On Ecotype Urban Heritage Tourism

ABSTRACTWhile Augmented Reality (AR) is increasingly being implemented across a number of industry sectors, an open issue remains over the emotional as well as experiential impacts of this new technology within urban cultural heritage tourism. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to create a tourist experience model for AR tourism applications in the context of urban heritage tourism. The data were collected through five focus groups with a total of 49 participants. A theoretical tourist experience model was generated using Hassenzahl’s [(2003). The thing and I: understanding the relationship between user and product. In M. A. Blythe, K. Overbeeke, A. F. Monk & P. C. Wright (Eds.), Funology (pp. 31–42). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers] model of user experience. Hassenzahl's (2003) model relies on the basic idea that product characteristics and features have an effect on the actual consequences. The data were analysed using thematic analysis in order to examine the alignment of themes according to previously identified themes from the literature as well as investigate new emergent themes from the focus groups. This study extends the theoretical aspect of the user experience model by Hassenzahl (2003) through empirical confirmation. The findings reveal that the user experience is formed by the correlation of product features and the perceptions and experiences of tourists. Due to the fact that successful implementation use cases of mobile AR applications is still limited, particularly within the tourism industry, the establishment of a comprehensive set of factors has been considered to be crucial for successful implementation.

Barrera-Fernandez, D. (2016). Attracting visitors to ancient neighbourhoods: Creation and management of the historic city of Plymouth, UK. Groningen: InPlanning. 289 pp. Free e-book. ISBN: 978-94-91937-19-4. DOI code: 10.17418/PHD.2015.9789491937194Tourism considers as an essential tool for achieving European Union objectives and promoting European citizen's interests, increasing employment and growth, developing regions, better managing cultural and natural heritage and strengthening European identity (EU Commission, 2000). Since 1988 urban tourism constituted the most stable part of tourism potential and revenue of European countries (Hollier, 1988) and in the recent years the number of countries with decisions to develop urban and cultural tourism to enhance their economy and regenerate their historical areas has increased rapidly. In the European Union, heritage policies depend on each country and some countries such as UK (Bath), Germany (Heidelberg) and Italy (Florence) successfully attracted significant numbers of visitors to their historic sites and managed to become top heritage tourism destinations. In these cities, tourism is the dominant activity and heritage conservation has become a priority.Current book focuses on the historic city of Plymouth which is a medium size, multifunctional city with regional relevance on the south coast of Devon, the most visited region of the United Kingdom (UK) by nationals and one of the most visited by foreign tourists. According to BarreraFernandez in the number of visitors, Plymouth is in the third place among unitary authorities of the Southwest of England and in the first place among heritage and coastal cities of Devon and Cornwall. Despite other UK's port cities Plymouth was built around, and for, the Royal Navy, not maritime trade, and was once the largest naval base in Europe. The city is not a major traditional heritage or cultural destination but made an effort to change and is continuing to change in relation to the development of urban cultural tourism by offering a complementary product in its region.This book is evolved from doctoral thesis of Daniel Barrera-Fernandez and using British model (Ashworth and Tunbridge, 2000) focuses on the role and importance of heritage preservation and urban tourism in Plymouth. The book has eight sections and addresses the following aims:* First, analyse specific framework of heritage preservation and management in the UK with focus on Plymouth to find out how the heritage framework has evolved and identify the current framework in relation to legislation and the role of administrations involved;* Second, study the historic evolution of urban tourism and the current relevance of tourism-related activities;* Finally study how different stakeholders and initiatives affect the tourist use of the historic city, dividing them into four aspects: heritage and culture, tourism, urban planning and economy.After foreword and acknowledgment the book starts with the first section to introduce the rationale of the research, research questions and methodology. Second section focuses on the historic cities of Europe, urban cultural tourism, heritage values and recent trends and shifts. Third section focuses on the city of Plymouth and discusses its geographic position, its relationship with the sea, importance of the military forces in its history, its urban and local government and socioeconomic approach and finally presents the study's area. Section four focuses on the evolution of preservation and management of Plymouth during the Second World War and consequences on built heritage and discusses the current situation regarding conservation areas, statutory listed buildings and other local listing policies.Section five is about the history of the tourism industry in Plymouth where the author introduces four stages of pre-war antecedents where the city was particularly attractive because of its transoceanic connections; the war and the recovery of the activity where the war destroyed much of the tourist activity and the city made an effort to recover; the changes in the market where British holiday makers changed national destinations for international resorts and there was a need to find new tourist markets; the new management strategies where there was an increase in promotion and creating new events and attractions and visitors' profiles. …

