Diversity of Cultural Tourism Attractions in Nairobi Urban Destination

Barrera-Fernandez, D. (2016). Attracting visitors to ancient neighbourhoods: Creation and management of the historic city of Plymouth, UK. Groningen: InPlanning. 289 pp. Free e-book. ISBN: 978-94-91937-19-4. DOI code: 10.17418/PHD.2015.9789491937194Tourism considers as an essential tool for achieving European Union objectives and promoting European citizen's interests, increasing employment and growth, developing regions, better managing cultural and natural heritage and strengthening European identity (EU Commission, 2000). Since 1988 urban tourism constituted the most stable part of tourism potential and revenue of European countries (Hollier, 1988) and in the recent years the number of countries with decisions to develop urban and cultural tourism to enhance their economy and regenerate their historical areas has increased rapidly. In the European Union, heritage policies depend on each country and some countries such as UK (Bath), Germany (Heidelberg) and Italy (Florence) successfully attracted significant numbers of visitors to their historic sites and managed to become top heritage tourism destinations. In these cities, tourism is the dominant activity and heritage conservation has become a priority.Current book focuses on the historic city of Plymouth which is a medium size, multifunctional city with regional relevance on the south coast of Devon, the most visited region of the United Kingdom (UK) by nationals and one of the most visited by foreign tourists. According to BarreraFernandez in the number of visitors, Plymouth is in the third place among unitary authorities of the Southwest of England and in the first place among heritage and coastal cities of Devon and Cornwall. Despite other UK's port cities Plymouth was built around, and for, the Royal Navy, not maritime trade, and was once the largest naval base in Europe. The city is not a major traditional heritage or cultural destination but made an effort to change and is continuing to change in relation to the development of urban cultural tourism by offering a complementary product in its region.This book is evolved from doctoral thesis of Daniel Barrera-Fernandez and using British model (Ashworth and Tunbridge, 2000) focuses on the role and importance of heritage preservation and urban tourism in Plymouth. The book has eight sections and addresses the following aims:* First, analyse specific framework of heritage preservation and management in the UK with focus on Plymouth to find out how the heritage framework has evolved and identify the current framework in relation to legislation and the role of administrations involved;* Second, study the historic evolution of urban tourism and the current relevance of tourism-related activities;* Finally study how different stakeholders and initiatives affect the tourist use of the historic city, dividing them into four aspects: heritage and culture, tourism, urban planning and economy.After foreword and acknowledgment the book starts with the first section to introduce the rationale of the research, research questions and methodology. Second section focuses on the historic cities of Europe, urban cultural tourism, heritage values and recent trends and shifts. Third section focuses on the city of Plymouth and discusses its geographic position, its relationship with the sea, importance of the military forces in its history, its urban and local government and socioeconomic approach and finally presents the study's area. Section four focuses on the evolution of preservation and management of Plymouth during the Second World War and consequences on built heritage and discusses the current situation regarding conservation areas, statutory listed buildings and other local listing policies.Section five is about the history of the tourism industry in Plymouth where the author introduces four stages of pre-war antecedents where the city was particularly attractive because of its transoceanic connections; the war and the recovery of the activity where the war destroyed much of the tourist activity and the city made an effort to recover; the changes in the market where British holiday makers changed national destinations for international resorts and there was a need to find new tourist markets; the new management strategies where there was an increase in promotion and creating new events and attractions and visitors' profiles. …

