration, manager support, and sick leave. Logistic and ordinal logistic regression models were applied to identify associations between background information and outcomes. Of the managers included, 84% arranged meetings and 76% conducted occupational risk assessment. Most managers (96%) engaged in dialogue with the employees before sick leave. Most managers felt competent in providing guidance for pregnant employees and 99% considered work adjustment important, mainly to safeguard mothers and children. The self-reported data showed positive associations between female managers and feeling competent to guide the employee. Further, management training was associated with meetings with pregnant employees. Seniority was associated with feeling competent to guide and dialogue. Midwifery support was associated with competence in guiding employees about risk factors. Work adjustment and risk assessment for pregnant employees are considered a priority by Danish hospital managers. Overall, managers feel competent guiding pregnant employees. However, managers experience midwifery support beneficial for the guidance of pregnant employees.

Internal migrants, skill complementarity and wage premium for local workers: a micro econometric analysis of Chinese households

China’s rapid urbanization has been driven by large-scale internal migrants, and it is worth exploring the impact of internal migrants on local labor markets. Based on data from China’s population census, population sample survey and urban household survey, this study empirically tests the wage premium effect of internal migrants on local labor, and further investigates the mechanisms of wage premium from skill complementarity, as well as the policy adjustment effect of labor market reforms. The results show that: (1) The wage premium effect originating from migrants is significant, and gradually decreases over time and with the increase of local worker wages. (2) The wage premium effect is more prominent in large cities, mega and super-sized cities, which can be explained by economic agglomeration and division of labor induced by skill complementarities. (3) Labor market-oriented reforms contribute to enhancing the wage premium effect, with marginal effects of 3.71% and 3.64%.

Male reproductive function before and after the adjustment of the COVID-19 prevention policy: a multicenter study in China.

At the end of 2022, the adjustment of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic control policy in China resulted in a large-scale increase in public infection. To compare the fertility parameters of male patients before and after the adjustments of the COVID-19 pandemic control policy in China, we collected data on patients' medical histories and laboratory examinations on their first visits between June 2022 and March 2023 in five different hospitals. Data were divided into five groups according to the timeline of the policy adjustment. The data we collected from male patients included semen quality and serum reproductive hormone levels, and intergroup comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests. In total, 16 784 cases underwent regular semen analysis, 11 180 had sperm morphology assessments, and 7200 had reproductive hormone analyses. The data showed declining trends in semen volume, sperm motility, and the progressive sperm motility rate after the policy adjustment. Subgroup comparison revealed an initial decrease and gradual recovery in progressive motility rate. Sperm morphology analysis showed increased neck and tail abnormalities after the policy adjustment. No significant change in hormone levels was observed. Following the adjustment of the COVID-19 prevention policy in China, a decline in sperm motility and morphology was observed. This trend may gradually recover over 2 months. After the policy adjustment, reproductive hormone levels were relatively stable throughout, except for an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH). These changes in semen parameters suggest that the policy adjustment had a short- to medium-term impact on male reproductive function.

Research on national fitness policy (1995-2021) from the perspective of objectives and tools

This study delves into the intricate landscape of China's national fitness policy, emphasizing the pivotal role of policy tools in crafting and executing effective strategies. Through a meticulous examination of 13 policy texts, significant disparities in tool utilization emerge, revealing issues such as imbalances and varying degrees of emphasis on content system construction. Leveraging Rothwell and Zegveld's classification method, the study categorizes national fitness policy tools into supply, demand, and environment types, elucidating their unique impacts and roles. It advocates for a strategic selection and utilization of policy tools to rectify existing imbalances and bolster effectiveness. The study underscores the importance of a balanced approach between supply and demand-oriented tools, advocating for transparency, flexibility, and accountability in policy adjustments. Additionally, it highlights the significance of maintaining stable utilization of supply-oriented tools and strengthening efforts in talent development and social guidance teams to sustain momentum. Overall, the study advocates for a holistic and dynamic approach to policy tool selection and utilization, ensuring alignment with overarching goals and fostering a healthier, more active society. By offering nuanced insights and pragmatic recommendations, it aims to catalyze the realization of a stronger and healthier nation through the implementation of effective national fitness policies, thereby uplifting the well-being of its citizens and nurturing a vibrant and resilient society.

