Abstract
The properties of nanomaterial and polymer membranes depend largely on successful nanolevel dispersion or intercalation and exfoliation of nanomaterials, therefore monitoring their morphology and dispersion is crucial. Chapter 8 provides an overview of the techniques available to study the morphology and surface properties of the membrane materials. The physical and chemical properties of the materials’ surfaces are characterized using a variety of approaches. Electron microscopes, including scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, are used for surface studies measuring surface patterns and images of surface details. Atomic force microscopy is used to both quantify and visualize the morphology or roughness of membrane surfaces. Numerous other characteristics can be used to delineate membrane surfaces.
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