The main concepts of urban tourism development and ecological urban tourism are analyzed. It is shown that such types of modern tourist business, despite its rapid development, need a clear scientific basis that will ensure its orderliness and targeted optimization. Along with such purely tourist resources as attractiveness, historical value, aesthetic appeal, recognizability, the ecological safety of tourist groups and individual tourists is an essential point. These are complementary factors that not only contribute to the development of urban tourism, but also ensure its optimized safety.
 Urban tourism is one of the most intensive tourist destinations in modern society. In general, the concept of "city tourism" is relatively new. Its concept was formed in world tourism in the late twentieth century. thanks to the work of German scientists L. Hartmut, G. Neuenfeldtut, O. Rose (1980-1990). For example, L. Hartmut's dictionary (1997) defines urban tourism as “a short-term (usually 1–4 days) visit to a city with the following purpose: interest in the history and culture of the city; participation in various events; purchase of various goods. Often such a visit is carried out in the form of a weekend excursion and can take place both individually and in groups, ie both organized (through a tour of the company and with guides), and independently.
 The growing intensity of the development of urban tourism in Ukraine, as well as the intensification of the development of related industries, makes scientific developments in the perspective of justifying the optimization of such a component of the tourism industry is extremely relevant. At the same time, there are certain components of such relevance that are related to the structure of urban tourism. It includes scientific developments that aim to reveal the possibilities of tourism development in a particular city, from purely quantitative indicators of the intensity of possible tourist flows to ensure their quality, including environmental safety.
 As a result, the relevance and novelty of such studies is a holistic expression, where each component is characterized by its own structurally oriented place and complements other components.
 Urban tourism and its component urban ecological tourism are among the most promising tourist destinations. Along with their spontaneous development, there is a need for scientific understanding of such activities, which will contribute to the development of the necessary legislative solutions. Today there are discussions on defining the main concepts of urban tourism development such as urban tourism itself, the ecological environment of urban tourism development, ecological safety of urban tourism development, tourist ecological resource, etc.
 In general, the prospects of such a tourist destination are beyond doubt, and the scientific basis that can optimize such tourism development is a necessary and timely completion of it today.
 The researches presented in the article encourage to improve the optimization of urban tourism development in any city of Ukraine. At the same time, the identification of the main problem situations contributes to focusing on them, which can significantly reduce time and money resources when planning the development of the tourism industry in cities. Such approaches allow to optimize urban planning in the field of tourism development.
 Since the scientific developments presented in the article are largely generalized, they can be used in the development of the tourism industry in any city of Ukraine.
 Key words: urban tourism, ecological city tourism, urban tourist resources, ecological safety of tourists.

The urban tourism industry belongs to the tourism industry and also belongs to the cultural industry. The urban tourism development and design must take into account the city's cultural resources and tourism resources. Under the background of rapid development of urban tourism economy and further convergence of tourism content, this paper analyzes urban cultural ecology and believes that cultural ecology and its system affect the way and process of urban tourism development. Improving the cultural resources, cultural influences, and cultural creation of the city will help promote the integration of culture and tourism development. This paper further analyzes the types of integration development of urban culture and tourism, and proposes a fusion development model design based on Memory Recovery and Brand-led under the different cultural and tourism development levels among different cities.

This study analyzes tourism network in urban agglomerated destinations and puts forth implications for future sustainable development through a critical and extensive review of related literature. First of all, with a bibliometric analysis of 2670 selected articles from three research fields of urban tourism, urban agglomeration tourism and tourism destination network, we analyzed their respective research themes and classified them accordingly. Then, the study further investigates the role of tourism network in urban agglomerated destinations by identifying the differences and connections between urban agglomeration tourism and urban tourism. Finally, a basic architecture is established for the study of tourism networks in urban agglomerated destinations context. Study findings highlight that urban agglomeration tourism emphasizes the interconnectivity and social network relationships. However, research on the destination network of urban agglomerations is limited, especially from the tourism development perspectives. Therefore, the evolution process, structural effects, determinants and dynamic mechanisms of the tourism network in urban agglomerated destination are among the opportunities for future research. Moreover, the research architecture shows that the network relationship emerges as a new direction for the study of urban agglomeration system to better integrate and harness destinations’ resources and thereby promote sustainable development in urban agglomerated areas.