Welfare Reform and Social Integration: Analysis of the Impact of Policy Adjustments on the Integration of Vulnerable Groups into Society and the Promotion of Social Cohesion

The elderly, children, the disabled, the poor, etc. make up a significant portion of the population, and they are the most vulnerable groups in society. Without the help of relevant policies, their life and employment could be very difficult. Recently, social stratification has become so severe that government around the world cant longer afford to ignore this large part of population. In order to help them integrate into society, the international community has introduced a number of policies to help them. This paper takes China as an example, divide the part focus on different group, discusses how these China's policies can help the vulnerable groups, and uses case studies to demonstrate the impact of these policies on the integration of the vulnerable groups into the society. Most of these policies have worked, this is because the government takes into account the personality and ideological factors of different people, we find these specific policies and will show in the cases

SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Hospitalization, and Associated Factors Among People Living With HIV in Southeastern China From December 2022 to February 2023: Cross-Sectional Survey.

Limited studies have explored the impact of the Omicron variant on SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization, and associated factors among people living with HIV, particularly in China. The adjustment of preventive policies since December 2022 in China presents an opportunity to evaluate the real-world factors influencing SARS-CoV-2 infection and related hospitalization among people living with HIV. This study aimed to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization rates, and associated factors among people living with HIV following the adjustment of preventive policies from December 2022 to February 2023 in southeastern China. A cross-sectional telephone or web-based survey was conducted among people living with HIV in 5 cities in southeastern China from December 2022 to February 2023. Demographic information, SARS-CoV-2 infection and related hospitalization, and HIV-specific characteristics were collected from existing databases and special investigations. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associated factors for infection and hospitalization rates of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted for the association between vaccination and infection across different vaccination statuses and time since the last vaccination. Among people living with HIV with a COVID-19 testing history, the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was 67.13% (95% CI 65.81%-68.13%), whereas the hospitalization rate was 0.71% (95% CI 0.46%-0.97%). Factors such as age, latest CD4 cell count, latest HIV viral load, and transmission route were found to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, while age, cancer, latest CD4 cell count, and latest HIV viral load were associated with SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization. In terms of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, compared to unvaccinated people living with HIV, there was a lower infection rate among those who had been vaccinated for <3 months in the booster vaccination group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.72, 95% CI 0.53-0.98; P=.04); and there was also a lower risk of hospitalization among people living with HIV who had received vaccination in the past 6-12 months (aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.81; P=.02) and more than 12 months ago (aOR 0.22, 95% CI 0.07-0.72; P=.01). After the ease of prevention and control measures in China, we observed a high SARS-CoV-2 infection rate but a low hospitalization rate. General risk factors, such as higher age and vaccination status, and HIV-related parameters, such as the latest CD4 cell count and HIV viral load, were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization. A booster vaccination campaign for booster doses should be considered among people living with HIV in confronting possible COVID-19 epidemic emergencies in the near future.

Mechanistic-empirical assessment of axle load legal limits on Brazilian roadways

This paper presents a comprehensive mechanistic-empirical assessment of axle load legal limits policy on Brazilian roadways, considering the intricate balance between enhanced freight transportation and potential pavement deterioration. Focusing on the prevailing flexible pavements, the study explores factors such as asphalt concrete stiffness, thickness, and axle-load increments, accounting for variations in tire-load and pressure. The analysis reveals complex relationships between these factors and their impact on pavement distress mechanisms, particularly fatigue cracking and rutting. The investigation highlights the substantial influence of axle load legal limits adjustments, even seemingly minor ones, on pavement damage, ride quality, safety, and operational efficiency. A calibrated model for assessing mechanistic-empirical load equivalency factors (LEFs) was developed, offering insights into the disparities between the model and existing empirical equations used in the Brazilian Pavement Design Guide (BPDG). This comparison underscores the potential underestimation of axle load legal limits adjustments in the current approach, emphasizing the importance of informed decision-making in transportation policy. In conclusion, this study provides critical insights for policymakers and engineers while considering axle load policy adjustments. The findings emphasize the significance of accurate engineering considerations to sustainably balance economic growth, road safety, and efficient freight transportation within Brazil’s evolving road network.

