Adjustment Policies Research Articles

Anabolic steroid consumption among gym-goers in Amman: knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.

The use of Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) among gym members has become a significant concern due to their impact on physical training and performance. Research worldwide indicates a notable prevalence of AAS use among athletes and gym attendees, often involving substances that are neither safe nor legal. This study aims to determine the prevalence of AAS use among gym attendees in Amman, Jordan, and to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors associated with AAS use. The study involved 399 participants from 35 randomly selected gyms in the metropolitan area of Amman, Jordan. A cluster sampling technique was used to select a diverse and representative sample of gym attendees. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire that assessed AAS use, knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral factors. Statistical analyses were conducted using chi-square tests to explore the relationships between AAS use and categorical variables, while logistic regression was employed to identify predictors of AAS use. The analysis revealed significant associations between AAS use and various factors, including knowledge, attitudes, behavioral factors, and demographic variables such as gender, age, exercise frequency, reasons for exercise, and total exercise duration. The study identified key predictors of AAS use among gym attendees in Amman, highlighting the importance of demographic and behavioral factors. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address misconceptions and promote safer practices among gym-goers in Amman. The study provides critical insights that can guide the development of strategies, policy adjustments, and educational initiatives aimed at reducing AAS misuse and fostering a healthier gym culture in the region.

Optimizing mechanisms for an eco-friendly society: Strategies to enhance efficiency and sustainability

The growing emphasis on sustainable development highlights the need for effective mechanisms to ensure an eco-friendly society. Despite progress, many countries, including Uzbekistan, face challenges in achieving significant improvements in environmental efficiency and sustainability. This study aims to explore and optimize mechanisms for fostering an ecologically clean environment. It seeks to address the formation, development, and efficiency of nature purification strategies, with a particular focus on Uzbekistan. The research employs a comprehensive review of existing environmental policies, efficiency models, and sustainability practices. It includes qualitative analysis of current mechanisms for pollution prevention and ecological management, along with the assessment of their effectiveness. study identifies key strategies for enhancing environmental efficiency and sustainability, including the implementation of advanced purification technologies and improved regulatory frameworks. Findings suggest that targeted interventions and policy adjustments can significantly boost the effectiveness of ecological mechanisms. The research concludes that optimizing mechanisms for an eco-friendly society requires a multi-faceted approach involving technological innovation, policy reform, and community engagement. The proposed strategies offer practical recommendations for enhancing environmental sustainability in Uzbekistan and similar contexts, contributing to the broader goal of an ecologically clean environment.

Barriers and Facilitators of Early Palliative Care in the Trajectory of People Living with Chronic Condition: A Mini Review Using Socio-ecological Framework to Inform Public Health Strategy.

The increasing incidence of chronic conditions on a global scale requires a comprehensive approach to palliative care, which is recognized as an essential element of the continuum of care for people with life-threatening conditions. It has been argued that the integration of early palliative care for people with chronic conditions is beneficial. Nevertheless, barriers to integrating early palliative care have been extensively not reviewed. This review aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators of integrating early palliative care for people living with chronic conditions, employing a socio-ecological framework to provide a critical understanding of the influencing factors at multiple levels. The method was a mini review. This review emphasizes the complex and diverse factors that either hinder or facilitate progress in four areas: individual (such as gaps in knowledge and emotional reactions), interpersonal (such as support from family caregiver), healthcare professionals and policy (such as barriers in education, guidelines, and collaboration among professionals), and community (such as societal knowledge and attitudes). Each level presents unique challenges and opportunities for enhancing early palliative care integration, from addressing misconceptions and fears at the individual level, to fostering supportive policies and community awareness. In conclusion, the effective management of early palliative care requires a comprehensive strategy that spans various dimensions, including educational initiatives, policy adjustments, and active involvements of the community. Healthcare systems are supposed to enhance the integration of early palliative care into the trajectory of chronic conditions and enhance the quality of life of affected persons and their families by recognizing and addressing the socio-ecological elements involved.

The hydrogen perspective for Türkiye, which is on the Asia-Europe energy transition route. Can Türkiye become hydrogen hub?

