Adjustment Policies Research Articles

의료적 의사결정 과정에서 공유의사 결정과 설명·동의 법제*

This article examines shared decision-making, a concept that extends beyond informed consent to safeguard patients’ right to self-determination in medical decision-making, emphasizing mutuality with patients. After reviewing the relevant legislation concerning consent, we argue that there are limitations to using this legislation as a basis for integrating shared decision-making across various medical domains. We assess the applicability, acceptability, and consistency of this legislation within the medico-legal system. In particular, we scrutinize the roles of so-called “participants” in shared decision-making, the content of shared information, and potential legal liabilities stemming from deficiencies in this process. Through this examination, we analyze legal precedents concerning the duty to inform and propose policy adjustments necessary for the institutionalization of shared decision-making within the medico-legal framework.

Influencing factors of industrial transformation in resource-based cities: Comprehensive measurement method based on resource price distortion

The rational allocation of industrial factors in resource-based cities is a necessary condition for promoting high-quality economic development. To systematically measure the mismatch of industrial factors, this study integrates the production function model and accounting framework of Aoki (2012). The capital, labor, and energy factors are integrated into the overall measurement framework, and the factor mismatch calculation model is innovatively constructed at the city level. To effectively reflect the factor mismatch of different cities, the relative distortion coefficient of factor price is introduced to establish the relationship between the distortion of factor-use cost and effectiveness of resource allocation. The degree and direction of factor mismatch are effectively measured. This study takes China's resource-based cities as the research object. To avoid the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, data on 114 resource-based cities in China from 2003 to 2018 are selected, and 164 non-resource-based cities are used as the control group to evaluate the factors affecting the transformation of such cities. Regarding the diversity of resource-based cities in China, this study compares the characteristics of factor misallocation in these cities for different growth stages, geographical regions, and dominant resources. Finally, this study finds that on average, the cities' degree of energy misallocation is the most serious, and the degree of labor misallocation ranks second. The degree of capital misallocation ranks the lowest, but the misallocation of various factors is very different in different situations. Therefore, different types of cities should make detailed policy adjustments in various transformation directions according to the calculation results.

EPPE: An Efficient Progressive Policy Enhancement framework of deep reinforcement learning in path planning

Path planning is a key process in robotics, playing an important role in fields such as autonomous driving and logistic delivery. Our work addresses the dual challenges of training efficiency and composite optimization in path planning using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). We introduce the Efficient Progressive Policy Enhancement (EPPE) framework, which integrates the advantages of sparse rewards, aimed at achieving a globally optimal policy for the agent, with process rewards that provide real-time feedback for the agent’s policy adjustment. This framework not only significantly enhances policy learning efficiency but also effectively resolves the reward coupling issues introduced by process rewards, thereby ensuring the achievement of a globally optimal policy. Within this framework, the initial reward structure incorporates guiding rewards, which are a type of process reward based on conventional path planning algorithms, and assigns significant weights to provide real-time feedback, thereby effectively enhancing the training efficiency. Additionally, the Incremental Reward Adjustment (IRA) model is proposed to progressively increase the reward weights in the composite optimization part. The Fine-tuning Policy Optimization (FPO) model, supporting the IRA model, makes gradual adjustments to the learning rate throughout the entire process. Simulated experiments demonstrate the advantage of our framework in path composite optimization. In static obstacle environments, compared to seven benchmark algorithms, the time and distance to reach the target are improved by at least 10.4%. In mixed obstacle environments, these improvements are at least 19.1% and 18.2%. Additionally, our framework also significantly enhances the training efficiency of DRL.

THE IMPACT OF FLEXIBLE WORK ARRANGEMENTS ON SOCIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The increasing prevalence of Flexible Work Arrangements (FWAs), such as gig work, part-time work, and remote work, has raised concerns about the sustainability and adaptability of social security systems worldwide. This systematic review aims to examine the impact of these arrangements on social security programs. The problem statement emphasizes the importance of understanding the implications for social security, including changes in contributions, demographics, and the need for policy adaptation. Through a systematic approach, the review analyzes academic literature from Scopus and Econbiz databases, focusing on studies providing empirical insights into the effects of FWAs on social security systems. The findings of the review are synthesized from seven primary studies (n=7), revealing critical dimensions of the issue. Key among these is the challenges posed to social security programs, including reduced contributions due to irregular income patterns and demographic changes as the workforce ages. Additionally, the findings highlight the necessity for legal and policy adjustments to accommodate the nuances of FWAs. The review identifies several gaps in current research, particularly the need for more longitudinal studies to assess the long-term effects of FWAs on social security systems. Looking forward, this review suggests avenues for future research, emphasizing the importance of exploring the intersection of FWAs with technology and globalization. It also calls for more comprehensive studies on the efficacy of new policy adaptations in various socio-economic contexts. By offering a comprehensive understanding of how FWAs are reshaping global social security management, this review provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners dealing with the dynamics of complex work and social welfare relations.