While there is consensus among researchers that stakeholder participation is critical for heritage development, conflicts between stakeholders can exist and create an arena of contestation. Limited studies have addressed the issue of contested heritage and conflict mitigation in heritage tourism. Examining contested urban heritage in Dalian, China, this study investigates stakeholder conflict using means-end-chain analysis to reveal conflicting perspectives and visions. Furthermore, it uses tourisation theory to assess the tourism potential of each identified development scenario. Findings reveal how a focus on functional adaptation can help to achieve compromise between “dismantler” and “preservationist” polarities to gain agreement between stakeholders. This study enhances the understanding of stakeholder conflict related to contested heritage and contributes to stakeholder theory by addressing conflict mitigation and consensus building. By highlighting the heterogeneity within traditionally defined stakeholder groups, the study suggests using attitudinal groups as a strategy for stakeholder categorization and identification of common ground. It further demonstrates how a value-based approach can help to understand the shaping of stakeholders’ views and foster consensus, laying the foundation for collaborative planning in urban heritage tourism.

Summary‘This paper investigates collaborative management and planning among public organisations involved in urban heritage tourism. An exploratory case study has been applied, capturing urban heritage tourism development in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The findings demonstrate a shared desire for further collaboration between the key public bodies involved, with limited existing and previous collaboration, beyond work that is the result of existing hierarchies. Collaboration is at an early stage, and many looked to the Local Authority to provide leadership in driving new initiatives. The private sector has a limited but increasing role in this. There are differing views on the focus of heritage tourism development – some suggesting a regional, others a city focus.’ Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Tourism potential of a city can be developed through the city’s historical heritage. The history of Cirebon began around the 15th century, a small village in the Java Sea Coast named Muara Jati and its develop into the kingdom with a King named Walangsungsang (Cakrabumi). In the years 1529-1945, the Kingdom of Cirebon developed into four (4) Royal Palaces, namely: Karatons Kasepuhan, Royal Palaces Kanoman, Royal Palaces Kacirebonan and the Royal Palaces Kaprabonan. It’s cause Cirebon City has potential historical sights. Seeing the potential access of existing and historical value, Cirebon City tourism can be developed through the concept of urban heritage tourism. This study aims to discover the potential and strategies for developing the urban heritage tourism concept in Cirebon City. The research method used descriptive qualitative approach. Primary data obtained by field observations and documentation. Secondary data were obtained through, journals, books and the Internet data that is relevant. Then analysis of urban heritage tourism development strategy through a SWOT analysis. The findings are: access, historic building, cultural daily life, community and government is crucial in the development of urban heritage tourism Cirebon City.

