Absolute Limit Research Articles

A method for solving the limit of multivariate composite functions

Abstract In this paper, according to the concept of multivariate composite function, the limit and continuity conditions of multivariate composite function are given, and the continuity relationship between the inner function and the outer function of the composite function at the same point is investigated. The relationship between the limit and continuity of a composite function composed of two functions at the same point is investigated by examples, while some limit results are explained from the perspective of composite functions, and the limit calculation law of multivariate composite functions is proposed. Using the consistent central limit theorem in the limit calculation law, the absolute value and limit of the interval of the multivariate composite function are obtained, and the iterative limit of the variational reduction approximation method is confirmed by combining the absolute value and limit of the interval of the multivariate composite function. On the basis of the application of limit operation of a multivariate composite function, the limit distribution of high-dimensional likelihood ratio statistics of multivariate composite function is analyzed by using data simulation analysis. The results show that both limit distributions have better simulation results when p are small, such as p = 5 or p = 10, but the traditional limit is better than the normal limit, indicating that the results of multivariate composite function limit calculations have good accuracy. A method for solving the limits of multivariate composite functions is proposed in this study, which is of great theoretical and practical significance in the study of higher mathematics.

Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the rapid detection of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott as an adulterant of Ginkgo biloba (L.)

BackgroundSpecies adulteration is a concern in herbal products, especially when plant substitutes of lower economic value replace valuable botanicals. Styphnolobium japonicum is well known as a potential adulterant of Ginkgo biloba, which is one of the most demanded medicinal plants due to its wide use in pharmaceuticals, food supplements, and traditional medicine. Despite bearing some resemblance to ginkgo's flavonol composition, S. japonicum lacks many of G. biloba's desired therapeutic properties. To prevent adulteration practices, it is crucial to implement rigorous quality control measures, including fast and simple diagnostic tools that can be used on-field. PurposeThis study aims to develop for the first time a species-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the fast identification of S. japonicum in ginkgo-containing products. MethodsA set of four specific primers (SjF3, SjB3, SjFIP, and SjBIP) and loop primers (SjLF and SjLB) were designed for a LAMP based assay using the 5.8S partial sequence and the internal transcribed spacer 2 of nuclear ribosomal DNA of S. japonicum. ResultsThe successful amplification of the LAMP assay was inspected through visual detection, with the highest intensity recorded at the optimal conditions set at 68 °C for 40 min. The primers showed high specificity and were able to accurately discriminate S. japonicum from G. biloba and 49 other species of medicinal plants. Furthermore, the proposed LAMP assay proved to be fast, selective, and highly sensitive, as demonstrated by the absolute and relative limits of detection, which were reached at 0.5 pg for S. japonicum DNA and 0.01 % S. japonicum in G. biloba, respectively. ConclusionsThis novel approach allows easy identification and discrimination of S. japonicum as a potential adulterant of G. biloba, thus being a useful tool for quality control. Compared to chromatographic or PCR-based methods, the assay proved to be fast, sensitive and did not require expensive equipment, thus offering the possibly usage in field analysis.

Orobanche salviae (Orobanchaceae), new to the flora of the Iberian Peninsula

Orobanche salviae is a European orophyte and considered an exclusive parasite of Salvia glutinosa. Here we provide the first report of the species for the Iberian Peninsula, which we discovered recently in the eastern Catalan Pyrenees. The closest reliable known localities are in the French Maritime Alps, although it was also previously reported with uncertainty from the French Pyrenees. The new found populations are located at the absolute western limit of the distribution of the species. We provide a description of its distribution, habitat and, given its rarity, we suggest a category of threat following the IUCN criteria.

The Response of Electron Pitch Angle Distributions to the Upper Limit on Stably Trapped Particles

AbstractWe use Van Allen Probes electron data during 70 geomagnetic storms to examine the response of equatorial pitch angle distributions (PADs) at L* = 4.0–4.5 to a theoretical upper limit on stably trapped particle fluxes. Of the energies examined, 54 and 108 keV electron PADs isotropize to a previously assumed level within 6 hr of reaching the limit, near‐identically across all 70 storms, consistent with rapid pitch angle scattering due to chorus wave interactions. In around 30% of events, 54 keV electrons completely exceed the KP limit, before being quickly subdued. 470 and 749 keV PADs show clear indications of an upper limit, though less aligned with the calculated limit used here. The consistency of an absolute upper limit shown across all events demonstrates the importance of this phenomena in both the limiting effect on electron flux and consistently influencing electron PAD evolution during geomagnetic storms. These results also highlight the need for further investigation, particularly related to the limiting of higher energy electrons.