Health Disparities: Differences in Veteran and Non-Veteran Populations using Generative AI

Introduction: This study investigated self-reported health status, health screenings, vision problems, and vaccination rates among veteran and non-veteran groups to uncover health disparities that are critical for informed health system planning for veteran populations. Methods: Using public-use data from the National Health Interview Survey (2015-2018), this study adopts an ecologic cross-sectional approach to conduct an in-depth analysis and visualization of the data assisted by Generative AI, specifically ChatGPT-4. This integration of advanced AI tools with traditional epidemiological principles enables systematic data management, analysis, and visualization, offering a nuanced understanding of health dynamics across demographic segments and highlighting disparities essential for veteran health system planning. Findings: Disparities in self-reports of health outcomes, health screenings, vision problems, and vaccination rates were identified, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and policy adjustments. Conclusion: Insights from this study could inform health system planning, using epidemiological data assessment to suggest enhancements for veteran healthcare delivery. These findings highlight the value of integrating Generative AI with epidemiological analysis in shaping public health policy and health planning.

Annual and Seasonal Dynamics of CO2 Emissions in Major Cities of China (2019–2022)

To control the growth of CO2 emissions and achieve the goal of carbon peaking, this study carried out a detailed spatio-temporal analysis of carbon emissions in major cities of China on a city-wide and seasonal scale, used carbon emissions as an indicator to explore the impact of COVID-19 on human activities, and thereby studied the urban resilience of different cities. Our research re-vealed that (i) the seasonal patterns of CO2 emissions in major cities of China could be divided into four types: Long High, Summer High, Winter High, and Fluctuations, which was highly related to the power and industrial sectors. (ii) The annual trends, which were strongly affected by the pan-demic, could be divided into four types: Little Impact, First Impact, Second Impact, and Both Impact. (iii) The recovery speed of CO2 emissions reflected urban resilience. Cities with higher levels of de-velopment had a stronger resistance to the pandemic, but a slower recovery speed. Studying the changes in CO2 emissions and their causes can help to make timely policy adjustments during the economic recovery period after the end of the pandemic, provide more references to urban resilience construction, and provide experience for future responses to large-scale emergencies.

Influencing Factors and Coping Strategies of Women's Fertility Intention under the Guidance of China's Development Policy

With the rapid development of China's social economy, people's living standards continue to improve. However, the willingness to have children has shown a downward trend, and the fertility rate has also declined. This phenomenon has attracted widespread attention from all sectors of society. This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the influencing factors of women's fertility intentions under policy guidance. A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate and analyze the current influencing factors of women's fertility intentions. Research has shown that policy orientation significantly affects women's reproductive decisions. Individual factors such as age, education level, and occupation, as well as family factors such as family income and place of residence, are closely related to fertility intentions. The dissemination channels of the fertility policy affect women's understanding of the policy, which in turn affects fertility decision-making. Obstacles in career development also affect women's consideration of childbirth. The social environment, especially family support, has a significant impact on women's reproductive decisions. Meanwhile, the balance between family and career is also an important factor affecting women's willingness to have children. Based on this, this article suggests further optimization and adjustment of the current fertility policy, such as improving maternity leave benefits, introducing flexible work arrangements, providing career development support, supporting fertility assistance services, and breaking workplace discrimination, to better meet the diverse fertility needs of women and promote sustainable social development.

