Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Research Articles

Acoustic properties of ABS and PLA parts produced by additive manufacturing using different printing parameters

Abstract This study investigates the effect of printing parameters on the acoustic performance of specimens produced using 3D printing technology. The specimens were fabricated with square and hexagonal cell shapes with 10, 20, 30, and 50 % infill ratios from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) materials. The sound absorption coefficient and sound transmission loss results of the samples were measured with an impedance tube at 1/3 octave band values in the range of 500–6400 Hz. The highest sound absorption coefficient results were determined for cylindrical samples with a square internal structure made of ABS material with a 50 % infill ratio in the frequency range of 2500–3500 Hz. The sound transmission loss values of the samples vary between approximately 13 and 58 dB at 1/3 octave band values in the range of 500 and 6300 Hz. The highest sound transmission loss values were determined in the sample produced of PLA with a square cell shape at a 30 % infill ratio. It was concluded that different geometric shapes, materials, and infill ratios affect the acoustic performance of parts produced by 3D printing technology.

Dual material fused filament fabrication of composite core‐shell structures with improved impact resistance and interfacial adhesion

AbstractThe mechanical performance of parts produced by fused filament fabrication (FFF) has been limited due to the presence of voids and poor interlayer welding. Recent advancements in FFF have enabled the fabrication of void‐free objects with strong interlayer welding through the use of semicrystalline polymer shells such as high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) along with a high viscosity core polymer like acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS). The zero‐shear viscosity (η0) of ABS is three orders of magnitude higher than HDPE making the ABS‐HDPE core‐shell configuration preferable. ABS holds the shape by preventing bulk flow and part bending while HDPE promotes full surface contact across the layers. Most polymers, however, are immiscible which causes a weak weld line along the core‐shell interface. Herein, maleic anhydride (MAH) is grafted to the butadiene segment of the ABS core thereby compatibilizing the interface with HDPE, improving the interfacial adhesion. Attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to confirm successful grafting. Using a custom‐made die affording the core‐shell structure, the ABS‐g‐MAH is shown to improve the impact resistance by 253% and 16% compared to neat HDPE and ABS specimens, respectively. Additionally, a 10% increase compared to the unmodified ABS‐HDPE core‐shell configuration is observed.

Evaluating and Comparing Flexure Strength of Dental Models Printed Using Fused Deposition Modelling, Digital Light Processing, and Stereolithography Apparatus Printers.

The introduction of three-dimensional (3D) printing in dentistry has mainly focused on applications such as surgical planning, computer-guided templates, and digital impression conversions. Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, involves layering resin material sequentially to construct objectsand is gaining recognition for its role in creating custom-made medical appliances. The field of orthodontics has also embraced this technological waveand with the advent of cost-effective printers and biocompatible resins, 3D printing has become increasingly feasible and popular in orthodontic clinics. The limitations of traditional plaster models may have prompted the emergence of 3D-printed models, but it led to enhancing treatment planning and device fabrication, particularly in orthodontics. Notable desktop printing technologies include fused deposition modelling (FDM), digital light processing (DLP), and stereolithography (SLA), each employing distinct methods and materials for fabricating appliances. Evaluating mechanical properties, like flexure strength, is crucial to determine the material's ability to withstand bending forces and thus prove useful in fabricating thermoformable appliances, surgical templates, etc. This study aims to assess the flexure strength of 3D-printed models using FDM, DLP, and SLA technology, providing insights into their suitability as replacements for conventional models and shedding some light on the durability and sustainability of 3D-printed models. Cuboids measuring 20 x 5 x 2 mm were cut from models, creating 10 samples per printer group. These samples underwent flexure strength testing using a three-point bending system in a universal testing machine. The FDM group exhibited the highest flexure strength at 69.36 ± 6.03 MPa, while the DLP group showed the lowest flexure strength at 67.47 ± 20.58 MPa. The results can be attributed to the differences in resin materials used for fabrication, with FDM using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer and SLA/DLP using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and also to the variation in their printing mechanism. The findings affirm the suitability of FDM models for orthodontic applications, suggesting enhanced efficiency and reliability in clinical practices.