This study examines the potential for hydrogen to undertake a leading role in the transition to sustainable energy in Türkiye. Türkiye, with its well-established energy infrastructure and increasing focus on renewable energy, has the potential to undertake a significant part in the worldwide hydrogen market. The research uses a multi-level perspective to analyse the interactions between different region connected with Türkiye, and the processes and strategies within the national energy system. The findings suggest that hydrogen production and transport in Türkiye has the potential to significantly contribute to the decarbonization of the industry and flexibility services in Asia, Europe and Africa. However, the ongoing advancement in the field of hydrogen in Türkiye is at a critical juncture where coordinated efforts are necessary to fully realize its potential. Türkiye recently announced the Hydrogen Technologies Strategy and Roadmap. Under the new Hydrogen Technologies Strategy and Roadmap, Türkiye plans to significantly increase the production of hydrogen. Türkiye plans to significantly increase its installed electrolyser capacity to support the production of hydrogen. Specifically, the plan aims to increase the installed capacity to 2 GW by 2030, 5 GW by 2035, and 70 GW by 2050. Turkey's strategic investments and policy adjustments could propel its green hydrogen production to 3.4 million tons yearly by 2050. With an anticipated domestic demand for hydrogen at 1.9 million tons annually, Turkey could potentially export between 1.5 and 1.9 million tons yearly by 2050. Türkiye boasts an extensive network of transmission and distribution pipelines for natural gas, totalling 10,000 km, including those with large diameters. The existing pipelines could transport hydrogen in its pure form or blended with natural gas. The natural gas pipeline capacity in Turkey stands at 32 billion cubic meters. This infrastructure enables the transportation of an estimated 575 million tons of hydrogen yearly to neighboring countries by employing a mix of 20 % hydrogen and natural gas. With an extensive network of natural gas transmission and distribution pipelines, Turkey positions itself as an integral part of the interconnected hydrogen energy infrastructure, linking the nation with Europe and neighboring regions. The results of this study present new approaches into the dynamics of the energy system and contribute to ongoing discussions about transition routes and consider the current status of hydrogen in Türkiye, the country's renewable energy potential, the policy and regulatory framework, and the infrastructure and market conditions necessary in order to foster the growth of a hydrogen hub.

Towards a Sustainable City Policy for Managing Shared Dockless E-Scooters

Based on the anonymized dataset of one million shared scooter rides collected by the Tel Aviv municipality, we investigate the behavior of the shared e-scooter users in Tel Aviv and the resulting dynamics of the scooters’ spatio-temporal patterns. The users’ choice of the shared e-scooters as a transportation mode follows fast and frugal heuristics: the user who activated the shared scooter’s application continues with the ride when the closest available scooter is close enough, at up to 50-100 meters from her. Riders strongly prefer bike paths for riding and essentially deviate from the shortest path between the origin and destination and choose the routes with the higher percentage of bike paths. The longer the route, the higher the fraction of the bike paths in the rider’s route and the difference between the shortest and chosen paths. We also demonstrate that the operators fail to match the supply to the demand and the scooters are oversupplied in the central part of the city, where the demand is high, and undersupplied in the rest of the city, where the demand is essentially lower. Based on the analysis we propose a new policy of spatial adjustment between the demand and supply.

Creation of Rating of the Russian Federation regions according to the Level of Influence on Water Resources

The consequences of climate change, geopolitical conflicts, pandemics, mass migration, hyperinflation and other crises can exacerbate non-equality in access to water resources. The distribution of Russia’s water resources is uneven, and it is therefore essential that water management should consider the possible socio-economic realities arising from global climate change and environmental degradation. Timely assessment of water resource impacts and improved management contribute to the growth of economic indicators. Constructing a rating of regions of the Russian Federation according to the level of impact on water resources is necessary for the formation and adjustment of state policy in the field of water resource conservation. The stages of works on the creation of rating based on ranking of the separate indicators, making up the system of indicators are designated, the indicators, characterizing the impact on the water resources, which are to be included in the information base of rating creation are offered in the article. The results of rating regions will provide a set of regions with low and high levels of impact on water resources. Regions with low impact on water resources will be at the first place in the rating, while the regions with high impact will be on the last places. Thus, the further analysis of a system of public water resources administration in the leading regions will allow to create some offers on updating of the programmes for outsider regions.

