Abstract
This chapter discusses various optical measurements that depend on detectors, which convert the parameter to be measured in some form of electrical signal. The noise statistics and accuracy of measurements are discussed with statistical methods to measure systematic error and random noise. The application of statistical methods to estimate noise statistics include random values and random functions, Poisson distribution, Gaussian distribution, and data averaging and square root law. The observation of time dependence of the photon counting problem is discussed with figures and the statistical approach to measurements is also explained. A brief description on the noise sources and photosensitive devices used in measurements are covered for their characteristics. The chapter also contains details on measurement of light power and measurement of light energy. The topic of measurements of pulse duration is also discussed.
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