Research on the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Economic Information Dissemination in the New Media Era

With the rapid development of internet technology, social media platforms, and the proliferation of mobile devices, the ways in which people access, process, and disseminate economic information are increasingly diversified. In the economic sector, the rise of new media has led to economic information dissemination displaying distinct characteristics of immediacy, interactivity, and diversity. Information spreads faster, allowing market dynamics and policy adjustments to quickly reach a broad audience. The public actively participates in discussions through new media platforms, forming a two-way interactive information exchange model, thereby meeting the personalized needs of different audiences. To drive the transformation of information dissemination, technological factors play a significant role. The development of new media technology provides broader space for information dissemination, while economic and social factors also have a profound impact, changing the content and methods of information dissemination. To address the challenges of the new media era, it is necessary to improve based on actual conditions, gradually enhance the quality of information, and ensure its authenticity and accuracy; use new media technology to increase the efficiency of information dissemination; enhance interactivity, encourage public participation in discussions; optimize communication channels, select appropriate platforms for the audience, improve the effectiveness of economic information dissemination, and better serve socio-economic development.

Elections and policies: Evidence from the Covid pandemic

AbstractThis paper explores the impact of political elections on public policies during the Covid pandemic, distinguishing between economic (supportive) and noneconomic (restrictive) policies in a panel of countries that held political elections during 3 years of pandemic, 2020–2022. An event study, controlling for the evolution of the pandemic in terms of Covid cases and deaths, as well as country and time fixed effects, reveals significant adjustments in the Covid‐related restrictive, lockdown‐type, policies but not in the Covid‐related economic support policies before political elections during the first half of the pandemic. The pre‐election policy adjustments included a gradual easing of the restrictions before elections and were driven by the changes in the restrictions that were more likely to directly affect the electorate, such as the restrictions on workplace closing, gatherings, and public events. The presence of the pre‐election restrictions adjustment is conditional on the economic and political characteristics of the country, such as the state of democracy, the degree of political competition, the overall restrictions stringency, and the income level.

Self-consumption potential and surplus compensation policy impact on rooftop photovoltaic systems in Spain

This research examines the viability of rooftop photovoltaic systems for electricity self-consumption in Spain's residential sector, analyzing municipality-level data on electricity demand, rooftop availability, solar irradiance, and various electricity market and surplus policy scenarios. Differences are found between rural and urban contexts, with rural areas exhibiting greater potential for photovoltaic systems deployment due to more available rooftop space. The study highlights the crucial role of surplus electricity management, showing that an efficient use can significantly boost self-consumption potential, particularly in rural areas where surplus constitutes about two-thirds of the photovoltaic production. Economic analyses under different electricity market conditions and surplus compensation policies show that these factors critically affect the attractiveness and viability of these systems. Current high electricity prices in Spain have reduced their payback period, but the prevalent surplus compensation policy, a 1-month net billing feed-in tariff, reduces their cost-effectiveness by up to 60 % compared to a hypothetical 12-month net billing approach. The findings underscore the need for policy adjustments to maximize rooftop occupancy and ensure fair compensation of surpluses, highlighting the importance of tailored strategies for effective sustainable photovoltaic systems deployment in residential contexts.

Research on Financial Crisis Warning Based on Vulnerability Index

After the global financial crisis in 2008, the early warning of financial crisis has become a necessary and urgent issue. It is of great significance to analyze the factors affecting financial crisis and clarify the relationship between credit growth, housing price fluctuation, current account deficit and financial risk in order to objectively and accurately predict the degree of influence of financial risk. This paper takes 41 global economies, including developed economies and emerging economies, from 1980 to 2019 as research objects, and analyzes the early warning ability of financial vulnerability indicators such as credit growth, housing price and current account deficit in a unified framework through panel Logit model. It is found that credit is not the only important indicator to predict crisis: when housing price, current account deficit and credit are under the same research framework, housing price and current account deficit have a lot of leading information, which can predict the occurrence of financial crisis; However, as house prices and current account deficits are added to the model, the early-warning power of credit is significantly lower than that of house prices. Paying attention to house price fluctuations and current account deficits has some implications for future policy making. In view of this, we should do a good job of cross-cycle policy adjustment, persist in curbing real estate financialization and bubbles, pay close attention to the direction and extent of current account adjustment, and prudently manage related financial risks.

