Barrera-Fernández, D. (2016). Attracting visitors to ancient neighbourhoods: Creation and management of the historic city of Plymouth, UK. Groningen: InPlanning. 289 pp. Free e-book. ISBN: 978-94-91937-19-4. DOI code: 10.17418/PHD.2015.9789491937194

The main concepts of urban tourism development and ecological urban tourism are analyzed. It is shown that such types of modern tourist business, despite its rapid development, need a clear scientific basis that will ensure its orderliness and targeted optimization. Along with such purely tourist resources as attractiveness, historical value, aesthetic appeal, recognizability, the ecological safety of tourist groups and individual tourists is an essential point. These are complementary factors that not only contribute to the development of urban tourism, but also ensure its optimized safety.
 Urban tourism is one of the most intensive tourist destinations in modern society. In general, the concept of "city tourism" is relatively new. Its concept was formed in world tourism in the late twentieth century. thanks to the work of German scientists L. Hartmut, G. Neuenfeldtut, O. Rose (1980-1990). For example, L. Hartmut's dictionary (1997) defines urban tourism as “a short-term (usually 1–4 days) visit to a city with the following purpose: interest in the history and culture of the city; participation in various events; purchase of various goods. Often such a visit is carried out in the form of a weekend excursion and can take place both individually and in groups, ie both organized (through a tour of the company and with guides), and independently.
 The growing intensity of the development of urban tourism in Ukraine, as well as the intensification of the development of related industries, makes scientific developments in the perspective of justifying the optimization of such a component of the tourism industry is extremely relevant. At the same time, there are certain components of such relevance that are related to the structure of urban tourism. It includes scientific developments that aim to reveal the possibilities of tourism development in a particular city, from purely quantitative indicators of the intensity of possible tourist flows to ensure their quality, including environmental safety.
 As a result, the relevance and novelty of such studies is a holistic expression, where each component is characterized by its own structurally oriented place and complements other components.
 Urban tourism and its component urban ecological tourism are among the most promising tourist destinations. Along with their spontaneous development, there is a need for scientific understanding of such activities, which will contribute to the development of the necessary legislative solutions. Today there are discussions on defining the main concepts of urban tourism development such as urban tourism itself, the ecological environment of urban tourism development, ecological safety of urban tourism development, tourist ecological resource, etc.
 In general, the prospects of such a tourist destination are beyond doubt, and the scientific basis that can optimize such tourism development is a necessary and timely completion of it today.
 The researches presented in the article encourage to improve the optimization of urban tourism development in any city of Ukraine. At the same time, the identification of the main problem situations contributes to focusing on them, which can significantly reduce time and money resources when planning the development of the tourism industry in cities. Such approaches allow to optimize urban planning in the field of tourism development.
 Since the scientific developments presented in the article are largely generalized, they can be used in the development of the tourism industry in any city of Ukraine.
 Key words: urban tourism, ecological city tourism, urban tourist resources, ecological safety of tourists.

The purpose of this research was to find out the diversity of potential cultural attractions in Nairobi urban tourism destination. Today cities are tapping into diverse sources to increase international visitor arrivals as well as their spending. Cultural tourism and urban entertainment are the greatest motivation for urban tourism since culture is a fundamental component within the tourism system. The subjects of interest in this study for quantitative data consisted of foreign departing tourists through Kenya’s biggest airport - Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) located in Nairobi. To get a complete picture of the research, the study also employed qualitative approach, specifically; in-depth interviews with public and private sector stakeholders to answer questions on key areas. The research found out there was a weak motivation to cultural attractions despite their proximity to the CBD. Thus, Nairobi urban cultural tourism destination managers should ensure that urban cultural attractions have the highest score if a definite visitor appeal is to be created, realized, and maintained for continued and repeat visitor visitation. The findings of this research have provided invaluable understanding on the opportunities available to cultural attractions available in Nairobi. This information can be used by private and public stakeholders to develop clear policies and collaborations on urban cultural tourism development.

