Abstract
Simple SummaryYogurts constitute the most popular fermented milk product. They are usually produced from cow’s milk through lactic acid fermentation using Streptococcus salivarius subs. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbruecki subs. bulgaricus. Yoghurt’s nutrient composition is based on the composition of the milk used for its production. There are many factors, including genetic and individual mammalian differences, feed, stage of lactation, age, and environmental factors such as season of the year, that have an impact on the final product composition and quality. Not only milk processing (temperature, exposure to light, time of heating, or storage conditions), but also the process of lactic acid fermentation and the resultant changes in milk constituents can have an effect on the nutritional value of the yoghurt. Various additives added to the yogurt can significantly improve the sensory and health related properties of milk fermented products. Finally, yogurt nutritional composition and quality is subject to changes due to the source and type of milk solids added before fermentation, species and strains of bacteria used in the process, as well as other factors, such as fermentation time and temperature. The fatty acid profile of milk and dairy products is an important factor affecting their nutritional value. The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition, the content of cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA), and lipid quality indices in yogurts available to consumers in retail sale.The aim of the present study was to determine the fatty acid composition, the content of cis9trans11 C18:2 acid (CLA), and lipid quality indices in yogurts made of cow’s milk, available on the Polish market. The test material consisted of: natural yogurts, natural yogurts with additives (muesli, cereal grains), bio yogurts, bio yogurts with additives (millet groats, quinoa, chestnuts), probiotic yogurts, and eco yogurts. All the products were bought in the period from May to June 2021. The conducted research showed that the analyzed yoghurts were characterized by a varying content of fatty acid groups, different values of the calculated lipid quality indices, as well as a different content of conjugated linoleic acid cis9trans11 C18: 2 (CLA). Natural yogurts with additives had the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n-3 PUFAs. Natural and bio yogurts with additives had a higher content of n-6 PUF than the other analyzed yogurts. The n-6/n-3 ratio was lower in bio yogurts and eco yogurts. Natural yogurts with additives featured the lowest index of atherogenicity (AI) and index of thrombogenicity (TI) and the highest hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (H/H). The fat extracted from the bio yogurts had the highest (0.90% of total fatty acids) mean content of cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA). In fat of the other analyzed yogurts, mean CLA content in total content of fatty acids varied from 0.48% in natural yogurts with additives to 0.81% in bio yogurts with additives.
Highlights
The most popular fermented milk product, yogurt, is a coagulated dairy gel usually produced from cow’s milk through lactic acid fermentation using Streptococcus salivarius subs
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs, C4:0–C10:0), which are an important factor in the promotion of human health, represent approximately 10% of all saturated fatty acids [61,63]
The fat from natural yogurts with additives and probiotic yogurts had the lowest content of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (8.28% and 8.67% of total fatty acids, respectively) (Table 1)
Summary
The most popular fermented milk product, yogurt, is a coagulated dairy gel usually produced from cow’s milk through lactic acid fermentation using Streptococcus salivarius subs. According to the International Dairy Federation, the use of other bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus acidophilus, has been approved to this end as well [1,2]. In 2019, the value of the global yogurt market was estimated on USD 85.5 billion and it was forecasted that by 2024 it may reach USD 106.6 billion (CAGR of 4.5%) [3,4]. For the European market, the rise in 2021–2026 is estimated at the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.2% [5]. In Europe, the production of yogurt and other products called acidified milk in the years 2016–2019 was estimated at 8.2 million tons, with Poland contributing 400,000 tons. In Poland it has remained constant at the level of 6 kg since 2014 [2,6]
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