The 26th December 2004 tsunami caused disastrous damage to many buildings and killed many people in the Andaman coastline of Thailand, including those in Phuket city, which is a popular tourist destination of the country. Despite this, Phuket’s tourism development has never stopped. Instead, it has become the main driver for economic growth and income generation for Phuket people. This chapter reviews the literature to document the resilience of Phuket City as an urban tourism destination. It looks at Phuket City’s urban tourism development by documenting pre-and post-tsunami conditions of the city, evaluates Phuket City’s conditions ten years after the tsunami until today, describes the negative impacts of urban tourism development the city is experiencing, and emphasizes the need for sustainable urban tourism planning via community engagement. The chapter also presents a case study on local people’s engagement in developing sustainable urban tourism in the study context. The chapter ends with some recommendations for a more sustainable urban tourism development suitable for Phuket City.

Cities are a major player for an urban tourism destination. Massive tourism movement for urban tourism gains competitiveness to the city with similar characteristic. The new framework model for new wave urban tourism is crucial to give more experience to the tourist and valuing for the city itself. The integrated city is the answer for creating a new model for an urban tourism destination. The purpose of this preliminary research is to define integrated city framework for urban tourism development. It provides a rationale for tourism planner pursuing an innovative approach, competitive advantages, and general urban tourism destination model. The methodology applies to this research includes desk survey, literature review and focus group discussion. A conceptual framework is proposed, discussed and exemplified. The framework model adopts a place-based approach to tourism destination and suggests an integrated city model for urban tourism development. This model is a tool for strategy making in re-invention integrated city as an urban tourism destination.

Based on an analysis of the status of urban heritage in urban ecosystem and its relationship with urban tourism development on the theory of ecological niche, this paper argues that urban heritage is a kind of nature-based human ecology, merging with natural ecology through the interaction of humans with nature, and urban heritage tourism is a kind of high-level cultural tourism, which is in essence the same with natural ecotourism while the existing problems such as non-ecological hotspots and ecological diseconomy in the urban heritage tourism are believed to take root in the narrowing and lowering of the heritage niche both in human ecology and in tourism exploitation and management. Thus the paper poses the concept of ecotype urban heritage tourism, introducing ecotourism into urban heritage tourism, and discusses the contents and requirements of ecotype urban tourism from three aspects--that is, urban space, development and management, contents and means--so as to construct a healthy urban ecosystem.

The relatively low revenue from the tourism sector indicates that tourism management in Kupang City requires serious attention from the local government, considering the promising tourism potential of Kupang City, which can be an option to increase local revenue and boost the community's economy towards building the region for the better. This research is qualitative, and the data were obtained from primary and secondary sources collected through observation, interviews, and document review with 40 informants. The collected data were analyzed using data analysis techniques (Creswell, 2016). The research findings indicate that the planning for the development of urban tourism destinations at the Kupang City Tourism Office revealed: (a) the actors involved in the planning process include both official and unofficial actors; (b) a review of the situation and identification of issues from an economic perspective shows that the threat is the community's mindset, which is difficult to change, while the opportunity lies in the economic development involving many creative economic players in Kupang City. The weakness is the lack of budget for urban tourism development, but we have the strength of being the capital city of NTT province and a gateway to Timor Leste; (c) forecasting indicates that the current tourism condition is still limited to natural tourist destinations, while urban tourism development has not been maximized. The actors strongly support the planning for more advanced urban tourism development; (d) the establishment of goals and strategy formulation refers to the vision and mission of the Kupang City Government. In implementing tourism development strategies, the organization first conducts communication among stakeholders and the local community; (e) the approval of plans indicates that, to date, the development plan for urban tourism destinations at the Kupang City Tourism Office is still in the planning stage

Urban settlements have a long, unique history as well as an early marker of the formation of urban civilization. Initially, an urban settlement was a village that was inhabited by traditional society. The modern urban development has made the image of the village faded. Bugis Village is one of several villages that formed Singaraja City at the beginning of the Dutch colonial period which served as a bustling port city. Cultural acculturation as a result of trading activities makes residential areas inhabited by various ethnicities and forms villages with certain ethnic characteristics. The data collection in this study was carried out by means of observation, interviews, and literature study. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed qualitatively descriptively. The analysis was carried out using theoretical and conceptual guidelines from the results of a literature review on urban villages and cultural heritage tourism. The results of the study stated that the tourism potential of Bugis Village qualifies as cultural heritage tourism based on tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage that is more than 50 years old and is still well maintained. As a tourist destination, Bugis Village is still in the exploration stage, to realize it, steps are needed such as building revitalization, planning tourist routes, and education and community involvement for the development of urban village tourism.

