Activity Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds of six Algerian date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Ain-Saleh region, using Reflux method and Screening of Antioxidant Activity in vitro

This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds for six cultivars of date from In Saleh region (Phoenix dactylifera L.), which were extracted by reflux with solvents, 80% methanol and 70% aceton after the phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extracts were measured using Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity acetone/H2O and methanol/H2O extracts using ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, TAC and CUPRAC assays. The results showed that methanolic solvent reflux gives better yields. The highest level of phenolic compounds for all dates varieties was found in the 80% methanol extract. This level ranged from 8.04 ± 0.14 to 46.81 ± 1.22 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight and flavonoid content was observed relatively low for both two solvents. However, extraction into 70% acetone gave the highest antioxidant activity with all assay. These results showed that dates had strongly scavenging activity on DPPH reaching 3.12 µg/mL in methanol/H2O from Cul1 (6.9 µg/mL with ascorbic acid), also on ABTS reaching 6.51 µg/mL in acetone/H2O from Cul2 (104.98 µg/mL with ascorbic acid).

Phytophenolics Composition of the Methanol Extract of Ocimum basilieum L. leaves and its Role in Mitigating Hypercholesterolemia in a Rat Model

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is considered as one of the major risk factors for atherosclerosis. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ocimum basilieum L. against hypercholesterolemia in rats. Methods: Isolation and identification of flavonoid compounds from the methanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. leaves were performed by UV, 1H, 13C-NMR and1D/2D NMR, HMBC and HMQC techniques. The biochemical evaluation was performed through measuring Total Cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), Triglycerides (TG), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), aspartate and Alanine Aminotransferases (AST & ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine and albumin levels as well as DNA fragmentation pattern of kidneys. The histopathological features of liver and kidney were also examined. Results: The phytochemical study revealed the presence of seven flavonoid compounds (apigenin- 8-C-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-O –glucopyranoside (1), apigenin 6, 8-di-C-β-glucopyranoside (vicenin 2) (2), apigenin 7-O-(6”-O-trans-p-coumaryl)-β–glucopyranoside (3), apigenin 7-O- β-glucopyranoside (4), apigenin 8-C-β-glucopyranoside (vitexin) (5), apigenin -6-C-β-glucopyranoside (isovitexin) (6), apigenin (7)) and one phenolic compound; rosmarinic acid (8). Treatment with leaves extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight for nine weeks simultaneously with oral cholesterol administration (30 mg/0.3 ml 0.7% tween/ animal) to rats fed with high fat diet restored all the biochemical parameters and the architectures of liver and kidney. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Ocimum basilieum L. leaves succeeded to act as a hypolipidemic, antioxidant and hepato-renal therapeutic agent due to its rich biologically active phenolic and flavonoids compounds.

Effect of a Novel High Phenolic Sorghum Bran (PI570481) on Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Cells

ObjectivesObesity is the leading public health problem and the main cause of many other metabolic and chronic complications. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop in the world and certain varieties contain significantly greater amounts of biologically active phenolic compounds than other strains. PI570481 is a novel strain of high phenolic sorghum bran and show anti-cancer activities. The objective of this study is to explore a potential use of PI570481 with other phenolic sorghum bran extracts (SC84 and Sumac) and a sorghum grain (white sorghum) for the differentiation of preadipocytes and to investigate cellular and molecular responses in differentiated adipocytes to elucidate related mechanisms. Methods3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured with DMEM containing 10% FBS and differentiated using a differentiation cocktail containing 1 μM dexamethasone, 0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine, and 5 μg/mL insulin in 10% FBS/DMEM. Lipid accumulation was measured by Oil Red O (ORO) staining. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glucose uptake were measured using DCFH-DA and 2-NBDG, respectively. Western blotting was performed to examine the expression of genes regulating adipogenesis, lipogenesis and cell signaling. ResultsSorghum extracts (PI570481, SC84, Sumac, white) did not cause cytotoxicity in both undifferentiated and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Sorghum bran extracts (PI570481, SC84, Sumac) reduced intracellular lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenic and lipogenic proteins in dose-dependent manner in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Regarding anti-adipogenic mechanism, sorghum bran extracts (PI570481, SC84, Sumac) represses ROS production and MAPK signaling pathways in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Sorghum bran extracts (PI570481, SC84, Sumac) also represses insulin signaling and glucose uptake in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. ConclusionsThese data propose a potential use of a novel high phenolic sorghum bran as functional food. Funding SourcesMaryland Agricultural Experiment Station (MAES) and National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Project #: MD-NFSC-201,176) to S-HL Cooperative Agreement grant from USDA-ARS to S-HL.