The urban tourism industry belongs to the tourism industry and also belongs to the cultural industry. The urban tourism development and design must take into account the city's cultural resources and tourism resources. Under the background of rapid development of urban tourism economy and further convergence of tourism content, this paper analyzes urban cultural ecology and believes that cultural ecology and its system affect the way and process of urban tourism development. Improving the cultural resources, cultural influences, and cultural creation of the city will help promote the integration of culture and tourism development. This paper further analyzes the types of integration development of urban culture and tourism, and proposes a fusion development model design based on Memory Recovery and Brand-led under the different cultural and tourism development levels among different cities.

Based on an analysis of the status of urban heritage in urban ecosystem and its relationship with urban tourism development on the theory of ecological niche, this paper argues that urban heritage is a kind of nature-based human ecology, merging with natural ecology through the interaction of humans with nature, and urban heritage tourism is a kind of high-level cultural tourism, which is in essence the same with natural ecotourism while the existing problems such as non-ecological hotspots and ecological diseconomy in the urban heritage tourism are believed to take root in the narrowing and lowering of the heritage niche both in human ecology and in tourism exploitation and management. Thus the paper poses the concept of ecotype urban heritage tourism, introducing ecotourism into urban heritage tourism, and discusses the contents and requirements of ecotype urban tourism from three aspects--that is, urban space, development and management, contents and means--so as to construct a healthy urban ecosystem.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to clarify the administrative problematisations of conflict-prone urban tourism (e.g. noise) as political processes predetermining the future of city tourism. It is shaped by today’s administrative ways of knowing increasing visitor pressure as an issue for urban (tourism) development. Design/methodology/approach The problematisation of conflictive urban tourism in Berlin is used as case study and lens to analyse how administrative bodies see conflictive tourism like a tourist city. Drawing on Mariana Valverde’s idea of Seeing Like a City (2011), the paper demonstrates how disparate governmental bodies see and reduce the complexity of conflicts resulting from tourism in order to handle it. The authors use policy documents as the basis for the analysis. Findings The paper provides empirical insights about how political knowledge on urban tourism conflicts is produced in Berlin. The marginalisation of these conflicts on the federal state level seemingly aces out the calls for action on the borough level (Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg). According to these disparate modes of problematisation, older and younger governmental gazes on conflictive tourism and its future relevance interrelate in contingent combination. Originality/value This paper fills a gap in the existing urban tourism literature, by focussing on the definition of policy problems by governmental bodies as powerfully linked to the availability of solutions.

This chapter proposes a model of integrated access in the promotion of an integrated agenda for urban planning and urban tourism development. The underlying assertion of the conceptual framework presented is that sustainable urban tourism development is reliant on inclusive development that works to balance the needs of both visitors and locals in the production of urban tourisms. The core challenge in achieving an integrated approach lies in the identified disconnect between existing tourism development and urban planning practices. In addressing this challenge, a reconceptualisation of inclusive tourism development is offered, which focuses on the promotion of integrated access across economic, spatial and institutional spheres.

Urban cultural tourism is a kind of tourism that combines the regional tourism resources of the city and the unique culture of the local area. Moreover, with the constant development and progress of local cities, urban cultural tourism has become a new trend in urban development. The diversification of urban cultural tourism intellectual property (IP) aligns with cities' sustainable and innovative development. Additionally, as one of the hottest and newest ways of communication, short videos have seen a surge in recent years due to their low production cost, fast communication speed, diversified content, and large scale of users. The rapid development of short video platforms such as TikTok, Quick Worker, etc., has led to an explosive growth of short video users in China; short video platforms have become the new media for city image communication. However, using short video platforms to shape the urban culture tourism IP must pay attention to the communication strategy. The short video content should not only closely follow the positioning of the city's image, but also vividly show the cultural connotation of the city, thus constructing a multiple subject of the creation and communication of the short video.

