Abstract
Optics is a well developed branch of natural sciences with numerous subtopics, application fields, and a wide range of instruments and tools available commercially for study. This chapter covers the principles of optical spectroscopy and interferometers, diffraction and diffraction resolution limits, monochromators, and calculation of optical systems in geometrical optics approximation. It discusses both the conditions of light namely, particle and wave forms to study their interactions with matter. The different wave types and wave equations are explained with mathematical equations and formulae. The interference of plain monochromatic waves is illustrated with examples. Michelson interferometer, Fabry–Perot interferometer, and interference filters and mirrors have been briefly discussed. The topic of diffraction includes Fresnel formulation, Fraunhofer diffraction, and diffraction grating. Monochrometer, is and the matrix formulation have been illustrated through equations and examples.
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