Bioactive peptides supplemented raw buffalo milk: Biological activity, shelf life and quality properties during cold preservation.

This study aimed to prolong the raw buffalo milk handling and cold storage period by controlling the microbes, enhancing sensory properties and their functionality after supplementing bioactive peptides. The additions included hen and duck egg white protein isolates (HPI and DPI), pepper seed protein (PSP), and pepsin-kidney bean protein hydrolysate (PKH). Five milk treatments were prepared and evaluated as non-supplemented milk (M- Control), hen egg white protein isolate-supplemented milk (M-HPI), duck egg white protein isolate-supplemented milk (M-DPI), pepper seeds protein-supplemented milk (M-PSP), and kidney bean hydrolysate-supplemented milk (M-PKH). Pyrogallol, protocatechuic, catechin, benzoic and caffeine were the main phenolic compounds, Apignin-6-arabinose, naringin, hesperidin, naringenin, kaempferol 3-2-p-comaroyl were the dominant flavonoids in milk samples based on HPLC profile. During 30days of cold storage, the antioxidant potential of peptides-supplemented milk samples was significantly decreased (p≤0.05) as decrement of phenolic compounds and flavonoids; the pH was nearly stable, the titratable acidity and total soluble solids (TTS) were (p≤0.05) raised. PSP and PKH were inhibited (p≤0.05) the decay of sugars in M-PSP, and M-PKH by reducing 45% of bacterial load as compared to other milk samples. PSP was significantly (p≤0.05) scavenged 87% of DPPḢ compared to other peptides. Besides, PSP followed by PKH reduced considerably (p≤0.05) the growth of tested bacteria, molds, and yeasts. The PSP has significantly increased the whiteness of M-PSP as compared to other milk samples. M-PSP had the highest score in color, taste, and flavor, followed by M-PKH.

Anticancer activities of phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera leaves: in vitro and in silico mechanistic study

BackgroundMoringa oleifera is a common vegetable in many countries since ancient times, possesses numerous phenolic compounds having a wide array of biological activities. It possesses anticancer activity that can be used to develop new drugs for treatment of various types of cancers. The current study was conducted to evaluate the composition of phenolic compounds and in vitro and in silico anticancer activities of M. oleifera leaves extracts. The leaves of M. oleifera were subjected to extraction for solvent fraction using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous solvents. The solvent fractions were tested for anticancer activity in vitro against Hela cancer cell line and screened for phenolic compounds through reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The molecular docking approach was employed to check binding conformations of phytochemicals against the target protein.ResultThe result revealed that all the solvent fractions possess in vitro anticancer activity against Hela cancer cell line. The n-hexane fraction showed a 50% reduction in Hela cancer cell viability at 416 μg mL−1 as compared to control. The extracts of solvent-fraction contained 10 phenolic compounds viz. quercetin, gallic acid, sinapic acid, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, and syringic acid. Molecular docking studies revealed that the ligands bind within the active site of target protein have good binding energy values.ConclusionThis study shows that M. oleifera leaves may have the potential to inhibit cancer cell growth and improving human health in addition to food ingredient innovations. Based on in vitro and in silico results, the phytochemicals from M. oleifera leaves can be used as leading drugs to treat cancer.Graphical abstract

Potential therapeutic effects of Ulva lactuca water fraction on monosodium glutamate-induced testicular and prostatic tissue damage in rats.