Urban Tourism Stakeholders’ Role and Practice: A Case Study of Hawassa City, Ethiopia Though the concept of urban tourism is new and hasn’t yet got attention of researcher, there have been tourism activities in major cities of Ethiopia. The author analyzed data gathered from different stakeholders in order to examine urban tourism stakeholders’ role and practice in Hawassa city, Ethiopia. Finding shows that public sectors were involved in urban tourism development in managing private stakeholders, developing policies and plan, recording tourists who visit Hawassa and in promoting the city as urban tourism destinations. Private sectors on the other hand were involved in providing services such as guiding and interpretations, hospitality services, transport service and tour operation and car rental services. Tourists’ perception and satisfaction level to the above services provided by private sector suggest that there is a need to improve quality and quantity of services. This implies that in order to have well developed sustainable urban tourism development in Hawassa improving performances in certain areas is necessary.

Community-based cultural tourism remains an unexamined aspect of urban cultural tourism which has grown in importance during the past several decades primarily as an economic development strategy but also as a key characteristic for improving and indicating urban quality of life. While prevalent in Europe and other parts of the world, such tourism has also grown in scope and size in the United States which has experienced a proliferation of informally and formally designated arts and cultural districts, entertainment districts, and historic districts. Despite the prevalence of such efforts, there has been relatively little research into community-based cultural tourism in comparison to the extent that urban cultural tourism is being developed in cities and towns across the United States. This paper contributes to addressing this knowledge gap by explaining how the dominant context of urban cultural tourism neglects local residents and community-based tourism. In doing so, this paper identifies several of the issues associated with understanding the complexity, identification, and analysis of urban cultural tourism at large.

This research discusses the Tourism Communication Strategy of the DKI Jakarta Tourism and Creative Economy Department in Branding the Glodok Chinatown Area Destination as Urban Tourism. The background to this research is the great potential of the tourism communication model in branding the Glodok Chinatown area as an urban tourism destination in DKI Jakarta which highlights elements, namely historical tourism, cultural tourism and culinary tourism. The aim of this research is to analyze and evaluate the tourism communication strategies used by the DKI Jakarta Tourism and Creative Economy Department in branding the destination. The research method involves interviews, observation, and documentation analysis to collect data from various sources such as journals, websites, and books related to tourism destination branding. The research results show the success of the DKI Jakarta Tourism and Creative Economy Department in implementing various communication strategies to improve the image of Glodok Chinatown as an urban tourist destination. The implementation of cultural activities, such as festivals, art exhibitions and traditional performances, not only enriches tourism content by highlighting the region's rich culture and history, but also creates engaging experiences for tourists. The use of social media, including Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, and official websites, has become the main communication tool that has succeeded in reaching a wider audience, especially young people who are active on digital platforms. Apart from that, partnerships established with stakeholders, including tenants and local communities, are an important key in formulating and executing branding strategies, strengthening the integrity of Chinatown Glodok as a destination that involves and empowers the local community. Overall, this holistic communication strategy reflects an effective approach in introducing, introducing and developing Glodok Chinatown as an urban tourism destination, providing a strong foundation for success that can be strengthened and developed in the future.

ABSTRACTDespite significant potential for cultural tourism, the predominant form of tourism in Malta is sun and sea. This paper evaluates Malta’s potential for cultural tourism with a focus on Valletta, a fortified historic city that overlooks the Grand Harbour. Valletta’s rich urban heritage and historic narrative makes it ideal for the development of a more culture-oriented tourism. The paper explores how, over more than half a century of tourism activity in Malta, culture and heritage retained a secondary role. Since the mid-nineties, Malta’s tourism policy shifted with culture and heritage being given greater importance, even if the sun and sea tourism remained a priority. Public and private investment brought about changes in Valletta that made it more amenable to cultural activity and tourism. Although European Capital of Culture Valletta 2018 provides new opportunities for cultural tourism to Malta, it is unclear whether this will bring a lasting legacy for Malta’s tourism. This Valletta case study shows that, for destinations with an established form of tourism, the development of cultural tourism meets with difficulties, in spite the presence of a rich urban heritage.