A Comparative Study Of Reliability-Centered Maintenance And New-Based Maintenance Approaches On A Working-Hours Engine: A Case Study

Maintenance is an important system in operation. In an era where the electricity generation industry focuses on 24-hour operations to maximize the production of electrical energy, which is needed for development and as a driving force for office equipment and the economy of the people in Timor- Leste, it is pushed to its absolute limit to meet this demand. With the increase in the operation of the electric energy generation unit, the wear and tear of the engine components will increase. So, the need for increased engine parts, to prevent failure. To remedy this situation and guarantee the machine’s continued peak performance, preventative maintenance is executed. Preventive maintenance (PM) is one subfield of maintenance that aims to forestall failures before they manifest. The maintenance, production, and management teams will need to work closely together to make PM a success. This article is a case study of Electrical Diesel Timor-Leste (EDTL), a firm with two power production facilities located in Hera and Betano, and it examines the causes of inefficient PM activity and the ramifications this has for the organization.

Cardiorespiratory dynamics during respiratory maneuver in athletes.

Introduction: The modern practice of sports medicine and medical rehabilitation requires the search for subtle criteria for the development of conditions and recovery of the body after diseases, which would have a prognostic value for the prevention of negative effects of training and rehabilitation tools, and also testify to the development and course of mechanisms for counteracting pathogenetic processes in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the informative directions of the cardiorespiratory system parameters dynamics during the performing a maneuver with a change in breathing rate, which may indicate the body functional state violation. Methods: The results of the study of 183 healthy men aged 21.2 ± 2.3 years who regularly engaged in various sports were analyzed. The procedure for studying the cardiorespiratory system included conducting combined measurements of indicators of activity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in a sitting position using a spiroarteriocardiograph device. The duration of the study was 6min and involved the sequential registration of three measurements with a change in breathing rate (spontaneous breathing, breathing at 0.1 Hz and 0.25Hz). Results: Performing a breathing maneuver at breathing 0.1Hz and breathing 0.25Hz in comparison with spontaneous breathing leads to multidirectional significant changes in heart rate variability indicators-TP (ms2), LF (ms2), LFHF (ms2/ms2); of blood pressure variability indicators-TPDBP (mmHg2), LFSBP (mmHg2), LFDBP (mmHg2), HFSBP (mmHg2); of volume respiration variability indicators - LFR, (L×min-1)2; HFR, (L×min-1)2; LFHFR, (L×min-1)2/(L×min-1)2; of arterial baroreflex sensitivity indicators - BRLF (ms×mmHg-1), BRHF (ms×mmHg-1). Differences in indicators of systemic hemodynamics and indicators of cardiovascular and respiratory systems synchronization were also informative. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is shown that during performing a breathing maneuver with a change in the rate of breathing, there are significant changes in cardiorespiratory parameters, the analysis of which the increments made it possible to determine of the changes directions dynamics, their absolute values and informative limits regarding the possible occurrence of the cardiorespiratory interactions dysregulation.

A pilot study of laser-welding cast basalt blocks for lunar construction

Using sintered or melted regolith to produce masonry units is a promising option for constructing lunar base civil infrastructure. However, the ingredients needed to produce cementitious mortar are not easily available on the moon and using water-based mortars in the lunar vacuum could be problematic. This pilot study reports experimental trials using specimens cut from cast basalt tiles to investigate laser welding as an alternative method of bonding lunar masonry. In a bead-on-block study to identify the optimal laser parameters it was found that weld penetration was limited to 1.5 mm and that without preheating and annealing, cracking was unavoidable. Pairs of blocks were also butt-welded together autogenously and tested for flexural strength. With preheating and annealing in a furnace, it was possible to produce welds with tensile strengths of up to 16.5 N/mm (≈ 12.7 MPa). Even without preheating and annealing, a weld strength of 0.9 N/mm (≈ 0.6 MPa) was achieved. This might be sufficient to support masonry unit self-weight during construction to avoid the need for falsework. The pilot study demonstrated that although preventing cracking when welding cast regolith materials is challenging and weld penetration depth places an absolute limit on scalability, the technology shows sufficient promise to justify further trials. Improved results might be achieved in a vacuum with a controllable laser and if the porosity of the sintered or cast regolith parent material was optimised for weldability.