Male infertility is considered one of the most critical health problems that are expected to expand worldwide. Ulva lactuca is a species of green seaweeds which is known to be a rich source of many important nutrients. Accordingly, this study is designated to investigate the therapeutic role of Ulva lactuca water fraction (UL) against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced male reproductive system disorders in male rats. Ulva lactuca methanolic crude extract was prepared firstly, and then water-dissolved compounds of this crude methanolic extract were separated. Ulva lactuca water fraction active phenolic compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Thirty-two male rats were divided equally into four groups; male infertility was induced in sixteen experimental animals by MSG at dose of 15mg/Kg for 45days. Eight infertile animals were treated with 100mg/Kg of Ulva lactuca water fraction for 30days. The rest of the animals were divided into two control groups; one control group (eight animals) was used to study the effect of UL on healthy rats at dose of 100mg/Kg for 30days and healthy control group (eight animals). Semen quality parameters (concentration and motility ratio), serum testosterone, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and phosphatases were estimated by using standard protocols. Moreover, prooxidants and endogenous antioxidant enzymes were measured in prostate and testis homogenates. In addition, relative expression of pro-inflammatory genes (inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α alpha (TNF-α), and tumor protein (P53)) were assessed in testicular and prostatic tissues. Finally, histological alterations were measured by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Results revealed that Ulva lactuca water fraction contains active phenolic constituents responsible for its antioxidant bioactivity. Oral administration of MSG significantly induced histological alterations. Oxidative stress was observed with elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in both testis and prostate tissues. MSG adversely affected prostate function via elevation of PSA, prostatic acid phosphatases (PAPs), and total acid phosphatases (TAPs). In addition, it upregulated pro-inflammatory genes in testis and prostate tissues. Meanwhile, MSG reduced serum testosterone, semen quality, and antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)). Treatment with UL notably ameliorated the state of oxidative stress and downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory gene markers. This study highlighted the potential efficacy of Ulva lactuca water fraction on MSG-induced male infertility in rats. Therapeutic effect of UL on oxidative stress and inflammation induced by MSG in testicular and prostatic tissues.

Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Compounds of Arabica and Robusta Coffee at Different Roasting Levels

The roasting process will determine the flavor in which chemical reactions occur and changes in components in coffee beans. Changes can occur in phenol compounds that contribute to antioxidant activity. This study aims to study the effect of roasting levels on Arabica and Robusta coffee beans on the content of phenol compounds and their antioxidant activity. The roasting process is carried out at three levels, namely light, medium and dark. The analysis was carried out on the total phenol content and antioxidant activity expressed in the radical capture activity of the compound 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results show that increasing the roasting level causes a decrease in antioxidant activity as indicated by increasing IC50, EC50 values. Meanwhile, ARP and AAI are decreasing. This corresponds to the phenol content which decreases with increasing roasting levels. This finding also proves that Robusta coffee has higher antioxidant activity than Arabica. This corresponds to a greater total phenol robusta content than arabica.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Hydroxytyrosol and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyglycol Purified from Table Olive Effluents.

New liquid effluents based on the use of acetic acid in the table olive industry make it easier to extract bioactive compounds to be used for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical purposes. The use of water acidified with acetic acid or in brine with or without acetic acid for storing the table olive enhances the extraction of two more active phenolic compounds: hydroxytyrosol (HT) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG). This work has two aims: (1) measure the solubilization of phenolics controlled for two years using more than thirty olive varieties with different ripeness index as a potential source of HT and DHPG, and (2) evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the purified phenolics. The effluents with a higher concentration of phenolics were used for the extraction of HT and DHPG in order to evaluate its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro by the determination of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Human Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-1β (Il-1β). The anti-inflammatory activity of these phenolic extracts was demonstrated by studying the expression of cytokines by qPCR and the levels of these proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Improving 'Piyarom' date palm fruit quality with fruit thinning and bunch covering treatments

‘Piyarom’ dates are one of the most important commercial date cultivars grown in Iran but fruit quality and postharvest losses can be a problem. Thinning and the use of bunch covers were examined to improve the date fruit quality. Three different levels of fruit thinning were applied (without thinning, removal of one third of total strands from terminal tips during pollination and removal of one third of terminal tips of central strands in early kimri). In addition, the effects of bunch covers were assessed with the use of polyethylene bunch covers that were applied in the early stages of Khalal. The results showed that bunch covering reduced the lightness of the fruit but increased bunch weight, fruit length, total antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds compared to the control. Thinning during pollination increased the weight of the fruit compared to the control. The thinning during Kimri stage increased the percentage of Tamar and ascorbic acid content. These results show that the use of covers play a positive role in increasing quality and bunch weight and thinning at both pollination and Kimri ripening stage is recommended to produce high quality ‘Piyarom’ dates.