Does government spending cointegrate with bank lending? Evidence from Eurozone panel data

PurposeOur purpose is the examination of the effects of fiscal policy on private lending for the Eurozone countries. The emphasis is on the identification of the time path of government spending and bank lending.Design/methodology/approachFiscal policy is a main factor of macroeconomic stability for the euro area economy. This paper, investigates the impact of government spending on bank lending. For this reason, we present a dynamic theoretical model with a perfectly competitive banking sector, estimated using panel cointegration for the Eurozone countries from 2000Q1 to 2022Q2.FindingsOur findings highlight that, in the long run, consistent management of government spending can have a beneficial multiplicative impact on bank lending for housing and business reasons. This finding is stronger in magnitude for business versus housing lending. The high level of homogeneity of our results across Eurozone countries has positive implications for a common fiscal policy in the future. Finally, authorities should know that policy adjustments are quicker in housing lending when compared to business lending.Originality/valueIn this paper, we contribute to the existing literature, concentrating on the investigation of any existence of long-run and short-run relationships between government spending and bank lending. Additionally, our analysis allows one to investigate the contribution of each Eurozone member state in the short-run and long-run model’s dynamics, providing significant outcomes for the implementation of economic policy and the need for fiscal discipline in the Eurozone.

Analysis of China's Real Estate Market Volatility and Financial Stability

Fluctuations in China's real estate market profoundly affect the economy, the financial system and social stability. Effective policy regulation, including the adjustment of monetary policy and the control of speculative behavior, is essential to mitigate market volatility and reduce financial risks. This paper uses the historical data analysis method and literature research method to conduct research and analysis based on the study of the meaning of financial stability. Firstly, it divides the historical fluctuation of China's real estate market into four stages and explores the characteristics and causes of real estate price changes in each stage. Thus, the historical fluctuation pattern of China's real estate market and the mechanism by which real estate market fluctuations affect financial stability are derived. The mechanism by which real estate affects financial stability through the personal wealth channel, the balance sheet channel, and the liquidity channel is explored. The findings of this paper can provide a basis for government decision-making and guide real estate practitioners and investors to grasp market fluctuations and avoid potential risks.

The Impact of Fed's Interest Rate Hike on RMB Exchange Rate: Based on Stepwise Regression Modelling

In the late stage of the epidemic, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates several times in a row in response to domestic inflation, which had a significant impact on the international financial environment, as exemplified by the fluctuation of the RMB exchange rate. Although several worldwide and domestic scholars have used various models to study the relationship between them, there are no studies that have used linear regression models t to clarify how the two are connected. This study uses stepwise regression on the basis of linear regression to establish an optimal model for studying RMB exchange rate fluctuations and the Fed's monetary policy adjustment, which fills this research gap. It is found that Fed rate hikes cause the RMB exchange rate to decline., while the RMB exchange rate is also negatively affected by the seven-day repo rate in China's interbank market and the People's Bank of China's foreign exchange reserves. Therefore, this study concludes by recommending that investors, Chinese foreign trade firms and People’s bank of China take appropriate measures to minimize the impact of RMB depreciation in anticipation of the Fed's interest rate hike.

Effects of new-type urbanization on resource pressure: Evidence from a water-energy-food system perspective in China