Factors influencing the outcomes of dermatoses during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a retrospective study.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic subverted people's lives and potentially affected the management and prognosis of pre-existing dermatoses. The study aims to identify factors influencing the outcomes of dermatoses during a rapid and widespread Omicron outbreak in China following the adjustment of the COVID-19 policy. This retrospective observational study involved outpatients visiting the dermatology department at a tertiary referral hospital in Beijing, China between December 2022 and February 2023. Demographics, COVID-19 characteristics, treatment modalities, and dermatosis outcomes were subjected to statistical analysis. The odds ratio (OR) for vitiligo aggravation during COVID-19 was 0.497 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.254-0.973, p = 0.038] compared to total patients with various dermatoses. Psoriasis patients with a maximum body temperature (Tmax) over 38.6°C during COVID-19 were 2.833 times more likely to experience dermatosis aggravation (OR: 2.833 [1.029-7.803], p = 0.041). Moreover, autoimmune bullous disease (AIBD) patients receiving biologics treatment exhibited a reduced likelihood of aggravation during the COVID-19 outbreak (OR: 0 [0-0.531], p = 0.011). Vitiligo exhibits lower aggravation rates during COVID-19 than other dermatoses. A higher body temperature during COVID-19 infection can increase the risk of psoriasis aggravation. Biologics treatment reduces the risk of AIBD aggravation during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection complicated with severe neurological dysfunctions in Foshan, China.

To analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 following the adjustment of COVID-19 prevention and control policies in China in December 2022. A retrospective study was conducted on 9 cases of severe neurological dysfunction caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in children admitted to Foshan First People's Hospital from December 17 to 31, 2022. Among the 9 cases, 7 (71.43%) were under 3 years old, and 2 (22.2%) were over 3 years old with underlying diseases. All patients presented with fever and neurological symptoms such as consciousness disturbance and/or convulsions, and their conditions deteriorated rapidly within 24 h after the onset of fever, without respiratory symptoms. Levels of IL-6, LDH, and d-dimer were significantly elevated. Five cases died within 48 h of admission, one case died after 7 days of treatment due to secondary bacterial infection, and three cases survived for more than 48 h after the initial rescue. All patients developed rapid shock, and five cases experienced multi-organ failure within a short period. In terms of treatment, glucocorticoids were used in 5 cases, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in 3 cases, and blood purification and tocilizumab in 2 cases. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children can lead to severe neurological damage. High fever, convulsions, and inflammatory factors serve as early warning indicators. Glucocorticoids, immunoglobulins, blood purification, and tocilizumab may have some therapeutic effects, but further research is needed to confirm the efficacy.

Expert perspectives on the changing dynamics of policy advisory systems: the COVID-19 crisis and policy learning in Belgium and Australia

Expert advice played a pivotal role in shaping the COVID-19 policy responses of different countries. Such measures had wide ranging impacts beyond health, including education, economy, law, and other societal aspects. Thus, analysis of how expertise was utilised and adjusted to adapt to changes during the crisis can draw valuable insights into how to better prepare policy advisory systems to respond to future crises. Here we examine the dynamics of COVID-19 policy advisory systems in Belgium and Australia through interviews with 34 experts directly involved during the first two years of the crisis. We examine the temporal changes in how expert advice was sought, provided, and utilised for crisis decision-making, and the various expert groupings and their relationships over time. In both countries, there was policy learning and adjustment, signalled primarily by an expansion in the breadth of perceived relevant expertise as the scope was re-framed from a ‘health’ crisis to an all-encompassing socio-economic crisis. In Australia, policy responses were shaped by a relatively cohesive inter-governmental group of senior health bureaucrats who became gatekeepers of the evidence presented to state and federal government leaders in the National Cabinet. In Belgium, the more fragmented and changing array of advisory groups reflected tensions within crisis management arrangements, resulting in divergent expert opinions both within the formal advisory groups and in the public realm throughout the crisis. Our findings build on the policy advisory systems and policy learning literature and suggest that more adaptive frameworks and principles be developed for specific contexts.