Transformed tissue of Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis as a source of biologically active phenolic compounds with bactericidal properties

The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis) is a carnivorous plant able to synthesize large amounts of phenolic compounds, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and 1,4-naphtoquinones. In this study, the first genetic transformation of D. muscipula tissues is presented. Two wild-type Rhizobium rhizogenes strains (LBA 9402 and ATCC 15834) were suitable vector organisms in the transformation process. Transformation led to the formation of teratoma (transformed shoot) cultures with the bacterial rolB gene incorporated into the plant genome in a single copy. Using high-pressure liquid chromatography, we demonstrated that transgenic plants were characterized by an increased quantity of phenolic compounds, including 1,4-naphtoquinone derivative, plumbagin (up to 106.63 mg × g−1 DW), and phenolic acids (including salicylic, caffeic, and ellagic acid), in comparison to non-transformed plants. Moreover, Rhizobium-mediated transformation highly increased the bactericidal properties of teratoma-derived extracts. The antibacterial properties of transformed plants were increased up to 33% against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli and up to 7% against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For the first time, we prove the possibility of D. muscipula transformation. Moreover, we propose that transformation may be a valuable tool for enhancing secondary metabolite production in D. muscipula tissue and to increase bactericidal properties against human antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Key points• Rhizobium-mediated transformation created Dionaea muscipula teratomas.• Transformed plants had highly increased synthesis of phenolic compounds.• The MBC value was connected with plumbagin and phenolic acid concentrations.

6-Shogaol from ginger shows anti-tumor effect in cervical carcinoma via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

6-Shogaol, an active phenolic compound from ginger (Zingiber officinale), can inhibit the growth of a variety of human cancer cells. Nevertheless, its underlying molecular mechanisms in cervical cancer remain unclear. In this study, we systematically examine the inhibitory effect of 6-shogaol on cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK8 assay and colony formation assay in HeLa and SiHa cells. We analyzed cell cycle and apoptosis through flow cytometry. GFP-LC3 puncta and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe autophagic bodies. Wound-healing assay and transwell assay were used for evaluating the migration of cells. Western blot was applied to detect protein expression levels. 6-Shogaol could suppress cell proliferation and migration, cause cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in HeLa and SiHa cells. Moreover, 6-shogaol triggered the apoptosis process through the mitochondrial pathway by downregulating the expression levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR. Further research indicated that the induction of apoptosis by 6-shogaol was remarkably decreased after the treatment of ROS scavenger and PI3K agonist. Additionally, 6-shogaol increased the number of LC3-positive puncta and autophagic bodies per cell in both HeLa and SiHa cells. Pretreatment of cells with Bafilomycin A1, an autophagy inhibitor, accelerated 6-shogaol mediated cell apoptosis, suggesting that induction of autophagy by 6-shogaol is suppressive to apoptosis. Furthermore, in vivo data revealed that 6-shogaol significantly inhibited tumor growth and cell proliferation in tumor tissues. These findings suggested that 6-shogaol could be developed as a functional food ingredient, which is potentially used as therapeutic agents for patients with cervical cancer.

Studying Althaea officinalis L. by an introduction experiment in the Kuzbass Botanical Garden (KuzBS)

Althaea officinalis L. was studied in the Kuzbass Botanical Garden. It’s a perennial herbaceous plant, that is included in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region with the status 2 - declining. During the first year of life, the following ontogenetic stages are recognized under introduction conditions: seedling, juvenile, immature, virginile, and young generative. A semi-rosette orthotropic monocarpic shoot, branching in a sylleptic way, and a caudex emerge in the first year. In pregenerative plants, there is an increase in ascorbic acid but a decrease in the activity of phenolic compounds and malonic dialdehyde; in generative plants, there is an inverse link.

Optimization of drying process for Rosa pimpinellifolia L. fruit (black rose hips) based on bioactive compounds and modeling of drying process

ABSTRACT Rosa pimpinellifolia, commonly known as the burnet rose, has shown huge functional properties and industrial potential. In this present study, the convective drying process was optimized to enhance the quality, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds. The influence of drying conditions on the drying and rehydration kinetics and mathematical modeling of the R. pimpinellifolia fruit (black rose hips) were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to detect the optimum drying conditions (i.e. temperature and air velocity). The optimum operating conditions were 67.21°C and 1.75 m s−1 providing maximum total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanin, DPPH radical scavenging and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) values of 1327 ± 5 mg GAE/100 g, 491 ± 2 mg c3g E/100 g, 110 ± 2 mmol TE/g and 698.00 ± 15 mmol ISE/g, respectively. The Page Model was the most fitted model to predict the drying kinetics. Vegas-gálves and Peleg models were the most effective to describe the rehydration kinetics. The rehydration was more efficient at 60°C compared to 20 and 40°C. The convective drying increased hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness while decreasing springiness and resilience. Catechin, epicatechin, quercetin-3-glucoside, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, rutin, fumaric acid, and gallic acid were the major phenolic compounds identified. The drying process thus improved the quality, antioxidant activity, and overall phenolic compounds of R. pimpinellifolia.