研究目的文化产业和旅游产业之间的互动性使其天然地在城市中集聚发展。然而, 文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的影响取决于它们的融合发展水平。本研究旨在回答以下问题：文化和旅游协同集聚能否促进旅游经济的发展？文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的作用是否受到文化和旅游融合发展水平的调节影响？文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的影响是否具有空间溢出效应？研究设计本文以2009-2019年中国262个地级及以上城市为研究样本, 采用协同集聚指数测度城市文化和旅游集聚水平, 采用耦合协调度模型测度城市文化和旅游融合发展水平, 并通过构建面板门槛模型和空间计量模型, 检验文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的影响。研究发现文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展具有正向的促进作用, 而且这种影响会因为地理位置和城市等级的不同而存在差异。此外, 文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的促进作用还受到文旅融合发展水平的影响, 当文旅融合发展水平跨越发展门槛后, 文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的正向影响得到增强。最后, 文化和旅游协同集聚对周边城市具有积极正向的空间溢出效应。创新点本文将文化和旅游协同集聚、文化和旅游融合发展、城市旅游发展纳入统一框架, 创新性地分析了文化和旅游互动发展的规模和质量对城市旅游发展的影响。

Permukiman dalam kota memiliki sejarah yang panjang, unik sekaligus sebagai penanda awal terbentuknya peradaban kota. Awalnya permukiman di kota, merupakan sebuah kampung berpenghuni masyarakat tradisional Pembangunan kota yang semakin modern membuat wajah kampung semakin pudar. Kampung Bugis merupakan salah satu dari beberapa kampung yang membentuk Kota Singaraja pada awal masa kolonial Belanda , yang berfungsi sebagai kota pelabuhan yang ramai. Alkuturasi budaya dari akibat aktivitas perdagangan membuat wilayah permukiman dihuni oleh berbagai etnis, dan membentuk perkampungan dengan ciri etnis tertentu. Adapun pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan studi pustaka. Selanjutnya data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatit. Analisis dilakukan dengan pedoman teori dan konsep dari hasil kajian pustaka mengenai kampung kota dan wisata warisan budaya. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa potensi wisata Kampung Bugis memenuhi syarat sebagai sebuah wisata warisan budaya berdasarkan dari warisan budaya yang tangible dan warisan budaya yang intangible yang berusia lebih dari 50 tahun dan masih terawat. Sebagai destinasi wisata, Kampung Bugis masih dalam tahap ekplorasi, untuk mewujudkan maka diperlukan langkah seperti revitalisasi bangunan, perencanaan jalur wisata dan edukasi dan keterlibatan masyarakat untuk pengembangan pariwisata kampung kota.Settlements within the city have a long, unique history as well as marking the early formation of urban civilization. Initially, the settlement in the city was a village inhabited by traditional communities. The urban development that was increasingly modern made the face of the village faded. Kampung Bugis is one of several villages that formed Singaraja City in the early Dutch colonial period, which served as a bustling port city. The cultural acculturation resulting from trading activities made residential areas inhabited by various ethnicities, and formed settlements with certain ethnic characteristics. The data collection in this study was carried out by means of observation, interviews, and literature study. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The analysis was carried out with theoretical and conceptual guidelines from the results of literature studies on (kampung kota) urban villages and cultural heritage tourism. The results of the study indicate that the tourism potential of Kampung Bugis meets the requirements as a cultural heritage tour based on tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage that is more than 50 years old and is still well preserved. As a tourist destination, Bugis Village is still in the exploration stage, to realize it requires steps such as building revitalization, planning of tourist routes and education and community involvement for the development of urban village tourism.