Social Welfare Policy: An Assessment of the Structural Adjustment Programme 1987-1993

Problem statement: This study examined social welfare policy in Nigeria, with emphasis on the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) objectives and its social welfare implications. The study looks at the effects of the Adjustment Programme and juxtaposes it with the social roles, responsibilities and objectives of the government, particularly in the area of providing socioeconomic and welfare needs for the people, to improve life and enhance the status of man and protect his dignity. In addition, responsibility of the government to her citizen is explained as a constitutional principle and obligation that should be a cardinal objectives and priority of the government. Approach: The methodology used for this study is secondary mode of data collection, which enhanced the understanding of the welfare status of Nigerians in the pre-SAP and post-SAP period under review. For example, studies by Philip Asiodu and Pius Okigbo on the introduction of SAP and the implications on people’s welfare pointed to the fact that, SAP is not a microeconomic policy, arguing that any policy that will address people’s welfare must be short term, unlike this study which examine the implications of SAP on the economic power parity and the well-being of the people. However, the study observes that the adoption of the structural adjustment policy by the government negates the welfare approach to governance. Instead of improving the welfare of Nigerians, the policy only made Nigerians vulnerable. Results: The study revealed a sharp decline in the peoples welfare, while it was observed that the socio-economic hardship that follows the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programme have remained unabated, with succeeding administrations trying to fully deregulate the economy. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study revealed that, social policy in Nigeria has fall short of the principle and the concept of welfarism, which is about the general well-being of the citizens in health, education, safety and security, personal freedom and social capital that are lacking in today’s Nigeria.

Comprehensive Analysis of Implementation and Evaluation IoT based Techniques in Networked Security Systems

This research introduces an advanced network security methodology based on IoT, combining five innovative algorithms: Dynamic Threat Detection (DTD), Adaptive Intrusion Prevention System (AIPS), Anomaly-Based Security Metrics (ABSM), Context-Aware Firewall (CAF), and Cognitive Security Assessment (CSA). Each algorithm contributes specific functionalities, ranging from real-time threat detection and adaptive policy adjustments to anomaly quantification, contextual rule modifications, and holistic security risk assessments. The ablation study conducted on each algorithm reveals critical components driving their performance, ensuring a deep understanding of their inner workings. The proposed method demonstrates superior performance in accuracy, scalability, usability, and adaptability compared to existing network security methods. Visual representations and a comprehensive evaluation further validate the proposed method's effectiveness, positioning it as an advanced and efficient solution for addressing evolving network security challenges.

A mathematical analysis of teleoperator optimization using multiple sensors

As the role of remote vehicle operation gains prominence, ensuring robust wireless communication systems is crucial. Prior studies have delved into various aspects of vehicle teleoperation, including its legal framework and workforce implications. Some have even formulated models to estimate the number of remote operators for large automated vehicle fleets. These models suggest that automated vehicles overseen by remote operators could supplant a significant portion of current driving jobs in the United States. Such findings underscore the need for governmental review and policy adjustment to better accommodate the burgeoning field of teleoperation, which could substantially accelerate the advancement of vehicle automation. The present study focuses on evaluating the reliability of a bi-directional communication channel based on key variable parameters. This assessment aids in determining the optimal parameter settings, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of teleoperation systems.

Thoughts on the Curriculum Construction of Japanese Majors Specialty Serving the "Belt and Road"

The training mode of Japanese majors must actively adapt to the strategic policy adjustment of national economic structure, closely meet the actual needs of national development and social progress, properly adjust the curriculum system and syllabus, and scientifically and reasonably formulate the development plan of characteristic majors, so as to promote their sustained and healthy development. This paper discusses the optimization and reform of the curriculum system for Japanese majors, actively Introducing Information Technology into Links of Japanese Major Teaching, the enhancement of the platform for improving the international ability and the construction of educational resources, and makes new thoughts on the curriculum for Japanese majors serving the “Belt and Road”. It is expected that this paper can provide useful reference for other colleges and universities.