Sensitive analysis of selenium speciation in natural seawater by isotope-dilution and large volume injection using PTV-GC-ICP-MS

Although oceans play a key role in the global selenium (Se) cycle, there is currently very little quantitative information available on the distribution of Se concentrations and Se speciation in marine environments. In general, determining Se concentration and speciation in seawater is highly challenging due to very low Se levels ((sub)ng⋅L−1), whereas matrix elements interfering Se pre-concentration and detection are up to the g⋅L−1 levels. In this study, we established a sensitive method for the determination of the various Se chemical fractions present in natural seawater, i.e. selenite (SeIV), selenate (SeVI), organic Se-II + Se0 and total Se, using species-specific isotope dilution gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-GC-ICP-MS). We compared different derivatization reagents and optimized specific pre-treatment protocols, including a microwave assisted oxidation protocol for the determination of total Se and organic Se-II + Se0 using H2O2. To increase sensitivity, we developed an online pre-concentration method based on large volume injection (LVI) using a programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet. Eventually, the developed method achieved low absolute and methodological detection limits, i.e., respectively, 0.1–0.3 pg and 0.9–3.1 ng.L-1 for the different fractions. The accuracy of our method was of 2% for a certified reference material (CRM) diluted in artificial seawater while the precision was better than 4% for a freshwater CRM in artificial seawater matrix as well as two common seawater CRMs certified for trace elements excluding Se. As a proof-of-concept, we quantified the various Se fractions in a large number of natural water samples from the Baltic and North Seas, encompassing a wide range of salinity (7–35 psu), which shows that its detection limits are sufficient to determine total Se, SeIV, SeVI and organic Se-II + Se0 concentrations in brackish and marine systems.

Exploring global carbon market link mechanism: Efficiency evaluation in the context of carbon neutrality

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement enables Parties to achieve their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) through direct cooperation or Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMO). Current researches on Article 6 are mostly based on the assumption of unlimited global carbon market link, which may lead to large price volatility and cause concern of policy makers. In order to investigate the impact of inter-regional carbon market link mechanism on global climate action, here, we designed carbon market link scenarios with different degrees of trading volume limits. We simulated the global and regional carbon markets under different scenarios from 2025 to 2060 using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM). The findings suggest that as the link limit tightens, both the price volatility of global carbon market and the cumulative mitigation costs saved by carbon market links decrease, which reminds policy makers of the trade-off between economic efficiency and price volatility. The price volatility under the unlimited global carbon market scenario is about 30% higher than that with link limits implemented, while the unlimited market would also save about 0.83 trillion dollars abatement costs than the limited scenario. At the national level, a total of 14 regions are limited in different link limit scenarios, among which China, the United States, EU and India are the most sensitive regions to link limits. Based on the scenario results, we discuss the design of international carbon market link mechanisms, such as absolute link limits and relative link limits.

A novel triplex real-time PCR method for the simultaneous authentication of meats and antlers from sika deer (Cervus nippon) and red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Deer products have been used as a traditional Chinese medical and edible food for over 2000 years. Due to the high price, the meats and antlers are often adulterated with low-value materials. The present study developed a triplex real-time PCR assay to simultaneously identify the DNA from sika deer and red deer in deer products. The triplex real-time PCR approach showed high specificity for 10 animal species, and the method simultaneously amplified an endogenous control to eliminate false-negative results. The absolute limits of detection for raw meat, meat product, and antlers were 0.00005–0.000025 ng, 0.00005–0.000025 ng, and 0.0001–0.000025 ng, respectively, for sika deer and 0.00005–0.000025 ng, 0.0005–0.00025 ng, and 0.0025–0.00025 ng, respectively, for red deer. This approach could determine 0.1% (w/w) adulteration. In conclusion, the established triplex real-time PCR assay displayed high specificity and sensitivity, and applicability and can be used for authentic animal products from sika deer and red deer. Data will be made available on request.

