Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that undergoes continual adaptation during vertebrate life to attain and preserves skeletal size, shape and structural integrity and to regulate mineral homeostasis. Bone homeostasis, which maintains bone mass, is skillfully regulated through a delicate balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption [1-3]. Osteoblasts are differentiated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and stimulate bone formation and calcification. Osteoclasts are developed from hematopoietic progenitors and promote bone resorption. Physiologic process of bone turnover through these bone cells underpins development and maintenance of the skeletal system. Bone remodeling and modeling underpin development and maintenance of the skeletal system [1]. Bone modeling is responsible for growth and mechanically induced adaptation of bone, and it requires that the processes of bone formation and bone removal (resorption). Process of bone remodeling that makes bone unique among organs and tissues, and add so many levels of complexity with respect to interactions along remodeling sequence by systemic influences (hormones), stress action (physical activity/weight bearing), and growth factors and cytokines produced by the bone cells or factors that come from nearby cells in the marrow tissues.
Highlights
Osteoporosis is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality affecting the aging population
This occurs through cross talk between complex signaling pathways including those derived from bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), wingless type MMTV integration site (Wnt) proteins, hedgehogs, delta/jagged proteins, fibroblastic growth factors, insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and transcriptional regulators of adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation including peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor
Bone loss and hyperlipidemia have been shown to induce in regucalcin transgenic rats [23]. These findings suggest that development of osteoporosis is strongly involved in the regulation of differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Summary
Osteoporosis is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality affecting the aging population. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells, which among other cell lineages, give rise to adipocytes and osteoblasts. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stromal cells, which among other cell lineages, that can differentiate into a variety of cell types including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myoblasts (heart cells) and adipocytes (fat cells) [11,12].
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