Метаморфозы бюджета времени и интенсивность труда работников высокотехнологичных отраслей

This study explores how extensive time and intensive development factors interact during technological transitions by analyzing changes in the time budgets of workers in knowledge-intensive, creative fields. While theoretical literature highlights the growing significance of free time, increasingly influenced by hidden labor activities, this research shifts focus to the systemic and structural changes in time budgets and the ways they affect productivity. The primary objective is to identify the links between time budget transformations and the rising labor intensity in high-tech industries across various countries, united by their accelerated development. The study seeks to create a typology of these metamorphoses in relation to labor intensity dynamics, employing empirical data and correlation analysis based on national statistical groupings. The findings reveal a complex and sometimes contradictory relationship. On one hand, an optimal balance between labor and non-labor time expenditures emerges, shaped by national-cultural values, which influences labor intensification levels. On the other hand, creative labor is subjected to two opposing forms of exploitation: extensive, characterized by increased working hours, and intensive, marked by heightened pressure per unit of time. This study offers insights from cross-country comparisons to inform socio-economic policy adjustments, focusing on balancing labor productivity growth with public consumption. Achieving this balance is vital for sustainable economic development and enhancing workers' quality of life amid rapid technological change.

From Bonus to Onus: Taiwan’s Demographic Transition and Economic Development from 1950 to 2020

The driving force behind population change lies in fertility. Over the past 70 years, Taiwan has undergone a fertility transition, rapidly declining from a high peak of natural fertility levels to an ultralow rate. This transition has released a substantial labor force and lead to a significant shift in resource allocation, contributing to rapid economic development in the late 20th century. During the same period, Taiwan’s population aging has progressed faster than that of most countries worldwide. The dependency ratio has negatively impact economic development, making social security an important aspect of resource allocation. The changes in age structure have introduced the concepts of “demographic bonus” and “demographic onus”. As a vibrant economy with a population of over 23 million, Taiwan has enjoyed the demographic bonus for more than a quarter of a century but is now facing the challenges of an aging society and declining fertility rates towards demographic onus. This article examines demographic transitions, economic performance and development in Taiwan from 1950 to 2020, elaborating on the definition, criteria, and quantitative delineation of the demographic bonus and demographic onus. It utilized population and economic statistics for a comparative analysis of the historical evolution, current situation, and prospects of the bonus and onus periods in Taiwan, providing a comprehensive narrative of its historical and empirical developments. Finally, the study underscores the complexity of balancing economic growth with demographic sustainability, emphasizing the necessity for multiple policy adjustments to address the adverse effects of demographic transitions.

The Cuban Economy in the Last Decade: Balance and Outlook

In the last decade, the Cuban economy has faced formidable difficulties. A host of external and internal adversities have imposed an enormous human cost on our nation and prevented the timely implementation of the program to update the social and economic model outlined in 2011 at the 6th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba, validated through intense debate across Cuban society, turned into a law of the State and a political program at the 7th Congress of the Party in 2016, incorporated into the Constitution in 2019, and amended in 2021. A balance of the evolution of the Cuban economy during the last decade is required to properly reaffirm the historical potential — opportunities, obstacles, and requisite economic and social policy adjustments — for Cuban revolutionary socialism to persist through the juncture and advance to higher stages of development.

Inhibition, transition, and surge: dynamic evolution of pediatric respiratory pathogen trends amid COVID-19 pandemic policy adjustments.