The Impact of Monetary Policies on the U.S. Financial Crisis

This paper examines the role of monetary policy in addressing economic crises by analyzing four significant events in U.S. history: Great depression, stagflation in 1970-198, the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19. The monetary policy in the country's economic management has been highlighted in order to resist the decline in financial activity, inflation, large-scale unemployment, and economic recession. History evaluation of policy responses and the results can be employed to assess the efficacy of monetary measures, such as quantitative easing and interest rate adjustments, in achieving financial stability and economic recovery. Nevertheless, this paper points out that it is paramount for the monetary policy adjustment to different economic conditions, and stresses that financial supervision should have the power to avoid speculative activities and guarantee the stability of financial system. The outcomes contribute to deeper knowledge of monetary policy as a tool in managing the crises and provide valuable insights for the policymakers for strategy formulation in future challenges.

Bureau of Public Procurement in Nigeria and price adjustment procedures in project construction

Nigeria is perhaps the largest economy in sub-Sahara West Africa through public procurement of goods, works and services in relatively risky environment of inflation and corruption, challenging the value for money in project execution under the watch of the Bureau of public procurement. The purpose of this paper is to establish the preparedness of the BPP to handle the problem of price adjustment in procurement, with rising inflationary figures in Nigeria. To achieve the objective, the researchers made use of secondary data, and employed the method of survey with content analysis. The Decision theory offered by Simon (1947) underpins the study in response to the fact that current literature has not sufficiently discussed public procurement as a decision making problem. It was found that procurement decision generally is made under tensed condition, yet with a goal to provide value for money. It is concluded that the BPP may be overwhelmed with price adjustment policy and overall political climate in Nigeria. It was recommended that the Bureau should be fully prepared with more powers and frequent training to be able to do price adjustment in accordance with regulations and that the use of direct labour should be encouraged where the Accounting officer has certified knowledge and proven experience

Enterprise Responses to Industrial Policy Adjustments Based on Resource-based Theory

This paper employs resource-based theory to investigate the strategies adopted by enterprises in response to significant changes in industrial policies. We select China's leading education and training industry player, New Oriental Education & Technology Group, as a case study to analyze a series of resource allocation adjustments taken in response to the major industry transformation in the education sector in 2021, brought about by the introduction of the "Double Reduction" policy. Using a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal comparative analysis, we explore the strategies for resource allocation adjustments and innovation in the face of adverse industry policies. We categorize these response measures into three stages: "immediate response - strategic adjustments - transformational innovation," and analyze the changes in resource allocation. In conclusion, we provide general strategic recommendations for enterprises to navigate industrial policy adjustments, aiming to offer reference and guidance for managing policy risks and developing core competitive capabilities.

The Impact of Inflation on Institutional Investors' Behaviour in the Indian Stock Market

Inflation has a significant impact on equity markets as it can lead to a reduction in purchasing power and a reduction in real income, which in turn affects the cost of equity. While inflation generally has a negative impact on equity markets, it can have a positive effect in some cases. Investors in the Indian stock market can react to inflation by adapting their investment strategies, including changes in asset allocation, sector rotation, risk management, monitoring central banks ‘activities and adjusting their investment horizon. Institutional Investors (IIs), such as pension funds, insurance companies and mutual funds, may adjust their investment strategies in order to include more inflation-linked assets, such as Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) or inflation-indexed bonds, in order to preserve their purchasing power. In addition, their portfolios can be reallocated to assets less susceptible to the negative effects of inflation, such as equities, gold and real estate. Institutional Investors can also move their investments to sectors that tend to perform well during inflationary periods, such as consumer staples, utilities and natural resources. In addition, risk management strategies, such as diversification, hedging, or investment in inflation-protected securities, may be used to protect portfolios from inflation-induced volatility. Finally, Institutional Investors closely monitor the central bank's activities, such as interest rates of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and monetary policy adjustments, which may affect inflationary expectations and market sentiment. This study aims to analyse the impact of inflation on Institutional Investors’(IIs) investment behaviour in the Indian stock market.

Conflict Management and Employee’s Motivation Among Frontline Staff in Abuja Hotels

The hospitality industry heavily relies on frontline staff in hotels to provide exceptional service to guests. However, these employees often encounter conflicts stemming from guest interactions, team dynamics, and organizational policies. Effective conflict management is crucial for maintaining service quality and employee satisfaction. Therefore, understanding the factors that motivate frontline staff is essential for organizational success. This study aims to investigate the relationship between conflict resolution strategies and employee motivation among frontline staff in Abuja hotels. The methodology involves adopting and designing a structured survey questionnaire to collect data from diverse frontline employees in three selected Hotels in Abuja. The study will explore their conflict experiences, preferred resolution strategies, and motivational factors. By analysing the data, the study hopes to identify dominant conflict management approaches and understand what motivates these employees. Potential findings may reveal correlations between conflict management styles and service quality. Based on these insights, the research anticipates recommending tailored training programs, recognition initiatives, and policy adjustments to enhance conflict resolution practices and boost employee motivation. Ultimately, improving conflict management and motivation can lead to better service quality and increased guest loyalty in Abuja hotels. Further research will be needed to expand on the study findings.