Ethanol pretreatment in taioba leaves during vacuum drying

ABSTRACT Non-conventional vegetables are those with limited distribution, restricted to certain regions. As a globalization and food industrialization result, its cultivation and consumption has decreased. The taioba [Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott] is an example of this vegetable category. The drying process increases the food stability, but it can negatively alter the nutritional value and the final quality of the product. Ethanol pretreatment reduces the drying time and can assist in the preservation of the nutritional characteristics. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of vacuum drying and ethanol pretreatment on the drying behavior, mathematical modeling, and final quality of taioba leaves. Higher temperatures and ethanol pretreatment lead to a shorter drying time. Thin-layer equations were evaluated for their ability to predict the drying kinetics, of which the Logarithmic and Midilli & Kuçuk equations performed best. A significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was observed in the ascorbic acid content, antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds in the different treatments. There was preservation in ascorbic acid content in treatments in which ethanol was applied; moreover, lower total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were observed when ethanol was used. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in pH values and titratable acidity.

Hypoglycemic activity of Origanum vulgare L. and its main chemical constituents identified with HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS.

Origanum vulgare L. (O. vulgare) is an important medicine food homology in diabetes. The present study aimed to assess the hypoglycemic effect of the leaf extract of O. vulgare in HepG2 and HepG2-GFP-CYP2E1 (E47) cells, and disclose its potential active components by the HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS method. Firstly, we evaluated the anti-diabetic capacity of the leaf extract of O. vulgare through inhibition of α-glucosidase activity, promotion of glucose uptake, inhibition of glycosylation and relieving of oxidative stress. Secondly, the promoter activity, the mRNA and protein expression of PEPCK and SREBP-1c, and the expression of CPY2E1 and GLUT2 in the O. vulgare mediated anti-diabetic capacity were analyzed in HepG2 and E47 cells. Finally, HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis was performed to identify the herb's main components under 280 nm irradiation. In vitro assays demonstrated that the extract inhibited α-glucosidase activity, promoted glucose uptake, inhibited glycosylation and relieved oxidative stress, which suggested that O. vulgare leaf extract has a strong hypoglycemic capacity. Moreover, mechanistic analysis also showed that the extract decreased the promoter activity and the mRNA and protein expression of PEPCK and SREBP-1c. In addition, the extract inhibited the expression of CPY2E1 and enhanced the expression of GLUT2. Moreover, the UV chromatogram at 280 nm showed six main peaks, identified as amburoside A (or 4-(3',4'-dihydroxybenzoyloxymethyl) phenyl O-β-d-glucopyranoside), luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, apigenin 7-O-glucuronide, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid and a novel compound, demethylbenzolignanoid, based on accurate MS data. This work supported the ethnopharmacological usage of O. vulgare as an antidiabetic herbal medicine or dietary supplement and identified its main phenolic compounds.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF GROWTH ON THE CONTENT OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN TRIFOLIUM L. PLANTS

The current study was carried out to study the effect of growing conditions on the pharmaceutically promising biologically active phenolic compounds on the meadow clover plants. The impact of the plant development site on the contemplated mixes was additionally explored. The estimation of phenolic compounds in raw plant materials was carried out with the help of a spectrophotometer and photocolorimeter. Results of the study revealed that the place of plant growth conditions have remarkable effect on the content of the phenolic compounds. Further, the most ideal conditions available for clover plant growth and higher phenolic compounds were reported from the broad-leaved forests. Furthermore, the results also suggested that the most important elements which affecting the aggregation of phenolic compounds are soil nitrogen.

Chemical Characterizations of Carbonated Whey Beverages Fortified with Fruit Juice and Some Herbs Extract

IN THIS STUDY, sweet whey was obtained from the manufacturing of Ras cheese. Lactose was hydrolyzed by lactase (β-D-galactosidase) at pH 6.6. Hydrolyzed whey beverages were produced by mixing sugar (10%), fruit juice or/and herbs extract to hydrolyzed whey. The whey beverages were carbonated by injecting CO2. The carbonated hydrolyzed whey beverages were evaluated for their amino acids, vitamin C, total antioxidant, total phenol compounds and minerals. Higher hydrolysis in whey sugar was obtained at pH 6.6 with β-D-galactosidase level of 0.4% after incubation for 300 min at 37°C (P<0.05). The content of leucine was the highest followed by lysine and threonine in all beverage treatments (P<0.05). Results indicated that carbonated whey beverages containing lemon (S4) had the highest ascorbic acid content, total antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds content. The level of calcium was the biggest (P<0.05) in carbonated whey beverages. Generally, carbonated whey fortified with lemon juice, green tea extract and/or peppermint extract had high contents of major bioactive compounds compared with control samples (S1 and S2).