This article is a research output presenting a new step for urban tourism development in Thailand. It focused on how a urban tourism development action plan was made in accordance with the sustainable tourism development policy in Thailand, and the overall effect of urban tourism development plan-making practice on the environment, quality society, local economics, and urban history and culture. This article proposed a holistic conceptual framework of urban tourism development plan-making practices regarding sustainability. It began with a literature review of urban tourism development and stakeholders in urban tourism development planning. The author emphasized the presentation of the outcome from quantitative and qualitative investigations of urban tourism in Chiang Mai and Phuket, two cities, in a case study of Thailand. The result highlighted the capacity of the area and the urgent need, in a five year period, to develop urban tourism towards sustainability by focusing on the fundamental problems of urban development and urban tourism development, as well as the integration of sustainable policies and the stakeholders’ participation in urban tourism development planning. For this reason, a possible sustainable urban tourism development plan-driving framework has been proposed to encourage the existing participation of stakeholders for future research development.

ABSTRACTSince around 2000, tourism has gradually become a key activity reinforcing the Japanese economy. In particular, there has been growth in urban tourism and many urban spaces have been transformed to meet visitors’ needs, a process that has occurred not only in the large metropolises but also in small- and medium-sized regional cities. This paper explores how urban tourism spaces in Japan have been created alongside more general urban development, examining significant aspects and implications of the urban tourism development process. It reveals that the growth of urban tourism has accelerated the growth of local residents’ awareness and activities. Local residents have become more conscious about their living areas and have undertaken spontaneous activities to manage the areas whereas previously there had been a constant struggle and negotiation with the contradiction between urban developments and economic depression. It concludes that citizen participation in the urban tourism development process can be extended into a collaborative area management.

Since around 2000, tourism has gradually become a key activity reinforcing the Japanese economy. In particular, there has been growth in urban tourism and many urban spaces have been transformed to meet visitors’ needs, a process that has occurred not only in the large metropolises but also in small and medium-sized regional cities. This chapter explores how urban tourism spaces in Japan have been created alongside more general urban development, examining significant aspects and implications of the urban tourism development process. It reveals that the growth of urban tourism has accelerated the growth of local residents’ awareness and activities. Local residents have become more conscious about their living areas and have undertaken spontaneous activities to manage the areas whereas previously there had been a constant struggle and negotiation with the contradiction between urban developments and economic depression. It concludes that citizen participation in the urban tourism development process can be extended into a collaborative area management.

Tourism is viewed as a tool for poverty alleviation, economic diversification and regeneration, multilateral integration and peace, post-conflict stability, and socio-economic recovery in many post-conflict nations. Urban tourism is one of the forms that has emphasized the importance of supporting urban sustainability while considering all of the city's dynamic change processes, such as natural resource protection, culture, architecture, and environmental management. The purpose of this study is to assess the issues and challenges that confront urban tourism development and to make recommendations for developing sustainable urban tourism in Jaffna City. This study incorporated both primary and secondary data. Direct field observation, structured questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were used to collect the necessary primary data. Secondary data was gathered from authorized statistical reports. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, and a SWOT analysis was performed to determine Jaffna's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to sustainable urban tourism development. The maps for the study were created using the ArcGIS 10.4 software. According to the study's findings, ineffective green environmental protection systems, inadequate infrastructure facilities, a lack of industrial professionalism, cultural barriers to tourism promotion, ineffective marketing promotional strategies, a lack of institutional coordination, and a lack of tourist product diversification are the factors posing challenges to Jaffna city's sustainable urban tourism development. Based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Jaffna's urban tourism development, this study provided recommendations for sustainable tourism development that will assist different stakeholders in rethinking Jaffna's urban tourism in a sustainable manner.

The importance of linking forests and tourism has long been recognized and studied in forest management, community development, and tourism. However, little has been written specifically about urban forests' role in urban tourism development. Based on data collected from Savannah, GA, this article develops a structural equation model to explore the linkages among urban forest appeals, city beauty, tourism experience, tourism satisfaction, and destination loyalty. The results indicate that urban forests can positively and significantly contribute to the enhancement of city beauty and enrichment of tourist experience, which, in turn, positively and significantly contributes to tourism satisfaction, which can significantly lead to destination loyalty. This study also finds that urban forests not only function as a main attractor for most visitors, but also serve to complement other tourism attractions (i.e., historical sites) in the city.