The Effect of the Fed Interest Rate Hikes on the Financial Crisis Evidence from Emerging Market Economices

The purpose of this paper is to systematically study the economic consequences of this policy adjustment by analysing in depth the five interest rate hike actions of the Federal Reserve and their chain reactions in emerging market economies, applying economic principles and methods. In particular, the central question of concern is whether the Fed's interest rate hiking policy constitutes an important trigger of the financial crisis in emerging markets. In order to shed light on this complex phenomenon in a comprehensive manner, this paper not only analyses in depth the macroeconomic logic behind the Fed's interest rate hike, but also explores its transmission mechanism in emerging market economies, as well as the economic vulnerability of these countries in the face of external shocks. The results of the study show that the collapse of emerging countries as a result of the Fed's interest rate hikes seems to be inevitable, but we can draw insights from it: actively promoting the reform of the international monetary system and supporting the inclusion of more types of currencies in the international trade and investment settlement system has become a common choice, including for some Western countries, as well as the need to continue to optimise the economic structure of the domestic economy and to strengthen the ability to manage and control the comprehensive risks.

Transformasi Kebijakan Pengendalian dan Pemantauan Risiko dalam Navigasi Bank Indonesia Selama Kurun Waktu 5 Tahun Terakhir

This research focuses on the transformation of risk control and monitoring policies conducted by Bank Indonesia over the past five years (2018-2023). It uses qualitative analysis methods to examine the evolution of Bank Indonesia's policies through publications of financial institutions such as Bank Indonesia, OJK, and BPK. This study shows that policy impact evaluation plays an important role in identifying areas of improvement and new solutions to enhance policy effectiveness. Bank Indonesia adjusts strategies responsively and proactively to keep up with financial market dynamics and technological developments, and integrates the principles of international standards in banking supervision and risk management. Synchronizing policies with international standards is a top priority for maintaining the credibility of global markets. In facing the challenges of global economic change, technological innovation, and dynamic regulations, Bank Indonesia is committed to conducting in-depth reviews and policy adjustments to face the future. The evolving approach allows Bank Indonesia to strengthen its role in maintaining financial system stability and promoting sustainable economic growth. This research provides insights into Bank Indonesia's successes and challenges in transforming its risk control and monitoring policies.

Proletarian Internationalism in the Contemporary Women’s Movement: A Perspective from India

This article discusses the influence of internationalist perspectives on the women’s movement in India. It provides a history of anti-imperialist feminism in general but focuses on some of the major women’s organizations in India. The aim is to trace the legacy of anti-imperialist feminist politics as a response to the strategies of Western imperialist powers to counter the influence of radical and socialist politics, particularly after the Russian Revolution. The article also documents women’s participation in radical and socialist struggles for independence and social transformation, which received strong political support from the Soviet Union in the postwar period and extends the analysis to the period of neoliberalism and the structural adjustment policies imposed on the South.

Navigating the Waves of Health Transformation Program of Turkey: A Critical Examination of the Shifting Landscape for Private Sector

Over the last two decades, Turkey has experienced significant shifts in its healthcare system through the implementation of the Health Transformation Program (HTP) led by the Justice and Development Party (AKP). Initially closely tied to AKP's political goals, the HTP has evolved, displaying different phases at its journey and, thus, prompting a reflective look. The recent controversial initiative by the AKP government, the establishment of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) hospitals, commonly known as şehir hastaneleri (city hospitals) in Turkey, has underscored a need for a reflective examination that considers various actors to comprehend the formation of health policies. This study critically delves into the HTP's transformation, noting a reduced emphasis on healthcare policy within the AKP's priorities, by exploring how private sector players respond and position themselves in Turkey's healthcare reform scene. Using official reports and declarations, the research investigates private actors' views on AKP's healthcare strategies, their satisfaction levels, policy adjustments, and financial impacts. The aim is to unravel the narratives and strategies of the private sector in the changing landscape of the HTP.