The quenched satellite population around Milky Way analogues

ABSTRACT We study the relative fractions of quenched and star-forming satellite galaxies in the Satellites Around Galactic Analogs (SAGA) survey and Exploration of Local VolumE Satellites (ELVES) program, two nearby and complementary samples of Milky Way-like galaxies that take different approaches to identify faint satellite galaxy populations. We cross-check and validate sample cuts and selection criteria, as well as explore the effects of different star-formation definitions when determining the quenched satellite fraction of Milky Way analogues. We find the mean ELVES quenched fraction (〈QF〉), derived using a specific star formation rate (sSFR) threshold, decreases from ∼50 per cent to ∼27 per cent after applying a cut in absolute magnitude to match that of the SAGA survey (〈QF〉SAGA ∼9 per cent). We show these results are consistent for alternative star-formation definitions. Furthermore, these quenched fractions remain virtually unchanged after applying an additional cut in surface brightness. Using a consistently derived sSFR and absolute magnitude limit for both samples, we show that the quenched fraction and the cumulative number of satellites in the ELVES and SAGA samples broadly agree. We briefly explore radial trends in the ELVES and SAGA samples, finding general agreement in the number of star-forming satellites per host as a function of radius. Despite the broad agreement between the ELVES and SAGA samples, some tension remains with these quenched fractions in comparison to the Local Group and simulations of Milky Way analogues.

Effective practices for thermal tolerance polygon experiments using mottled catfish Corydoras paleatus

Temperature is an important environmental factor that affects how organisms allocate metabolic resources to physiological processes. Laboratory experiments that determine absolute thermal limits for representative species are important for understanding how fishes are affected by climate change. Critical Thermal Methodology (CTM) and Chronic Lethal Methodology (CLM) experiments were utilized to construct a complete thermal tolerance polygon for the South American fish species, Mottled catfish (Corydoras paleatus). Mottled catfish showed Chronic Lethal Maxima (CLMax) of 34.9 ± 0.52 °C and Chronic Lethal Minima (CLMin) of 3.8 ± 0.08 °C. Fish were chronically acclimated (∼2 weeks) to 6 temperatures ranging from 7.2 ± 0.05 °C →32.2 ± 0.16 °C (7 °C, 12 °C, 17 °C, 22 °C, 27 °C, and 32 °C), and CTM used to estimate upper and lower acute temperature tolerance. Linear regressions of Critical Thermal Maxima (CTMax) and Minima (CTMin) data with each acclimation temperature were used along with CLMax and CLMin to create a complete thermal tolerance polygon. The highest CTMax was 38.4 ± 0.60 °C for fish acclimated to 32.2 ± 0.16 °C, and the lowest CTMin was 3.36 ± 1.84 °C for fish acclimated to 7.2 ± 0.05 °C. Mottled catfish have a polygon measuring 785.7°C2, and the slope of the linear regressions showed the species gained 0.55 °C and 0.32 °C of upper and lower tolerance per degree of acclimation temperature, respectively. We compared slopes of CTMax or CTMin regression lines to each other using a set of comparisons between 3, 4, 5, or 6 acclimation temperatures. Our data demonstrated that 3 acclimation temperatures were as sufficient as 4 → 6 to pair with estimates of chronic upper and lower thermal limits for accurately determining a complete thermal tolerance polygon. Construction of this species' complete thermal tolerance polygon provides a template for other researchers. The following is sufficient to generate a complete thermal tolerance polygon: Three chronic acclimation temperatures that are spread somewhat evenly across a species’ thermal range, include an estimation of CLMax and CLMin, and are followed by CTMax and CTMin measurements.

Role of climatic variability in shaping intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance in Mediterranean water beetles.

The climatic variability hypothesis (CVH) predicts that organisms in more thermally variable environments have wider thermal breadths and higher thermal plasticity than those from more stable environments. However, due to evolutionary trade-offs, taxa with greater absolute thermal limits may have little plasticity of such limits (trade-off hypothesis). The CVH assumes that climatic variability is the ultimate driver of thermal tolerance variation across latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, but average temperature also varies along such gradients. We explored intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance in three typical Mediterranean saline water beetles (families Hydrophilidae and Dytiscidae). For each species, we compared two populations where the species coexist, with similar annual mean temperature but contrasting thermal variability (continental vs. coastal population). We estimated thermal limits of adults from each population, previously acclimated at 17, 20, or 25 °C. We found species-specific patterns but overall, our results agree with the CVH regarding thermal ranges, which were wider in the continental (more variable) population. In the two hydrophilid species, this came at the cost of losing plasticity of the upper thermal limit in this population, supporting the trade-off hypothesis, but not in the dytiscid one. Our results support the role of local adaptation to thermal variability and trade-offs between basal tolerance and physiological plasticity in shaping thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms, but also suggest that intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance does not fit a general pattern among aquatic insects. Overlooking such intraspecific variation could lead to inaccurate predictions of the vulnerability of aquatic insects to global warming.

