Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that undergoes continual adaptation during vertebrate life to attain and preserve skeletal size, shape, and structural integrity and to regulate mineral homeostasis. Two processes, remodeling and modeling, underpin development and maintenance of the skeletal system [1]. Bone modeling is responsible for growth and mechanically induced adaptation of bone and requires the processes of bone formation and bone removal (resorption). Bone remodeling is responsible for removal and repair of damaged bone to maintain integrity of the adult skeletal and mineral homeostasis. The process of bone remodeling to make bone is unique among organs and tissues, and it is complexity with respect to interactions along the remodeling sequence by systemic influences, stress action, growth factors and cytokines [2,3]. Bone homeostasis, which maintains bone mass, is skillfully regulated through osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes, which are major cells in bone tissues. This process is regulated through various physiological systems and it is disturbed through various pathophysiological states. Osteoblasts, which are differentiated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, stimulate bone formation and calcification,
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