In-situ background-free Raman probe using double-cladding anti-resonant hollow-core fibers.

This study presents the development of an in-situ background-free Raman fiber probe, employing two customized double-cladding anti-resonant hollow-core fibers (AR-HCFs). The Raman background noise measured in the AR-HCF probe is lower than that of a conventional multi-mode silica fiber by two orders of magnitude. A plug-in device for fiber coupling optics was designed that was compatible with a commercially available confocal Raman microscope, enabling in-situ Raman detection. The numerical aperture (NA) of both AR-HCF claddings exceeds 0.2 substantially enhancing the collection efficiency of Raman signals at the distal end of the fiber probe. The performance of our Raman fiber probe is demonstrated by characterizing samples of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastics, alumina ceramics, and ethylene glycol solution.

Enhancing the Strength of Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene with Gas-Phase-Synthesized Graphene for Injection-Molding Applications

Enhancing the Strength of Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene with Gas-Phase-Synthesized Graphene for Injection-Molding Applications

Evaluation of Fused Deposition Modeling Materials for 3D-Printed Container of Dosimetric Polymer Gel.

Accurate dosimetric verification is becoming increasingly important in radiotherapy. Although polymer gel dosimetry may be useful for verifying complex 3D dose distributions, it has limitations for clinical application due to its strong reactivity with oxygen and other contaminants. Therefore, it is important that the material of the gel storage container blocks reaction with external contaminants. In this study, we tested the effect of air and the chemical permeability of various polymer-based 3D printing materials that can be used as gel containers. A methacrylic acid, gelatin, and tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride gel was used. Five types of printing materials that can be applied to the fused deposition modeling (FDM)-type 3D printer were compared: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), co-polyester (CPE), polycarbonate (PC), polylactic acid (PLA), and polypropylene (PP) (reference: glass vial). The map of R2 (1/T2) relaxation rates for each material, obtained from magnetic resonance imaging scans, was analyzed. Additionally, response histograms and dose calibration curves from the R2 map were evaluated. The R2 distribution showed that CPE had sharper boundaries than the other materials, and the profile gradient of CPE was also closest to the reference vial. Histograms and dose calibration showed that CPE provided the most homogeneous and the highest relative response of 83.5%, with 8.6% root mean square error, compared with the reference vial. These results indicate that CPE is a reasonable material for the FDM-type 3D printing gel container.

Extraction of volatile organic compounds liberated upon filament extrusion by 3D pen and its comparison with a desktop 3D printer using solid-phase microextraction fiber and Arrow

Desktop 3D printers that operate by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) mechanism are known to release numerous hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during printing, including some with potential carcinogenic effects. Operating in a similar manner to FDM 3D printers, 3D pens have gained popularity recently from their ability to allow users to effortlessly draw in the air or create various 3D printed shapes while handling the device like a pen. In contrast to numerous modern 3D printers, 3D pens lack their own ventilation systems and are often used in settings with minimum airflow. Their operation makes users more vulnerable to VOC emissions, as the released VOCs are likely to be in the breathing zone. Consequently, monitoring VOCs released during the use of 3D pens is crucial. In this study, VOCs liberated while extruding acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments from a 3D pen were measured by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). SPME was investigated using the traditional fiber and Arrow geometries with the DVB/Carbon WR/PDMS sorbent while four different brands of ABS filaments—Amazon Basics, Gizmodork, Mynt 3D, and Novamaker—were used with the 3D pen. Heatmap analysis showed differentiation among these brands based on the liberated VOCs. The nozzle temperature and printing speed were found to affect the number and amount of released VOCs. This study goes a step further and presents for the first time a comparison between 3D pen and a desktop 3D printer based on liberated VOCs. Interestingly, the findings reveal that the 3D pen releases a greater number and amount of VOCs compared to the printer. The amounts of liberated VOCs, as indicated by the corresponding chromatographic peak areas, were found to be 1.4 to 62.6 times higher for the 3D pen compared to the 3D printer when using SPME Arrow.

Acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene‐based composites for the manufacture of anthropomorphic simulators

AbstractThe development of functional compounds for extrusion applied in the additive manufacturing of anthropomorphic simulators is interesting, as it guarantees the manufacture of a 3D model similar to the patient. These simulators find applications in therapies or laboratory tests involving x‐rays. In order to replicate human conditions in these tests, it is essential to create materials that closely match the properties of human tissue, including the smoothness of soft tissues and the hardness of the bone tissue. This study developed ceramic‐polymeric composites, where the tomography intensity of each mixture was measured experimentally. Combinations of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) with zirconium oxide and basic bismuth carbonate allowed imitation of bone tissue. The samples containing zirconium oxide and basic bismuth carbonate presented results that exceeded the minimum limit and reached a value close to 2000 Hounsfield units (HU) with 12% basic bismuth carbonate content. Combinations of ABS with hydroxyapatite and aluminum oxide can imitate soft tissues. The use of a surfactant facilitated the mixing of ceramic filler with polymer. Finally, 3D printing of a physical model was performed using a dual extruder printer, allowing simultaneous printing of bone and soft tissue components.Highlights Material mimicking x‐ray attenuation similar to bone tissue. Relation between 3D printing porosity and intensity in Hounsfield unit. Computed tomography tests on a 3D printed anthropomorphic phantom. Creating a 3D model from a Computed Tomography scan. Double extruder for 3D printing of two tissue simultaneously.

Neutron moderation and manufacturing viability of 3D printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene spheres for use in neutron radiation detectors

Neutron moderation characteristics and manufacturing viability of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) spheres were studied using a 6LiI(Eu) scintillator detector and a commercial 3D printer with FDM-type extruder. Response functions (RFs) for the detector with ABS spheres of varying diameters were calculated with the Monte Carlo (MC) code MCNPX and compared with RFs obtained for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) spheres. Designed ABS spheres were produced and irradiated with 241Am–Be neutron beams to validate MC simulations.

Effect of Abaca Bracts Biocarbon Volume and Infill Ratio on Mechanical, Wear, Fatigue and Hydrophobic Behaviour of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Biocomposites Tailored Using 3D Printing

Effect of Abaca Bracts Biocarbon Volume and Infill Ratio on Mechanical, Wear, Fatigue and Hydrophobic Behaviour of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Biocomposites Tailored Using 3D Printing

Processing and modeling of 3D-printed mill scale strengthened acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites

Processing and modeling of 3D-printed mill scale strengthened acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites

Experimental investigation of pressure drop and heat transfer in porous media based on 3D printed triple periodic minimum surfaces

ABSTRACT Porous media are widely preferred for heat transfer applications because of complex structure and high porosity. It is relatively easy to produce complex structures with the additive manufacturing method. In this study, Gyroid-based triple periodic minimal surface is produced ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) and PLA (polylactic acid) materials using 3D printers. The pressure drops and heat transfer in the porous structure with the gyroid model are investigated experimentally. Permeability and Forchheimer coefficients are determined for each gyroid porous channel. While the permeability and Forchheimer coefficient of the porous medium of PLA were calculated as 2.97 × 10−8 m2 and 0.07, respectively, the permeability and Forchheimer coefficient of the porous medium of ABS were calculated as 5.52 × 10−8 m2 and 0.09. The correlation between the Reynolds number and pressure drop per length is given. The gyroid structure-filled channel is heated by an asymmetric heat flux on the bottom side. The convection heat transfer in polymer-based porous media was investigated. Also, the correlation between the Nusselt number and the Reynolds number based on permeability is presented. While the Nusselt correlation of the PLA porous medium was obtained as N u K = 0.08 R e K 0.57 , the Nusselt correlation of the ABS porous medium was found to be N u K = 0.09 R e K 0.61 . There are improvements in heat transfer due to the flow mixing effect of the porous medium. The study aims to broaden the current knowledge of heat transfer in polymer porous structures. Especially, this study investigates heat transfer and flow in polymer-based porous structures with a low thermal conductivity coefficient produced by 3D printers.

