ПРОЛЕГОМЕНИ ПРО ІСТОРІЮ НАУКОВОЇ ДУМКИ У ФІЗИЧНІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ ПІЗНЬОГО СЕРЕДНЬОВІЧЧЯ

Abstract

The educational subject «History of scientific thought in physical culture», according to the existing periodization in modern historical science, reveals in sufficient detail the general stages and aspects of the formation of a rational-reflective base (methodology) in physical culture from the point of view of the influence on it of political, economic, social and educational factors. In other words, the requirements for physical education were justified by the dominant religion, the level of economic and social development of society, national and cultural traditions, regional peculiarities of the life and daily life of a people or group of nations, of each individual historical period, in our case – the late Middle Ages. Along with the development of physical culture, scientific thought in this area was also formed, which, as a part of a global process, formed humanistic approaches of universal solidarity in the educational space, and at the same time generated an active expression of the civic position and the best minds of pedagogy on the eve of the Renaissance. During this period the pedagogical process was marked by vivid events: educational institutions of higher and secondary education were created, the pedagogy of leading specialists, although influenced by Christian dogma, already tended more towards experimental sciences, empirical knowledge was inferior to the results of research in applied disciplines. Thanks to the perseverance of Jan Amos Comenius, physical culture was registered in the curriculum of educational institutions in Europe at that time. The material of this article is the result of the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, which made it possible to analyze the humanistic principles of the leading scientists of the European states of the 13-th–16-th centuries, to establish the reasons for such reflection, to systematize the chronology of the events that state a deep understanding of the role of physical culture in the late Middle Ages.