The main concepts of urban tourism development and ecological urban tourism are analyzed. It is shown that such types of modern tourist business, despite its rapid development, need a clear scientific basis that will ensure its orderliness and targeted optimization. Along with such purely tourist resources as attractiveness, historical value, aesthetic appeal, recognizability, the ecological safety of tourist groups and individual tourists is an essential point. These are complementary factors that not only contribute to the development of urban tourism, but also ensure its optimized safety.
 Urban tourism is one of the most intensive tourist destinations in modern society. In general, the concept of "city tourism" is relatively new. Its concept was formed in world tourism in the late twentieth century. thanks to the work of German scientists L. Hartmut, G. Neuenfeldtut, O. Rose (1980-1990). For example, L. Hartmut's dictionary (1997) defines urban tourism as “a short-term (usually 1–4 days) visit to a city with the following purpose: interest in the history and culture of the city; participation in various events; purchase of various goods. Often such a visit is carried out in the form of a weekend excursion and can take place both individually and in groups, ie both organized (through a tour of the company and with guides), and independently.
 The growing intensity of the development of urban tourism in Ukraine, as well as the intensification of the development of related industries, makes scientific developments in the perspective of justifying the optimization of such a component of the tourism industry is extremely relevant. At the same time, there are certain components of such relevance that are related to the structure of urban tourism. It includes scientific developments that aim to reveal the possibilities of tourism development in a particular city, from purely quantitative indicators of the intensity of possible tourist flows to ensure their quality, including environmental safety.
 As a result, the relevance and novelty of such studies is a holistic expression, where each component is characterized by its own structurally oriented place and complements other components.
 Urban tourism and its component urban ecological tourism are among the most promising tourist destinations. Along with their spontaneous development, there is a need for scientific understanding of such activities, which will contribute to the development of the necessary legislative solutions. Today there are discussions on defining the main concepts of urban tourism development such as urban tourism itself, the ecological environment of urban tourism development, ecological safety of urban tourism development, tourist ecological resource, etc.
 In general, the prospects of such a tourist destination are beyond doubt, and the scientific basis that can optimize such tourism development is a necessary and timely completion of it today.
 The researches presented in the article encourage to improve the optimization of urban tourism development in any city of Ukraine. At the same time, the identification of the main problem situations contributes to focusing on them, which can significantly reduce time and money resources when planning the development of the tourism industry in cities. Such approaches allow to optimize urban planning in the field of tourism development.
 Since the scientific developments presented in the article are largely generalized, they can be used in the development of the tourism industry in any city of Ukraine.
 Key words: urban tourism, ecological city tourism, urban tourist resources, ecological safety of tourists.

The urban tourism industry belongs to the tourism industry and also belongs to the cultural industry. The urban tourism development and design must take into account the city's cultural resources and tourism resources. Under the background of rapid development of urban tourism economy and further convergence of tourism content, this paper analyzes urban cultural ecology and believes that cultural ecology and its system affect the way and process of urban tourism development. Improving the cultural resources, cultural influences, and cultural creation of the city will help promote the integration of culture and tourism development. This paper further analyzes the types of integration development of urban culture and tourism, and proposes a fusion development model design based on Memory Recovery and Brand-led under the different cultural and tourism development levels among different cities.

Heritage tourism offers authentic value-addition to homogenized experiences providing authentic, one-of-a-kind take-away. Apart from popular world heritage sites there are little-exposed gems which can offer novelty and hedonics together. Chandernagore, located on the western bank of river Hugli, 40 km north of Kolkata, India, germinated during the medieval period, later became a thriving French Colony in Bengal displays brilliant prospect for urban heritage tourism. A detailed spatio-temporal inventory of shared heritage legacies both tangible and intangible is prepared using old literatures, oral interviews, GPS plotting and GIS mapping which offers a great platform for promoting urban heritage tourism. Chandernagore is at interesting cross-roads – bridging the infrastructural gaps and garnering involvement of the locals, for ascertaining true potentiality – the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) are identified to prepare a blueprint for heritage tourism revival strategy for the shared Indo-French melange. Empirical study is conducted for tourist profiling along with usage of descriptive statistics and to carry out perception analysis of locals and tourists. The SWOT analysis leads to a comprehensive strategy formulation which aims to act as base for the revival of Indo-French cultural melange through sustainable, robust tourism emphasizing the core and innovation capitals, tourism development strategies and management, tourism outcomes and resource sustainability.

ABSTRACTSince around 2000, tourism has gradually become a key activity reinforcing the Japanese economy. In particular, there has been growth in urban tourism and many urban spaces have been transformed to meet visitors’ needs, a process that has occurred not only in the large metropolises but also in small- and medium-sized regional cities. This paper explores how urban tourism spaces in Japan have been created alongside more general urban development, examining significant aspects and implications of the urban tourism development process. It reveals that the growth of urban tourism has accelerated the growth of local residents’ awareness and activities. Local residents have become more conscious about their living areas and have undertaken spontaneous activities to manage the areas whereas previously there had been a constant struggle and negotiation with the contradiction between urban developments and economic depression. It concludes that citizen participation in the urban tourism development process can be extended into a collaborative area management.