Dosimetry audit in advanced radiotherapy using in-house developed anthropomorphic head & neck phantom

The treatment of head and neck (H&N) cancer presents formidable challenges due to the involvement of normal tissue and organs at risk (OARs) in the close vicinity. Ensuring the precise administration of the prescribed dose demands prior dose verification. Considering contour irregularity and heterogeneity in the H&N region, an anthropomorphic and heterogeneous H&N phantom was developed and fabricated locally for conducting the dosimetry audit in advanced radiotherapy treatments. This specialized phantom emulates human anatomy and incorporates a removable cylindrical insert housing a C-shaped planning target volume (PTV) alongside key OARs including the spinal cord, oral cavity, and bilateral parotid glands. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) was chosen for PTV and parotid fabrication, while Delrin was adopted for spinal cord fabrication. A pivotal feature of this phantom is the incorporation of thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) within the PTV and OARs, enabling the measurement of delivered dose. To execute the dosimetry audit, the phantom, accompanied by dosimeters and comprehensive guidelines, was disseminated to multiple radiotherapy centers. Subsequently, hospital physicists acquired computed tomography (CT) scans to generate treatment plans for phantom irradiation. The treatment planning system (TPS) computed the anticipated dose distribution within the phantom, and post-irradiation TLD readings yielded actual dose measurements. The TPS calculated and TLD measured dose values at most of the locations inside the PTV were found comparable within ± 4%. The outcomes affirm the suitability of the developed anthropomorphic H&N phantom for precise dosimetry audits of advanced radiotherapy treatments.

Mechanical Recycling of Post-Industrial PC/ABS Blends from the Automotive Sector by Mixture Design

The widespread use of plastic materials poses significant environmental challenges, which have promoted a growing call for a circular approach to such materials, emphasizing waste reintegration into production. From this perspective, the present study focuses on analyzing a post-industrial recycled stream of chrome-plated automotive scraps composed of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), and a commercial PC/ABS blend. The batch-to-batch varying proportions of these constituents make control of the recycled materials’ quality challenging. To address this problem, we formulated an I-optimal mixture design model using the infrared absorbance ratio of selected peaks and Izod impact resistance results for injection-molded samples as inputs to determine the composition of each batch quickly. The two model equations (adjusted R2 > 0.97) obtained, based on cubic expression and regressed from data obtained from 27 mixtures with known compositions, were combined into a single system for the determination of unknown batch compositions. The validation test showed that the models can satisfactorily predict both the infrared and Izod results of blends with known compositions, but in the latter case, the results are less reliable, probably due to specific blend morphological interactions according to specific compositions. The results can improve mechanical recycling methodologies for reintroducing plastic wastes to the market.

Process parametric optimization of fused deposition modeling for manufacturing of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene parts

Additive manufacturing has been a revolution in the last decade and has led to a number of product innovations. Rapid prototyping (RP) has significantly reduced the product development cycle time and RP techniques are now replacing many conventional plastic processing techniques where production volume is not an issue. In order to ascertain the utility of additive manufacturing techniques for the development of fully functional parts, it’s important to establish the optimal set of process parameters for achieving maximum mechanical performance. In the current experimental investigation, the dogbone-shaped parts of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were fabricated by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. The process parameters were optimized for dogbone-shaped specimens fabricated by the FDM process. Among the parameters, it has been found that orientation and infill density are the most dominant factors affecting the tensile strength of FDM parts printed with ABS material.

Mechanical and durability performance of concrete made using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic from waste-EEE as a partial replacement of the coarse aggregate

This paper presents the findings of a study focused on assessing the mechanical strength, durability performance and microstructure of concrete produced using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic derived from waste electrical and electronic equipment as aggregate. Granulated waste ABS replaced the coarse natural aggregate by volume in proportions of 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. All concrete mixes were cured by precarbonation followed by water curing to improve early-age concrete performance in addition to conventional water curing alone. Mechanical and durability indexing tests (oxygen permeability, water sorptivity and chloride conductivity) indicate reduced compressive strength and durability index with increased waste ABS aggregate replacements. Even so, mixes made using substitutions ≤ 75% waste ABS aggregate achieved the minimum compressive strength required for use in structural applications (fcu ≥ 25 MPa) and satisfactory durability performance at 28-days. Prediction models for reinforced concrete exposed to an inland environment suggest a cover depth of 60 mm and 30 mm for concrete made using 100% waste ABS subjected to water curing alone and precarbonation, respectively. In contrast, prediction models for mixes exposed to coastal regions require a cover depth of 80 mm when made using 25% waste ABS cured using water alone, while 100% waste ABS may be used when subjected to precarbonation curing. Statistical data indicate a strong correlation between the nature of the interfacial transition zone and the observed strength and durability performance.