Autoregulatory Management in Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Absolute Pressure Reactivity Index Values and Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Curve Shape.

The aim of this study was to investigate if the absolute pressure reactivity index (PRx) value influenced the association between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and outcome and if the optimal CPP (CPPopt) curve shape influenced the association between deviation from CPPopt and outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI). We included 383 TBI patients treated at the neurointensive care in Uppsala between 2008 and 2018 with at least 24 h of CPP data. To determine the influence of absolute PRx values on the association between absolute CPP and outcome, the percentage of monitoring time for combinations of CPP and PRx were correlated with outcome (Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale [GOS-E]) in a heatmap. To determine the association between CPP and the relatively best PRx (CPPopt), the percentage of monitoring time of ΔCPPopt (actual CPP-CPPopt) ±5 mm Hg was analyzed in relation to GOS-E. To determine the association between CPP and the relatively best PRx within a certain absolute PRx range (curve shape), both the percentage of ΔCPPopt within the absolute limits of reactivity (PRx <0.00, < 0.15, etc.) and within certain confidence intervals of PRx-deterioration (+0.025, +0.05 etc.) from CPPopt were analyzed in relation to GOS-E. The heatmap of PRx and absolute CPP versus outcome indicated that the CPP range (55-75 mm Hg) associated with favorable outcome was wider when PRx was below 0, whereas the upper CPP-threshold decreased as PRx increased. CPPopt could be calculated during 53% of the monitoring time. Higher percentage of monitoring time with ΔCPPopt ±5 mm Hg, ΔCPPopt within the reactivity-thresholds (PRx <0.30), and ΔCPPopt within the PRx-confidence interval +0.025 were all independently associated with favorable outcome in separate logistic regressions. These regressions had similar area under receiver operating curve and were not superior to a similar regression when the CPPopt-target was replaced by the percentage of monitoring time within the traditional fixed CPP-targets 60 to 70 mm Hg. Individualized CPPopt-targets exhibited a comparable outcome association as traditional CPP targets and different definitions of the best CPPopt range based on the PRx value had a limited effect on the association between deviation from CPPopt and outcome. Since CPPopt could only be calculated during half of the time, an alternative approach would be to assess the absolute PRx to anticipate a safe CPP range.

Experimental Quantum Communication Overcomes the Rate-Loss Limit without Global Phase Tracking.

Secure key rate (SKR) of point-point quantum key distribution (QKD) is fundamentally bounded by the rate-loss limit. Recent breakthrough of twin-field (TF) QKD can overcome this limit and enables long distance quantum communication, but its implementation necessitates complex global phase tracking and requires strong phase references that not only add to noise but also reduce the duty cycle for quantum transmission. Here, we resolve these shortcomings, and importantly achieve even higher SKRs than TF-QKD, via implementing an innovative but simpler measurement-device-independent QKD that realizes repeaterlike communication through asynchronous coincidence pairing. Over 413 and 508km optical fibers, we achieve finite-size SKRs of 590.61 and 42.64 bit/s, which are respectively 1.80 and 4.08 times of their corresponding absolute rate limits. Significantly, the SKR at 306km exceeds 5 kbit/s and meets the bitrate requirement for live one-time-pad encryption of voice communication. Our work will bring forward economical and efficient intercity quantum-secure networks.

Multiscale stellar associations across the star formation hierarchy in PHANGS–HST nearby galaxies: methodology and properties

ABSTRACT We develop a method to identify and determine the physical properties of stellar associations using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) NUV−U−B−V−I imaging of nearby galaxies from the Physics at High Angular Resolution in Nearby GalaxieS with the Hubble Space Telescope (PHANGS–HST) survey. We apply a watershed algorithm to density maps constructed from point source catalogues Gaussian smoothed to multiple physical scales from 8 to 64 pc. We develop our method on two galaxies that span the distance range in the PHANGS–HST sample: NGC 3351 (10 Mpc) and NGC 1566 (18 Mpc). We test our algorithm with different parameters such as the choice of detection band for the point source catalogue (NUV or V), source density image filtering methods, and absolute magnitude limits. We characterize the properties of the resulting multiscale associations, including sizes, number of tracer stars, number of associations, and photometry, as well as ages, masses, and reddening from spectral energy distribution fitting. Our method successfully identifies structures that occupy loci in the UBVI colour–colour diagram consistent with previously published catalogues of clusters and associations. The median ages of the associations increase from log(age/yr) = 6.6 to log(age/yr) = 6.9 as the spatial scale increases from 8 to 64 pc for both galaxies. We find that the youngest stellar associations, with ages &amp;lt;3 Myr, indeed closely trace H ii regions in H α imaging, and that older associations are increasingly anticorrelated with the H α emission. Owing to our new method, the PHANGS–HST multiscale associations provide a far more complete census of recent star formation activity than found with previous cluster and compact association catalogues.

