Abstract
Disorders of the urinary system include a range of diseases, such as congenital anomalies, infectious diseases, trauma, or tumor. Although minimally invasive endoscopy, advanced laparoscopic, and robot-assisted procedures have made great progress in treating these disorders, cell therapy, biomaterials, and tissue engineering provide promising potential to repair tissues or organs. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art and recent advancements in cell therapy and tissue regeneration in treating diseases of the urinary tract system. We address the mechanisms, rationale, strategy, and methodologies for using various stem cells, growth factors, or cytokines to direct differentiation and induce paracrine effects. In addition, we discuss the use of three-dimensional porous biodegradable scaffolds that incorporate synthetic- or collagen-based biomaterials, nanosphere beads, or hydrogels with or without cells. In vitro experiments, preclinical animal studies, and clinical trials have been done, all with the goal of improving function of the urinary system.
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