The implementation of a zero-COVID policy for 3 years in China during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted a broad spectrum of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). The epidemiological characteristics of ARTI pathogens in children following the cessation of the zero-COVID policy remain unclear. Etiologically diagnostic data from 82,708 children with ARTIs at the Children's Hospital of Soochow University during 2016-2023 were analyzed for 8 pathogens (human respiratory syncytial virus [HRSV], influenza A [FluA], FluB, human parainfluenza virus [HPIV], adenovirus [ADV], human rhinovirus [HRV], bocavirus [BoV], and mycoplasma pneumoniae [MP]). The changes in respiratory infections in Suzhou, China during the first year (2020, Phase I) and the second and third years of the pandemic (2021-2022, Phase II) and the first year after the end of zero-COVID policy (2023, Phase III) versus that in the pre-pandemic years (2016-2019) were compared. When compared with the average pre-pandemic levels, the pathogen-positive rate decreased by 19.27% in Phase I (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.67-0.74), increased by 32.87% in Phase II (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.72-1.84), and increased by 79.16% in Phase III (OR: 4.58; 95% CI: 4.37-4.79). In Phase I, the positive rates of HRSV, FluA, ADV, and MP decreased by 26.72, 58.97, 72.85, and 67.87%, respectively, and the positive rates of FluB, HPIV, HRV, and BoV increased by 86.84, 25, 32.37, and 16.94%, respectively. In Phase III, the positive rates of HRSV, FluA, FluB, HPIV, ADV, and HRV increased by 39.74, 1046.15, 118.42, 116.57, 131.13, and 146.40%, respectively, while the positive rate of BoV decreased by 56.12%. MP was inhibited during the epidemic, and MP showed a delayed outbreak after the ending of the zero-COVID policy. Compared with the average pre-pandemic levels, the MP-positive rate in Phase III increased by 116.7% (OR: 2.86; 95% CI: 2.74-2.99), with the highest increase in 0-1-year-old children. The strict and large-scale implementation of the zero-COVID policy in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic was the main driving factor for the sharp reduction in the rate of children's respiratory pathogenic infections. The termination of this policy can cause a resurgence or escalation of pathogenic infections.

DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY – BASED PASSENGER TRANSPORT SERVICES IN HO CHI MINH CITY, VIETNAM

In modern society, technology is being widely applied in all fields of production, business and management. There are innovative technologies applied in passenger transport services, allowing transportation agencies to coordinate values through temporary access rights, exchanges and transactions of available products, services, information, finance, labor, etc. from owners to new users and to maximize economic benefits, achieving the goals set by the state. As a developed urban, it is necessary for Ho Chi Minh city to popularize passenger transport services using innovative and smart technologies for both people's needs and local economic development. In this study, on the basis of a theoretical framework on passenger transport services applying advanced technologies, the practice is analyzed to suggest policy adjustments for sustainable development of technology – based passenger transport services in the city.

Measuring the Impact of Monetary Policy on the Efficiency of Sudanese Islamic Banks

This study explores the influence of monetary policy on the efficiency of Sudanese Islamic Banks. It aims to determine the impact of monetary policy on bank efficiency, identify influential aspects, and provide recommendations for policy adjustments. The research uses both qualitative and quantitative methods, collecting primary data through surveys and interviews with bank executives and policymakers, and secondary data from bank financial reports and central bank policy documents. The findings reveal a significant relationship between monetary policy and bank efficiency, with specific aspects such as interest rate controls and reserve requirements having the most substantial impact. Different types of Islamic banks, such as commercial banks, were affected differently by monetary policy, with changes in policy over time having both positive and negative effects on bank efficiency. These findings contribute to the existing knowledge on the interplay between monetary policy and bank efficiency, particularly in the context of Islamic banking in Sudan. However, the study's limitations, including a focus on a single country and reliance on self-reported data, may limit its generalizability. Future research could expand this study by considering other countries or using alternative data sources.

Policy Implementation Process in the Management of Tanjungpinang City Waste Bank to Realize the Blue Economy

This research aims to analyze the implementation process of waste bank management policies in Tanjungpinang City by utilizing secondary data and triangulation analysis, based on Edward III’s policy implementation theory. The research method is qualitative, relying on secondary data collected from government reports, academic publications, policy documents, and statistical data. Triangulation is used to cross-verify the information, aligning it with Edward III’s theory, which includes four critical variables: bureaucratic structure, implementer disposition, resources, and communication. This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the effectiveness of policy implementation for waste management. The study identifies that efficiency and transparency in the bureaucratic structure, along with proactive behavior among implementers, are crucial for the success of the waste bank program. However, challenges such as a lack of public awareness and insufficient funding persist. The findings suggest that improving the competency of implementers, providing adequate infrastructure support, and enhancing communication between the government and the community are essential steps to overcoming these barriers. Therefore, this study not only provides an analysis of the current state but also offers practical recommendations to inform future policy adjustments and improve the waste management system in Tanjungpinang.