Multi-material 4D printing to realize two-phase morphing in self-actuating structures

4D printing has garnered significant attention within the field of engineering due to its capacity to introduce novel functionalities in printed structures through shape-morphing. Nevertheless, there persist challenges in the design and fabrication of intricate structures, primarily stemming from the intricate task of controlling variables that impact morphing characteristics. In order to surmount these hurdles, the approach of multi-material 4D printing is employed, underpinned by parametric studies, to actualize complex structures through a two-phase morphing process. This study specifically investigates the utilization of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate/ABS. The distinction in glass transition temperatures within these materials enables the realization of two distinct morphing phases. The research delves into the impact of structural parameters on morphing properties. Finite element analyses are subsequently conducted, leveraging the insights gained from parametric studies, to facilitate the accurate prediction of a diverse array of shape alterations in response to temperature fluctuations. Several structural models are both simulated and fabricated to experimentally validate the precise forecasting of desired morphing phases. The culmination of this study manifests in the design and fabrication of multiple multi-material structures, exemplifying both their functionality and intricate geometric complexity.

Enhanced mechanical properties of MWCNT reinforced ABS nanocomposites fabricated through additive manufacturing process

AbstractMultiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be spread out in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) using a twin‐screw micro‐compounding extruder. It can significantly improve the mechanical properties of 3D‐printed objects. Dispersed MWCNTs in pure ABS to develop the nanocomposites through a two‐time micro compounding extruding process. 3D printed filaments with a diameter of 1.75 mm have been prepared by processing the acquired composite structure through a filament extruder. The mechanical and other properties of 3D printed pure ABS and 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process were studied for MWCNTs/ABS composites. Compared with pure ABS, the tensile and thermal properties were significant for 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of MWCNTs/ABS composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also analyzed for 0, 1, 2, and 3 wt.% MWCNTs/ABS composites. Additive manufacturing (AM) processes have recently been emphasized for their applications in electronics, aerospace, biomedical, and automobile engineering.

An investigation on the influence of three-dimensional printing orientation on the tensile and flexural strength of polymer and plastic materials

In the present investigation, the influence of three-dimensional printing orientation (0 and 90 degrees) on the mechanical properties has been evaluated for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic and polylactic acid polymer specimens. Further, results found the significant influence of printing orientation on tensile strength, yield strength, and flexural strength for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid was between 17.80 (minimum) to 77.67% (maximum). The percentage difference between three-point bending finite element analysis and experimental results was 3.05% which exhibited the good prediction capability of the developed finite element analysis model.

Effect of raster angle on the fracture properties of additively manufactured ABS via essential work of fracture

AbstractThe increasing application of additive manufacturing (AM) technology across various sectors has sparked significant interest in characterizing 3D‐printed components. An essential aspect of achieving fracture‐resistant designs is gaining a comprehensive understanding of the fracture behavior exhibited by these components. While most studies have focused on linear‐elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the post‐yield fracture behavior (PYFM) of 3D‐printed components. As a result, this study aims to fill this gap by investigating the impact of raster angle, a critical parameter influencing fracture properties and often leading to premature failures, on the fracture properties of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) using essential work of fracture (EWF). Outcomes showed that by changing lay‐ups from [90]5 to [0]5, the value of we or elastic work increased by nearly 306%. Further, the maximum and minimum values of the plastic work (βwp) were for [45/−45/45/−45/45] and [90]5 lay‐ups, in order. By changing lay‐ups from [90]5 to [45/−45/45/−45/45], the value of βwp increased by approximately 216%. In addition, the fractured surfaces of tested samples are also analyzed to provide insights into the dominant failure mechanisms for different raster angles.