To address the resource and environmental challenges posed by rapid urbanization, China has devised and executed the strategy of new-type urbanization (NU). This study aims to discuss the effects of NU on resource pressure in view of the water-energy-food (WEF) system. Taking 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2020 as samples, this paper firstly establishes a comprehensive evaluation indicator system of NU from the population, economic, spatial, social and eco-environmental dimensions, and assesses the level of NU using the entropy weight method. Secondly, this paper uses the gray water footprint as a measurement indicator, innovatively integrating water quality into the WEF system for assessing WEF system pressure (WEFSP). Finally, the impact of NU on WEFSP is explored based on the panel fixed effects model. The findings revealed: (1) There is an inverted “U-shaped” relationship between NU and WEFSP, and China's current level of NU has exceeded the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) threshold. (2) The impact of NU on WEFSP exhibits significant regional heterogeneity, with a significant impact in the eastern region. (3) NU consistently exacerbates regional water stress when water quality is considered, indicating that sustainable urban water management practices are essential. (4) The subdimensions of NU indicate that population and social urbanization are important factors that exacerbate the WEFSP, while economic and spatial urbanization reduce the WEFSP. The research results help to clarify the impact of NU on the WEFSP and provide a reference for the timely adjustment and optimization of NU policies to achieve effective resource management and regional sustainable development.

Understanding policy evolution using institutional grammar: net metering policies in the United States

Policy process scholars have expressed a long-standing interest in policy evolution, though such assessments offer a limited understanding of how policy language changes across time. These micro-level assessments of policy design evolution lend insights into substantive aspects of policy adjustment over time. In this paper, we conduct a comparative case study of changes in the text of net metering legislation in four US states. Specifically, using the Institutional Grammar (IG), we measure policy evolution as: (1) change in policy provisions that define the net metering policy system or regulate behavior, (2) change in different types of provisions (rules), and (3) calibration of policy provisions. Furthermore, we identify the dynamics of policy patching and packaging with these measures, demonstrating more information is revealed about the dynamics of policy evolution at the micro-level. For scholars and practitioners, our novel micro-level measurement allows discernment of changes in who is being incentivized, in what ways they are being incentivized, and the extent to which they are being incentivized. Furthermore, our approach can assist practitioners in identifying policy provisions and the language of those provisions that are changing more frequently, as we find policy language does not evolve evenly.

Discussing the Reshaping of Employment Structure by Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and Challenges

This paper first introduces the development trend of AI, including more powerful and universal models, deep integration with various fields, the rise of reinforcement learning, integration with edge computing, the importance of AI ethics, the development of embodied robots, and the popularization of AI applications. At the same time, the importance of changes in employment structure was emphasized, such as optimizing human resource allocation, promoting industrial upgrading and transformation, enhancing the quality and skills of workers, promoting economic structural adjustment, and narrowing regional development gaps. Then, the opportunities brought by artificial intelligence were analyzed, such as the emergence of new professions related to data and algorithms and models, as well as the demand for digital skill enhancement and cross-domain skill integration. Then, the challenges brought by artificial intelligence were discussed, such as job substitution (repetitive and regular job positions) and employment polarization (the potential impact of the growth in demand for high skilled talent and the dilemma and polarization of low skilled workers). Finally, strategies to address the challenges were proposed, covering education and training reform (curriculum system adjustment, vocational training strengthening, and enhancing employment competitiveness) and policy guidance and protection (employment policy adjustment, social security improvement).

Analyzing the Dynamics Between Sharia Law and Civil Law in Governing Divorce Proceedings Among Muslims in Malaysia and Comparing Legal Outcomes

Malaysia’s dual legal system, which comprises both Sharia and Civil Law, presents unique challenges and opportunities in the realm of divorce proceedings. This system allows for the coexistence of two distinct legal frameworks catering to the country’s multi-religious and multi-ethnic population. However, it also leads to divergent outcomes in divorce cases, influenced by differences in legal standards, cultural norms, and procedural approaches. The interaction between these systems affects not only the legal outcomes of divorce cases but also has profound social, economic, and psychological impacts on individuals and families. This paper explores the complexities of navigating the dual legal system in Malaysia, examining the specific challenges individuals face during divorce proceedings. It further discusses recommended policy adjustments and legal reforms aimed at harmonizing the systems to ensure more equitable and consistent outcomes. Additionally, the paper highlights the need for future research directions that could provide deeper insights and guide effective legal and social policies. This study underscores the importance of an integrated approach to legal reform that respects cultural diversity while striving for justice and equality within the legal framework.

A study of the adjustment of the fertility policy in Сhina in the conditions of the new demographic norm

A study of the adjustment of the fertility policy in Сhina in the conditions of the new demographic norm