Since around 2000, tourism has gradually become a key activity reinforcing the Japanese economy. In particular, there has been growth in urban tourism and many urban spaces have been transformed to meet visitors’ needs, a process that has occurred not only in the large metropolises but also in small and medium-sized regional cities. This chapter explores how urban tourism spaces in Japan have been created alongside more general urban development, examining significant aspects and implications of the urban tourism development process. It reveals that the growth of urban tourism has accelerated the growth of local residents’ awareness and activities. Local residents have become more conscious about their living areas and have undertaken spontaneous activities to manage the areas whereas previously there had been a constant struggle and negotiation with the contradiction between urban developments and economic depression. It concludes that citizen participation in the urban tourism development process can be extended into a collaborative area management.

This chapter proposes a model of integrated access in the promotion of an integrated agenda for urban planning and urban tourism development. The underlying assertion of the conceptual framework presented is that sustainable urban tourism development is reliant on inclusive development that works to balance the needs of both visitors and locals in the production of urban tourisms. The core challenge in achieving an integrated approach lies in the identified disconnect between existing tourism development and urban planning practices. In addressing this challenge, a reconceptualisation of inclusive tourism development is offered, which focuses on the promotion of integrated access across economic, spatial and institutional spheres.

Giving a break from the homogenized tourism experience, the branch of cultural and heritage tourism has gained ground in recent times worldwide, with the Asia-Pacific region being the forerunner. The heritage circuit along the bank of Hugli River, India is known as “Little Europe in Bengal” comprising of Bandel – a Portuguese stronghold, Chinsurah – a Dutch trading post, Serampore – a Danish base, Chandernagore – a French bequest, and Kolkata – a British colony, bears the colonial as well as precolonial tangible and intangible architecture and lifestyle legacies. An empirical study was conducted in Serampore and Chandernagore highlighting the colonial legacy; to formulate a detailed inventory of urban heritage units of the two cities and to carry out a perception study about tourist satisfaction (n = 125) and local residents’ involvement (n = 80). A comprehensive inventory of urban heritage sites has been prepared. The positive relationship between tourist satisfaction and attributes of cultural heritage destinations is recognized using various descriptive statistical analyses. Principal Component Analysis shows that historical significance, architectural grandeur, value for money, and local festivals are the dominating factors that influence tourist satisfaction. The local residents were in favor of maintaining the cultural heritage, and many were interested in being a part of the growing heritage tourism sector too. These takeaways from the study will hopefully help to build a concise future roadmap of effective urban heritage tourism in the high potential region.

Purpose This paper aims to respond to the strong calls for interdisciplinary solutions to address the many and varied challenges that major disasters create in urban (tourism) spaces, and provide a holistic conceptualisation of organisational responses to disruptions in the external business environment. It argues that organisations need to actively (re)formulate a sustainable business proposition to passively adapt to environmental conditions and modify the selective environment. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach to introducing and examining the concepts and theoretical constructs underpinning the proposed conceptual schemata. The content-driven inductive approach used here is based on an extensive review of the disaster recovery, crisis management, entrepreneurial strategy and urban tourism literature with a focus on organisational perspectives. It systematically brings together the theories and research findings from these separate strands of literature. Findings While the extant literature focuses on the importance of effective adaptability to survive and thrive in environmental uncertainties, some aspects of the relevant evolutionary processes are not addressed in the context of urban tourism. Indeed, a systematic approach that questions how urban tourism and hospitality businesses react to crises has been long overdue. This paper, therefore, introduces niche construction theory (NCT) as an alternative and proposes an integrated framework to understand the environmental conditions of urban tourism and organisational evolution during post-disaster turbulence. Research limitations/implications The proposed model emerging from a multidisciplinary literature review acknowledges boundary conditions in the tourism industry-specific interpretation of a crisis situation. The tenets of NCT need to be adopted flexibly rather than as part of a strictly prescriptive process to allow for all aspects of the related business responses to play out and become exposed to the emerging selection pressures. Practical implications The argument underpinned by the theoretical constructs of niche construction encourages and offers a framework for practitioners to actively (re)formulate business proposition and (re)construct organisational niche to survive post-disaster turbulence in the business environment and exert influence over their own evolution. Originality/value This paper offers different angles, filters and lenses for constructing and interpreting knowledge of organisational evolution in the context of crisis management. The conceptual schema (Figure 2) emerged as a novel contribution itself providing a necessary lens to interpret the empirical data and understand the complexities of the organisational responses to the disruptive post-disaster turbulence in an urban tourism business environment.