KESESUAIAN PRODUK PEMBIAYAAN RENOVASI RUMAH DENGAN PRINSIP SYARIAH PADA BPRS PATRIOT BEKASI PERIODE 2014 – 2019

ABSTRACT&#x0D; The purpose of this study is to find out project financing products with sharia principles at BPRS Patriot Bekasi for the 2014 - 2019 period. This study also uses qualitative literature research. The results of the study state that the essence of freedom of Murabahah transactions is the willingness to choose between carrying out the transaction or not taking into account whether there is no mutual benefit and vice versa. This freedom can prevent a person from vanity and wrongdoing in economic activities that save losses unilaterally or both parties. Therefore, freedom in Islamic economics is not limited because it is limited by the freedom of others. This absolute limitation of freedom is in order to protect the rights of others. This absolute limitation is in order to protect the rights of others which must also be considered.

The Type II-P Supernova 2019mhm and Constraints on its Progenitor System

We present pre- and postexplosion observations of the Type II-P supernova (SN II-P) 2019mhm located in NGC 6753. Based on optical spectroscopy and photometry, we show that SN 2019mhm exhibits broad lines of hydrogen with a velocity of −8500 ± 200 km s−1 and a 111 ± 2 day extended plateau in its luminosity, typical of the Type II-P subclass. We also fit its late-time bolometric light curve and infer that it initially produced a 56Ni mass of 1.3 × 10−2 ± 5.5 × 10−4 M ⊙. Using imaging from the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 on the Hubble Space Telescope obtained 19 yr before explosion, we aligned to a postexplosion Wide Field Camera 3 image and demonstrate that there is no detected counterpart to the SN to a limit of >24.53 mag in F814W, corresponding to an absolute magnitude limit of M F814W < −7.7 mag. Comparing to massive-star evolutionary tracks, we determine that the progenitor star had a maximum zero-age main-sequence mass <17.5 M ⊙, consistent with other SN II-P progenitor stars. SN 2019mhm can be added to the growing population of SNe II-P with both direct constraints on the brightness of their progenitor stars and well-observed SN properties.

The Nature of the Legal Acts Produced by the Government Essentially Alienated the Nature, Spirit and Constitution of the Albanian State 1944 – 1948

The first acts of the Albanian government produced during the years 1944 and 1948 passed into the ownership of the state the assets of the occupying states and those of their collaborators as well as those individuals who in some cases were not confirmed by some special legal provisions in force. These acts hit the foundations of the economic, legal and political order of free capital, which, in the ideological notion of "speculator", enabled the absolute limitation of the free private economy and alienated property as the foundation of human freedom. While through the extraordinary tax, radical control over society, industry and foreign trade was established, accompanied by the cancellation of the conventions of the National Bank and the creation of the State Bank. The legal acts issued during March 1946 February 1947, nationalized the means of production of industrial enterprises that were in the hands of Albanian owners or capitalists was done in a short time through the only method without remuneration. The characteristic of the implementation of legal acts was radical, expressing class interests, ideologizing the state of the dictatorship of the majority against the ideologically conceived minority as "declassed" or "kulak".&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023

Absolute sustainable CO2-limits for buildings should reflect their function. A case study of four building typologies

Absolute sustainability gains increasing attention in the building industry. Absolute climate limits is often expressed in kg CO2-eq/m2/yr. This type of threshold has one main problem; it is specified per area, which rewards larger buildings regardless of the need that they fulfill. This way of setting climate limits may thus lead to increased future impacts from buildings. The purpose of this study is developing principles for differentiated CO2-limits for buildings, that reflect the importance of the function that the building delivers to its users. We use the Fulfillment of Human Needs sharing principle building on a sufficientarian ethical norm. The method was demonstrated on four buildings; residential, university, hospital and kindergarten, and guidance is given on how to apply the method for any building typology. This study should be seen as demonstration of a concept for determining different CO2-limits for different building typologies.