Cities offer the advantage of allowing diverse tourist attractions to be visited in a specific location without the need to travel long distances. Historical sites, vibrant cultural practices, sports facilities, shopping centres and business tourism facilities, along with easy access and places to stay, have made cities the centre of attraction. Although urban tourism research dates back to the 1960s, it has disproportionately received meagre attention from scholars, especially in Africa. The extant literature on urban tourism is quite fragmented and limited to major cities of the world. There is thus a dearth of urban tourism research in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Addis Ababa is endowed with rich cultural, historical and religious treasures and serves as a gateway for international visitors to the country. It is also the third diplomatic city of the world, after New York and Geneva, providing immense opportunity for business tourism. Notwithstanding its untapped potential, the city is not sufficiently benefiting from the tourism sector. The main aim of this research is, therefore, to discuss the nature, challenges and opportunities of urban tourism development in Africa with specific reference to Addis Ababa. To this end, data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and document analysis (mainly policy documents, statistical bulletins and research outputs). The research findings indicate that urban tourism in Addis Ababa is still not well developed. The major supply related factors affecting urban tourism in the city are lack of professional service offered by accommodation establishments, a hospitality industry often dominated by substandard hotels incapable of satisfying customer demands, insufficient budget allocated to protect and conserve heritage, lack of diversified tourism products, weak promotion, lack of well qualified tourism and hospitality manpower, hassle and pickpocketing problems, and infrastructural problems such as substandard roads, power cuts and a poor telecom network. These problems are further compounded by the absence of a stakeholder collaboration framework, which leads to the duplication of activities, the loss of precious cultural heritage and, overall, weakens the synergistic effects. Due to these, the number of tourist arrivals in Ethiopia is still below one million, which is far less than other African cities. There should thus be a concerted effort by the government and private sector to tackle the abovementioned setbacks.

The 26th December 2004 tsunami caused disastrous damage to many buildings and killed many people in the Andaman coastline of Thailand, including those in Phuket city, which is a popular tourist destination of the country. Despite this, Phuket’s tourism development has never stopped. Instead, it has become the main driver for economic growth and income generation for Phuket people. This chapter reviews the literature to document the resilience of Phuket City as an urban tourism destination. It looks at Phuket City’s urban tourism development by documenting pre-and post-tsunami conditions of the city, evaluates Phuket City’s conditions ten years after the tsunami until today, describes the negative impacts of urban tourism development the city is experiencing, and emphasizes the need for sustainable urban tourism planning via community engagement. The chapter also presents a case study on local people’s engagement in developing sustainable urban tourism in the study context. The chapter ends with some recommendations for a more sustainable urban tourism development suitable for Phuket City.

Purpose From the background of the dramatic increase of urban tourism, framed by the concept of overtourism, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and discuss current dynamic processes of urban tourism growth, as presented in the scientific literature. With the help of a literature review, this paper aims to discuss current definitions and conceptualizations of overtourism and discuss the driving forces for the growth of urban tourism, thereby situating overtourism in relational to general structural change. Design/methodology/approach This paper builds on a non-exhaustive review of the scientific literature about overtourism and related topics, supplemented by a review of a few central policy documents. Findings Conceptually, overtourism relates to two different, but related, perspectives. The first one concern (negative) experiences of resident population and visitors, whereas the second relates to thresholds for the carrying capacity of destinations. Most of the reviewed literature focuses on three aspects of overtourism: localized problems in inner cities, the supply of unregulated accommodation through Airbnb and Airbnbs as a driving force of gentrification. Important perspectives are missing from the literature, mainly related to the development of driving forces of urban tourism growth in time and space. This observation is the starting point for a discussion on driving forces in an evolutionary perspective with the ambition of relating the growth of urban tourism to long waves of structural development. Research limitations/implications The paper focuses on overtourism in urban contexts, rural tourism is not discussed. Practical implications In identifying the importance of driving forces for understanding the dynamics of urban tourism growth, a holistic view on managing mitigation might be possible. Originality/value The paper adds an evolutionary perspective to the discussion about overtourism and its causes. Thereby, it answers to a need to take tourism seriously in social science, as a major economic, social and ecologic force. In emphasizing the relationship between driving forces on different geographic scales and levels, power relations are highlighted. The paper discusses the role of driving forces for mitigating overtourism. An understanding of the dynamics of driving forces is essential for the development of urban sustainable tourism.