Permukiman dalam kota memiliki sejarah yang panjang, unik sekaligus sebagai penanda awal terbentuknya peradaban kota. Awalnya permukiman di kota, merupakan sebuah kampung berpenghuni masyarakat tradisional Pembangunan kota yang semakin modern membuat wajah kampung semakin pudar. Kampung Bugis merupakan salah satu dari beberapa kampung yang membentuk Kota Singaraja pada awal masa kolonial Belanda , yang berfungsi sebagai kota pelabuhan yang ramai. Alkuturasi budaya dari akibat aktivitas perdagangan membuat wilayah permukiman dihuni oleh berbagai etnis, dan membentuk perkampungan dengan ciri etnis tertentu. Adapun pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan studi pustaka. Selanjutnya data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatit. Analisis dilakukan dengan pedoman teori dan konsep dari hasil kajian pustaka mengenai kampung kota dan wisata warisan budaya. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa potensi wisata Kampung Bugis memenuhi syarat sebagai sebuah wisata warisan budaya berdasarkan dari warisan budaya yang tangible dan warisan budaya yang intangible yang berusia lebih dari 50 tahun dan masih terawat. Sebagai destinasi wisata, Kampung Bugis masih dalam tahap ekplorasi, untuk mewujudkan maka diperlukan langkah seperti revitalisasi bangunan, perencanaan jalur wisata dan edukasi dan keterlibatan masyarakat untuk pengembangan pariwisata kampung kota.Settlements within the city have a long, unique history as well as marking the early formation of urban civilization. Initially, the settlement in the city was a village inhabited by traditional communities. The urban development that was increasingly modern made the face of the village faded. Kampung Bugis is one of several villages that formed Singaraja City in the early Dutch colonial period, which served as a bustling port city. The cultural acculturation resulting from trading activities made residential areas inhabited by various ethnicities, and formed settlements with certain ethnic characteristics. The data collection in this study was carried out by means of observation, interviews, and literature study. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The analysis was carried out with theoretical and conceptual guidelines from the results of literature studies on (kampung kota) urban villages and cultural heritage tourism. The results of the study indicate that the tourism potential of Kampung Bugis meets the requirements as a cultural heritage tour based on tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage that is more than 50 years old and is still well preserved. As a tourist destination, Bugis Village is still in the exploration stage, to realize it requires steps such as building revitalization, planning of tourist routes and education and community involvement for the development of urban village tourism.

Urban settlements have a long, unique history as well as an early marker of the formation of urban civilization. Initially, an urban settlement was a village that was inhabited by traditional society. The modern urban development has made the image of the village faded. Bugis Village is one of several villages that formed Singaraja City at the beginning of the Dutch colonial period which served as a bustling port city. Cultural acculturation as a result of trading activities makes residential areas inhabited by various ethnicities and forms villages with certain ethnic characteristics. The data collection in this study was carried out by means of observation, interviews, and literature study. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed qualitatively descriptively. The analysis was carried out using theoretical and conceptual guidelines from the results of a literature review on urban villages and cultural heritage tourism. The results of the study stated that the tourism potential of Bugis Village qualifies as cultural heritage tourism based on tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage that is more than 50 years old and is still well maintained. As a tourist destination, Bugis Village is still in the exploration stage, to realize it, steps are needed such as building revitalization, planning tourist routes, and education and community involvement for the development of urban village tourism.