Abstract

Minerals are naturally occurring, finite, nonrenewable assets and necessary for the growth of society. Related activities are exploration, mining beneficiation, and smelting/refining. Possible environmental issues include baseline monitoring, management of waste, mine subsidence, fire, airborne contaminants, noise pollution, vibration, water, hazardous chemicals, biodiversity, socioeconomic assessment, plans, mine closure, and rehabilitation. Environmental system management provides a structured approach to planning and implementing protection measures under international standards.

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