Nephroprotective property of Trifolium repens leaf extract against paracetamol-induced kidney damage in mice.

Paracetamol-induced toxicity is one of the major drawbacks in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. The present study was performed to find out the impacts of phenolic compounds in the Trifolium repens (white clover) leaves (TR) against the paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. The extract was administered orally to mice in different doses (1, 2, and 3mL having a dry mass of 11.0mg/mL) along with paracetamol (300mg/kg) alone or in combination. Kidney histology, serum renal function tests, serum electrolytes, reduced glutathione, and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Paracetamol significantly affected kidney weight, renal profile biochemistry, serum electrolytes, reduced glutathione, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (as lipid peroxidation) in mice. The amount of total phenolic compounds identified in the extract was 8.89mg/g, representing 80.8% of the extract. The simultaneous administration of the TR extract leads to the normalization of all those parameters, which were deviated due to paracetamol ingestion. Kidney histological examination showed that nephrotoxicity was induced due to paracetamol, while the extract rich in phenolic compounds acts as therapeutic agents. The administration of extract also normalized the reduced glutathione from 0.837 to 2.21 of the paracetamol and paracetamol with 3-mL extract, respectively. Lipid peroxidation in the kidney was significantly (p < 0.05) declined by the extract (0.435µmol/g) as compared to PC (3.96µmol/g). In conclusion, TR extract possesses active beneficial phenolic compounds with nephroprotective function.

Estimation of Active Compounds Quantity from Pharmaceuticals Based on Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba is one of the most important sources of active compounds, mainly flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Due to its importance related to pharmaceutical practice, the making of a qualitative and quantitative method for the detection and quantification of active compounds from Ginkgo biloba pharmaceutical products is desirable. In this study, the content of biological active compounds from Ginkgo biloba products was estimated using cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical determination of active compounds was carried out by using a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with carbon nanotubes. The studies regarding parameter optimization were made using solutions containing potassium ferrocyanide and catechol, respectively. In both cases, the redox processes of studied compounds was observed, which were controlled by the diffusion phenomenon. We analyzed two pharmaceutical products containing Ginkgo biloba, a RX product (recipe medicine requires a medical prescription to be dispensed) and an OTC (Over-The-Counter, which can be obtained without a prescription) product. The cyclic voltammograms of the two products showed two redox processes due to the antioxidant properties of the products. It was found that the RX product had a greater content of active compounds compared to the OTC product. Therefore, the voltammetric method has great utility for the determination of compounds with redox properties from pharmaceutical products containing Ginkgo biloba.

Transcriptional expression of Bcl-2, Her2, VEGF, and hTERT in Caki-1 human renal cancer cells with modulation of Cornus mas extract

Background: Herbal medicines, particularly those rich in polyphenolic compounds, have been proposed to be chemotherapeutic factors, which can modulate several pathways associated with cancer. To gain mechanistic insights into the anti-proliferative impacts of Cornus mas extract (CME), this study investigated the expression changes of several prominent genes, which involved in malignancy with therapeutic potential. Materials and Methods: To perform the research, Caki-1 cancer cells were incubated for 72 h with 250 µg/ml of CME upon the cells with ribonucleic acids (RNAs) extracted for identified alterations of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2), and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) gene expressions by a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The changes in protein expression were analyzed by the western blot method. Cell apoptosis was detected using the flow cytometry technique. Results: Cornus mas extract caused down-regulated Bcl-2 as an anti-apoptotic 4.34-fold gene expression. Moreover, Her2 oncogene messenger RNA expression was inhibited by 250 µg/ml concentration of ~10-fold CME. The antitumor activity of CME was pronounced in its potent anti-angiogenic potential, as CME resulted in a striking decrease in ~125 fold-expression of VEGF compared to the untreated control. In contrast, CME led to ~2.6 fold up-regulation of hTERT in Caki-1 cancer cells. Conclusion: Overall, various molecular pathways were formed to interplay with Caki-1 cells, which depend on the active phenolic compound of CME. It is recommended to perform further studies to investigate the effect of unique polyphenols of the total extract of CME to establish therapy with replication-competent adenovirus as an effective strategy